Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This chapter contains the Review of Related Literature and Studies from both foreign and
local sources.
Related Literature
To build our national identity we should need to construct our own identity first, this
pertains to our Local History, and its contribution to the nation-building, thus it brings significant
role in the study and understanding of the Filipino identity, as mentioned by Dr, Funtecha (2008)
In the context of Philippine local governance, Republic Act 11376 designates May 3 as a
special working holiday in the Municipality of Sta. Cruz, Province of Marinduque, referred to as
'Sta. Cruz Day,' in honor of the municipality's founding anniversary. Furthermore, when
proclaimed by the President, May 3 becomes a special nonworking holiday in Sta. Cruz,
Marinduque, underscoring the significance of this date in the community's cultural and historical
heritage. Aside from the events that the community are conducting annually there should be a
stable source of the History and Cultural Heritage that the people in the community can look for
and visit anytime, and this was supported by a law. Cultural heritage is given importance through
the Republic Act 9470, ‘National Archives of the Philippines Act of 2007’ Art. I, Sec. 2, which
states that: “It is the policy of the State to conserve, promote and popularize the nation’s
historical and cultural heritage resources. The State shall pursue, conserve and promote the
Filipino cultural heritage and resources including the documentary records of Filipino culture,
history and governance (Official Gazette 2007). Through this law a government institution was
made, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), created through the passage
of Republic Act 7356, is the overall policy making, coordinating, and grants giving agency for
the preservation, development and promotion of Philippine arts and culture. NCCA is thus
responsible for culture and the arts in the Philippines (NCCA 2015) as stated in Agung, the
official Newsletter of NCCA (2015). This government institution made efforts to preserve the
cultures of the Philippines and this efforts and initiatives established by the Philippine
government further support the establishment, existence and management of local studies centers
in the Philippines, various centers dedicated to the enrichment and study of one locality’s history,
culture and related studies, have been established in the Philippines and they are called ‘‘local
studies centers”, (Templanza 2012). In Marinduque, there are also Local Studies center that
people of Marinduque can gain knowledge about the History and Cultural Heritage of
Marinduque such as the National Museum of the Philippines - Marinduque. The said museum is
antiques, morion masks and artifacts dating back to the Chinese, Spanish, Japanese and
American Era. These collections offer a Historical glimpse of Marinduque`s past and provide
students and researchers with ample study materials. Museums used to be the highlights of every
Educational tour with all of its art and historical materials telling us of stories of long ago.
Museums are not only meant for recreation but also place for learning, (Mangalus 2014, Manila
Bulletin). Preston (1969) as stated by Aktekin (2010) argued that by including local history,
“History need no longer be dry chalk and talk” He added that studying and analyzing the local
documents, maps, reading and map-making, visit to local libraries, museums, manor houses and
elderly inhabitants make history a practical, lively and active subject and those activities free
history from the chains of the classroom and endless note-taking. It means that the local
museums can be a source for knowledge about history this can be a great source and can be used
to make the teaching of Social Studies more interesting that will boost or improve the knowledge
On 2007, local historian Eli Obligacion, unveiled his concept of ”history website”
featuring old and faded photos, cultural and historical heritage of Marinduque, where Baluarte
and Holy Cross Parish Church can be found. This activity also helped the people of Santa Cruz
and all Marinduqueños to gain knowledge about its History through technology. Aside from
those that are presented as a source of knowledge about history, statues and monuments can also
But aside from these sources, local museums and libraries and other annual activities,
other factors are affecting the knowledge acquisition of history. As stated in the knowledge gap
theory, the Level of Educational Attainment and economic status affects the Knowledge
acquisition, (Tichenor, et. al. 1970). Pupils in the higher grade can gather information using the
library, while pupils in the lower grade can gather information through observation. Social
Studies teachers may present History depending on the capacity of the pupils, (Songco 2002).
“The American heritage traveler is older, better Educated and more affluent (than other tourists)”
(Hangrove 2002). Disregarding the comparison to other tourists on what Hangrove said, it will
only emphasize that the level of educational attainment and the nature of work/job can affect the
knowledge acquisition of the History and Cultural heritage. Why? Because she said that the
American heritage traveler is better educated meaning, that tourist attained a higher educational
degree or level that maybe because of that he acquired a knowledge about the importance of the
heritage, culture and history that’s why that tourist visit some. Another is being in the higher
socioeconomic status gives an opportunity to travel, visit and acquire knowledge about History
and Cultural Heritage of a Particular place because s/he can avail the travel cost.
