Digital signal Processing

by
A. Anand Kumar

1
 Classification of discrete time system

A system is defined as an entity that acts on an input signal and transforms it

into an output signal. A system may also be defined as a set of elements or
functional blocks which are connected together and produces an output in
response to an input signal. The response or output of the system depends on
the transfer function of the system

2
 Classification of discrete time system

Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems are further classified as follows:

1. Static (memory-less) and dynamic (memory) systems

2. Causal and non-causal systems
3. Linear and non-linear systems
4. Time-invariant and time varying systems
5. Stable and unstable systems.
6. Invertible and non-invertible systems
7. FIR and IIR systems

3
 Static and dynamic systems

A system is said to be static or memory-less if the response is due to

present input alone.

For example, the systems defined below are static or memory-less

systems.

Y(n) =x(n)
Y(n) =2x2(n)

In contrast, a system is said to be dynamic or memory system if the

response depends upon past or future inputs or past outputs.

4
 Causal and non-causal system

A system is said to be causal (or non-anticipative) if the output of the

system at any instant n depends only on the present and past values of
the input but not on future inputs.

The examples for causal systems are:

Y(n) =nx(n)
Y(n)=x(n-2) + x(n-1) +x(n)

A system is said to be non-causal (anticipative) if the output of the

system at any instant n depends on future inputs.

5
 Causal and Non-causal System

 For a causal system, the impulse response or output does not begin
before the input function is applied, i.e., a causal system is non
anticipatory.

 Causal systems are real time systems. They are physically realizable.

 A non-causal system produce an output even before the input is

given. They do not exist in real time. They are not physically
realizable.

 A delay element is a causal system, whereas an image processing

system is a non-causal system.

6
 Linear and non-linear System

 A system which obeys the principle of superposition and principle of

homogeneity is called a linear system and a system which does not
obey the principle of superposition and homogeneity is called a non-
linear system.

 Homogeneity property means a system which produces an output

y(n) for an input x(n)must produce an output ay(n) for an input
ax(n).

 Superposition property means a system which produces an output

y1(n) for an input x1(n) and an output y2(n) for an input x2(n) must
produce an output y1(n) + y2(n) for an input x1(n) + x2(n).

7
Shift invariant and Shift-varying systems

8
Shift invariant and Shift-varying systems

9
Stable and Unstable system

10
Stable and Unstable system

11
Stable and Unstable system

12
Invertible and Non-invertible systems

13
 FIR and IIR systems

Example: 1.17, 1.15, 1.13, 1.12

14