NPCR3

When you live in a place with a different culture, you may not be used Ur
the local customs. The local people may also have the same feeling about your
own customs. How do we deal with these cultural differences? Read the
following conversation between our main characters at a teahouse. a
(ir+tTas Lesson 27/
Texts
#'fir5T« 7 $■—T&'fniiXiftM.'fS-o
JBUMS: $-*—7! o®
2,^%: 4Mn
2-*}'-z?: "ftM>I'fi] $3 itM0 ^-î^.-^-'tf'^.
T, £3^®.!.°!^, tti4;Li£î'fl!?,0
#■ -*»F:
MjS&Mtzi, Aminat
AMt.PJlT'Zffio
#, 'a-fn^-e-o M&t—^-a-ffl, ^-fn

S'J ffl PMJP # o
M&i, "M'lH—ititM, —it$r%~o
/j- -jj=j New Words
l.îstfi- IE ru xiang When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
SUI su
V ru to enter
N xiang native place; home village; country
l$t V suf to follow
-fS- N su custom
-2 -
2- JlMbjlj N fOwuyudn attendant, waiter/waitress
V fuwu to give service; to serve
3. # N/M hu kettle, pot IME36,—36^,
—3g;dc
4 N dianxin light refreshments; pastry —
iC?
5. m Adv shao slightly; a little if#] #, ~F, f§ ifc—
jfiUL
6. N chaguan teahouse
7. T# V lidojie to understand; to find out T MW'fil, T M
8. N fengsu custom
9. A/V renao bustling with noise and excitement fiji]
ffi A/V nao noisy
io. tit# VO shuohua to speak; to talk ,M
ii. P^r N shengyTn sound, voice ijfciS
P N sheng sound, voice jz.'p, /J^ , 1&P
12. it Adv geng more
13. Adv ZUI most
14. #& N wutai stage i^JglJUn ,®@)^n

-3
-&Ui3±m
# N WU dance
A
e? N tai platform; stage
15. #£ V ban to move; to take a way j$D^®, M'M, #zPj
16. N changsuo place
i7. jta V taxi an to find, to discover ^SEInJIg, ^16—Ji

1
r-H
00
► •
yibian.
I
at the same time; simultaneously —
~"“3&- ► •
yibian.
19. ¥f5l VO liaotian to chat
3z,Wit&3c
20. -£# A anjing quiet ,M
# A jing quiet
21. >bâ V bTru to give an example; for instance
22. N kafei guan cafe; coffee bar
6)
Tti'A: %?
1*^+: 4UTJ^^hlUJIJIiL^—^fe, *»it*|S)g|$
4^t&» ii^JLô®
Tj]A: ^T
, *bdH&, tSA"fc&
-4 -
ft ft, 7]5L0 i)
Jfcfti, fciift-fe/A'J'Jfc, -S-te.'&i&J'l’jf J£0 ft^-ft-ta
Ij?®, M.*fcAia, ^T4t t
'Ifo
-%*.#: fflVX-’t®., apûuntf#

ftHfo ft-iAAftA?
T^ft: A"Ho 4l'ffl^'j'#l*.<5îi#».„
>-|-#-'J-,£JI; #^n*I t
fttSo
T/jiA: *t, &ffiftft;
AJflftft, Xft„ &«-
i'J'*: ;*/>&, fc “^V#
New Words
în]
1. ^'?k N kanfa view g BfKf#t£,
2. j£'|‘ A zhengchdng normal, regular [H$’!%#?&•, iE'&lty >
3.fl^f N kuaizi chopsticks jjllli'flfeiS ,i?/ll'M-f',“‘
><X(shudng)|£ f
4. 77 X N daocha knife and fork M 73 X Rii®, ^ Mffl 7}
jL-mmnx
- 5-
*(-?) N dao(zi) knife
x(-f-) N cha(zi) fork
5. N shiwu food; eatables , ffi##?

MMM±
♦ V shi to eat
4fr N wu thing
6. ^ M kuai piece, lump ,—
7. Jfe^ N panzi plate, dish DtIS? , flff
A M pan dish — M&'k

8. ^ V qie to cut, to slice $$1,
9. pf N ZUI mouth
10. -f*# N shouzhT finger "HNs
-f- N shou hand
11. #- V tian to lick
12. -f* /f' A ganjing clean
13. it# Pr zheyang so, such &##,&#
14. N xlcan Western-style food (meal) ,X^M
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Supplementaiy Words
i. & V jing to offer politely
2-f- A xiang fragrant, sweet-smelling
3. N simiao temple
4. for*] N heshang Buddhist monk
5. N shOfajia calligrapher
6. N xiong chest
7. IE Emftuofo May Buddha preserve us; merciful Buddha