There are many possible sources for the acquisition of knowledge about history and
Related Studies
Based on the research study of Municipality of Santa Cruz, (2020) entitled “Santa Cruz,
Marinduque Cultural Mapping” they concluded that the culture and heritage of Santa Cruz are
primarily patronal and tied with the Roman Catholic practices in the same way that politics in the
municipality is also connected to its history and tradition. They also concluded that Landmarks
are evident in Santa Cruz but efforts for the conservation and preservation of those Landmarks is
Local Government of Santa Cruz is the first and foremost institution that will exert an
effort to preserve, enrich, cultivate and promote awareness about the History and Cultural
Heritage of it. Then if the government fails to do it the result will be people of Santa Cruz will
forget about their past, forgot the building of this municipality and its contribution to the region
As the Local government make an effort to support the promotion of History and Cultural
Heritage through various projects like the celebration of the “Santa Cruz Day” and the
“Moryonan” the government also supported the Local Studies like the Cultural Mapping where
people of Santa Cruz can gain knowledge about the History and Cultural Heritage of it as
concluded in the study entitled “Local Studies Centers: Transforming history, culture and
heritage in the Philippines” of Templanza (2012) that local studies centers in the Philippines,
since their first establishment in 1975, truly play an innovative, transformative and important
Making a mock-up or models, miniature for old buildings or site can be a use to preserve
and teach about the history. B. Hervy (2012) conducted a study entitled “A generalized approach
for historical mock-up acquisition and data modeling: Towards historically enriched 3D city
models” and concluded that through the use of 3D City Model, a combination of primary and
knowledge fused together and create a 3D City Model, can help those who keep the historical
record and presented it in a very interesting and interactive ways. This can be used by the
Professionals and the public to deepen their knowledge about the history through this 3D City
Model that mock-up a particular Historical and Cultural Heritage. This study was further
enhanced by G. Schindler (2012). In his Study entitled “4D Cities: Analyzing, Visualizing, and
Interacting with Historical Urban Photo Collections” he concluded that making more realistic,
entertaining and interactive the 4D should be used in presenting and preserving the history of a
particular place. As he used the history of Atlanta from 1800 to 2008 through pictures he created
a 4D gallery that can be used by anyone who wants to revisit the history of Atlanta where people
who will try and visit the history will experience like in reality what was and is happening to a
particular date in Atlanta history. Also he added that 4D possibly can revealed other hidden
history that no one knows specifically the changes occurs in Atlanta because the 4D’s main
focused is to present the changes and development of Atlanta through time. The enhancement of
technology is a good sign. The History can be preserved and served to people well. Now it is not
only a mere Photo Gallery or Exhibit but a technologically dimensional one (3D and 4D) that is
more interesting. On the study entitled “Can computational technology improve students’
historical thinking: Experiences from the Virtual Historian” of Levesque (2008) investigated the
role and impact of Digital History Program (the Virtual Historian) Revolution. Through a virtual
Role Playing students make their own avatar or character and used it in making an animated
video and they are the one who speak. Through this the students understand further not only the
dates and particular scene in the history but also the point of view and the other side of history
The study only indicates that the school also has a role in promoting the history and
cultural heritage that’s why Social Studies is part of the school’s curriculum, but in case of the
Santa Cruz’ History and Cultural Heritage it is not included on the curriculum of the social
studies in that division. So it is the role of schools to promote and propagate the History and
Cultural heritage of Santa Cruz. This can be done by conducting or providing activities that will
bring information to students about it, since the school is the local government institution where
But the effort of the government is not the only source of knowledge about the History
and Cultural Heritage of Santa Cruz. Level of Educational Attainment and the Nature of
Le Heron (2005) concluded in his study entitled “Acquisition of Simple and Complex
Knowledge: A Knowledge Gap Perspective” that the Knowledge Gap among secondary and
tertiary level students really takes place. Secondary students have less knowledge that the tertiary
level. However study found that over seven months, although the tertiary educated kept ahead,
the secondary educated appeared able to match the very simple, complex and total knowledge
levels of the tertiary educated in the subsequent period. The study was conducted in two
semesters at Massey University to 100-300 participant of the Lecture Seminar Series of the new
Information Systems (IS) Learning composed of fresh graduate Secondary students and already
finished and under tertiary students. Several test was conducted on the two semester that show
the progress and the knowledge acquisition of the participants throughout the Lecture Series
Seminar.
It emphasized on the knowledge gap among the secondary and tertiary level that there is
difference on their knowledge and it can be used as a basis to determine that there is a significant