00
PN Songdai Song Dynasty
9. $ £ iic. PN Su Dongpo Su Dongpo (a famous Chinese writer of
the Song Dynasty)
_. )iS Notes
0
“What do you want to order?”
/Lfi” (a few, several) represents an estimate of a number of people.
The verb 5)5 is commonly used to replace the verbs that have more specific
meanings in spoken language. The construction “^5+NP (the receiver of the action)” , in
which “5f5” replaces the verbs such as “W” and “ ^ is often employed to inquire
about someone’s needs or to request something from someone. For example, 5)5,lift"
^?” (meaning “5(5—^^” (meaning “ifc—JrW

$t” (meaning Jf $$£”)•
©gJUMtftffl,
“Please enjoy.”
In f&+Num+fj£ , “f&” replaces “jfoif]” (“^ff]” is not used in spoken language).

-7-
The “ffl” in “if MM” is the polite version of the verb like “p£” or “B§”; used to
show courtesy and respect. For example, if ifM®, ifM^, ifM®Pf.
They often go to other places, such as cafe.”
The verb ttM (also “tb^Bijn!,” in spoken language) is employed by a speaker
when giving an example. It is usually placed at the end of a sentence, but can also be
used in the middle of a sentence. For example,
AfntJL-ig-ift
“To us, this is very common.”
+N+;>fî$. means to make a judgement from someone’s point of view or from a
more objective perspective. It is usually used at the beginning of a sentence. For

example,
*tT /$. , ft H-f %0
We have been doing it this way since our childhood.”
means “since one’s childhood”.
©«•&« o
In my opinion, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” .
The “if” in “$£#” is similar to “IT or “%%■”. It indicates a point of view, or

an opinion. For example,
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Drills and Practices
KEY SENTENCES
1.
2.
3. 3^4$ll tfj fa^Q
4. i£4i-J}H&M P it$LA.
5. *t-fUn #0
6. &zr^feit4bz£&$[&$tM-?X0
7. fateAfaAjA'hfa, ■$-te'&M@}*MM.0
S.te #&&-&?
9, 4441'I'f >] #] ^ fa A A, fa-kp-^r^#4t0

to. ^4nfj*f>h^®-^«#o
1* Master the following phrases
(1)
^.——^#]-^-i£] A—A~~~ A
(2)
x te$L£t$im#^r teit^-H r ‘M
(3) tejUlA£MfaA tenx.te&3r%
teAmz&AÂ te%£&A5-A7
(4) te£&.\\AAi%fa te&ÂjAAfa
tef AmÂÂ te“&JL”&A“&JL”
(5) Life. 44-^;l44
444444 AAf tytyA f ^‘14
>#7^4*- 44 T 4444 &7It# $P7¥p94 # 7 f -I*
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(6) 'aV
7U #&# jfe'ffe
7 £
4 i|t X ^4 0t f*J JIM $L i%]'(7 M- 'life
3UM**H* fe7##L'J'
2. Pattern drills
(l) ^J^;L^-7? 2* 4 Si4c

&te£M&f$']3LJt£:£7 o
4 1##4£
$t #_t
i£
4 /Jo. ‘M.
(2) teiUtit404;L?
ffe4 it ferife
t)#4 it #T
ifeM itL tlal
M._L
ft 4
(3) ^-ie,£ El «*ttf/M'ife,4? f3*J ^ ^ji" #t ##

i2.JH4X #8#- 4ife
%
yt^, ffi &
%LJk A&.4
(4) fcjpîijrfro
,f>4 £l4 v& 7C

/aJT 64
>#^H# ffo 4^1
Jl &ffr
ii^-is) iE-i(,
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(5) Ml&iMt £ ? i&TUill ’/T-t- ft
IE#
(6)
5; -f-^ Ji # ^ -f '4-
3. Classroom activity
Have a student ask a question such as “ fe-if & i$L7f ^ ^ ? and
“M.M £ ?”; and then ask other students express their
own opinions by using “tkjv

i&”, etc.
4. Conversation exercises
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN CONVERSATION
4^;fr (In my opinion; I think...)
(To me, ...)
JE-faifL (For example, ...)
if'ijtJLsf' Jk. (What do you think?)
Expressing one ’ s opinion]
(1) A: ftfcftS&J
B: 4U£#*#o /L.>^jia>iL>i9E.—
B/j- PA^0 ^ (xiangsheng, comic dialogue) A
-li-
C: T4.,
A: 0 Afn ■&*£#;* ■#■*., ^f:^#>;-lfTo
C: Z$4kpit, &&%>fif[MLTZ4Z;jp&)l, *b — & Jl 0

i£#Tî&3T, £tjtft*4f‘Xk0
A: 4ÂLiA##J.^0 vpifc —
(Lao She) «f, &#.■£#<,

(2) A:
^ S] AJt-$-^',<f ^ ^L^fAL?
A: TJKil&ifco tSA|W|0 Xt^H*.#,, '/f-2.^_—
(yinliao, drink), #t^0

b: m&pm
A: -X'fTo 4Mn !s£ # pif ^ ^ 'ipjfk-bf 0 >b^n-ijt, JL lif*
* #JJH, ^ ,& £ T o
^.#Afc,x#70
[z^ fîj ij^R^ Giving an example]
A: 4til;ljaif, ^ T If-'f
B: 7^-AJL0 + xtt®i:W|L^^0 tbîl,
4i-§-ik*t ^#N # I7 SI %-|K I7 SI £L ,7 N f m &,%.%0
A:
&ysrx#0 &jnitjl4jr3t^fc
Tkn $741, 4l##Jt«xd'
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6. Communication practice
(1) While travelling abroad, you may have observed some different customs in foreign
countries. Describe some of them and state your opinions about them.
(2) Describe what happened when you tried to follow one of these foreign customs (or
“doing as the Romans do”).
After you speak, write down what you have said.
• Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
m # &
t—A, 7
&&&&*]'&Mi, A—A, X-&7 — A

A, “Sto” it: “ô”
tfc *£$.']' A'AAo A* d' p J4 id 7 A fa — # id M,

Afa&TLflLii&AA-fail 6$ $ & 4$. £ , AzkAAf&'lfAit:
& I'd # & &, “if Id , M#•&?” # & 4fc-& tb T £) ^ tfj £ A <,
A3.&Ap&tf'bfar%r&L: “&!
&! $c«!” “7^$~A\”
A fa \*}-fa1 lit , $ & i-2 ;^L — ii.f.52^^., rTrj JL i£ ;IL —
, "t-E-ft: “FT&F&#! Fd?fr> ft\% ! AM
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&&&&&&, it:
%&&X:
u£t, i^3t, Tfr_Ldk0
*, «, *MNfco”
— ii^r, —it&o MtlxTo
E. i§& Grammar
1. “JE”?^J(3) The “JB" sentence (3)
The “fE” sentences in this lesson contain the resultative complements, such as “jlj ”,
“tT ’’and “^ ”, after the predicate verbs. This kind of sentence is commonly used to
express a change of position or status of something (or somethbody) specific, which has
resulted from some action.
S + tE+0« + V + i!|/ft/j$ + 0
Predicate
Subject
“JB" OjE V i'J / $ / /£ O
#fn *'] iiJLo
& ft 4 fj o
JIM A ii
t jj tik % A
f&fn -^7 A d'&o
%
Note: Sentences that express a change of position or status of something (or somebody)
resulting from an action, can generally only be formed using the “ Jfi” construction. For
example, the above sentences cannot be stated as:
2. The adverbs “M” and “ft” used to express

comparisons
The adverb “3? ” is used as an adverbial in front of an adjective, an optative verb or a
-15“
verb denoting a psychological state. It indicates a comparison between two different things,
or between two different stages of the same thing. For example,
fethit^yjcQ (Compared with me)
jjj P -f~ jtAo (Compared to the others in the tea house)
o (Compared to the previous situation)
The adverb “J|” is used in comparisons to show the superlative degree among a group
of people or things. It is often used as an adverbial before an adjective, an optative verb
or a verb denoting a psychological state. For example,
if)
4 *5t t0R$o
3. Separable disyllabic verbs

Some disyllabic verbs in the Chinese language are separable; one can insert other
elements between them. These verbs are called separable verbs. The majority of
separable verbs are composed of the “V+0” structure, such as “tSfj/k , Ifctfc , , H# ,
which we have
learned in previous lessons, and Mzk" in this lesson.
T #--& Btl'al
Notes: (1) Separable verbs usually cannot take objects. For example, you cannot say:
(2) Time-measure complements or action-measure complements can only be used
between the two parts of a separable verb; never after it. For example, you cannot say:
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The reduplication form of the separable verb of the “V+O” structure is “AAB”, “A
— AB”, or “A JAB”. For example, “ W’.
4. “—.,—.w The construction “—$&•••,—

“—!&•••,—'ill'"” (“•••,at the same time'"”, “•••while"-”)is used in front of verbs
to indicnte two or more actions taking place simultaneously. For example,
''ijffl —
Chinese Characters and Words
id & Word formation methods
Words in modern Chinese can be classified as simple words and compound words.
Simple words are made up of one morpheme (generally speaking, one character).
Compound words are composed of two or more morphemes. The understanding of the
compound word construction is helpful to that of the word meanings and the study of new
words.
Word formation methods (1): Joint compound words
Joint compound words usually take one of these three forms: “N+N”(e.g. T ft); “ A+
A”(e.g. and “V+V”(e.g. % 1A)• They can also be divided into three types, on the
basis of the meanings of their components:
A. Words composed of the components with the same or similar meanings:
For example,
ipt
B. Words composed of the components of the opposite meanings: T+M—For
example,
T mt'■
C. Words composed of the components with the related meanings: [)t+H—>fTH- For
example,
77 5L ##
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Ding Libo and his friends celebrated the Mid-Autumn Festival with their1
Chinese friends for the first time. They ate moon cakes and admired the moon
| together. They also exchanged small gifts. Should presents be opened and
praised right away? Once again, they discovered some differences in the
l conventions of their cultures.
*Z+AW Lesson 28
V=fe -=S^
Texts
* -- T + ® ^ A 4 & it t** ^ c„mpsri„g
0O
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W, -&tf/l, &&#?
Tj#&: *HT! Xfr7,

4*n # 'Hi$? o
t 4: 4AApe,0 ;&&, 4^>4
>ô
fT, AAA, x4^:£A— it^lUl
A'M^t&? &A-#;ML4fro AJcÂii^-A^ A
^TîlHt, 4iÂ-A
^#jw0
*L4fr0 A'444AA4A0
#- -#-®t, A+®iM*tt! £*
*7!
T^fc: 4AA#7f^]5lt, tti^To

#■ A*-^? 'J'^r, Ml#!
*t4A-A, ilAjW^lô
: 4&4A^^t^:AiÂ4, 4^f/fMMfc.+ ®4&,
AJA
44£>]tft;fl$?Jl^77 , — #4tA4, At
®&fc! «0
fife^-fr A4A, -.£JL**&0®

it4^n7^? 4^n^4-^^L^Â>^n, AAÂ
-19-
#• •)'-&, Lô
i'J'^T: -I#-!##!
^ #■: ^.^^piU^L^bT, A#, 'tt}jniZ'’tfl$fr 7!

I&i^j-f*: ! -f-^j
*. £: -f*#!
/-|- New Words
ie IT qing qingyi The gift is trifling but the sentiment
zhong is profound.
A qing light
N qingyi affection
2.f 0 N jieri festival im't f 0 , l€fl;J'rV 0
3. V zhunbei to prepare if #^1^, if #ffi#, If#
4. N yuebing moon cake fpftMffl, if&M W,WM
N bTng cake
5. 7jC^ N shulguo fruit , ff 7jC®, — Jff 7jC^ ,
6. p^r>j§j N pijiu beer Blpf-M, M
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7. f V shdng to admire; to enjoy MM , Mm, £
Mm
8. &&& N jinidnpTn souvenir HtB^nn, 3c£3i&iS& ,/J^B^pb
tL'k V jinian to commemorate
vn? Suf pin article, product
9. #-j£ y/N xlwang to hope/hope M,#
io. N maobi writing brush
li JL
N mao hair; feather; down
11. IE wenfang sibao the four treasures of the study
£. N bdo treasure
12.. .zhlyl one of M&CMZ—

13. N mfngpai famous brand M ^cfll, Zx
m-f) N pdi(zi) brand =?,

14. N shufd calligraphy
15. SI r(7 N weijTn scarf
^war(3,—rj]
m V wei to enclose
N jTn a piece of cloth (a towel, scarf, kerchief,
etc.)
16. JK. V dai to put on; to wear JU H ft
17. Pr name so; like that MZWM: MZ&M , IP
is. $c v shou to receive; to accept , *Bcfs , ^
mmtM
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19. 'J'#& IE xiaoylsi just a small token —,&JL/M]CS
20. -f-# VO ganbei to drink a toast; Cheers! iif
-f* A gan dry
N bei(zi) cup
21. fl % N yueliang moon
21. PN Zhongqiu Jie the Mid-Autumn Festival
22. PN Chun Jie Spring Festival, Chinese New Year
<m
*.$*|5#.i$-*-0 *£t,
£ #■:
^■S'J4L%>txfc, , *HJt at# $,■{[]
* AAH#, ^'fn^'H-^^-t*^-
;f9e.?
2i^%: jHnte.mfoir2-%, ##^L#, 4-^4-#, ii^.-#-t
i'J'*: JW£SL«;Jl4fr&&
-^-S-sfe.*? 4un<ifcsiJwiLtf
=fl*, a
-fcA4ti44L%îô 4un$fc
-22-
MntH “jflfeflhfci:”, ir*
2)3^%: !® ifLA#}, 4L4n&%&)l
^#ft *4mMUH ft# o
£ #>: #tfc£j*p;i-£To® #faxltfft##flMfo *bdw&, r
t^^l:
/-j- *=j New Words
1. îi Conj buguo

2. #*$* v chengzan
3. 4Ltf v/n biaoshi
4. V ganxib
5. ^"fT v zunzhong
v dedao to get m\%mM3\%>ik& ,mmm m

7. t£4- N jlngxl pleasant surprise ,£nft&—
•I* V jing surprise
* V xT happy; delighted
8. #JA. Pr bieren other people H*JA, £ljA, #S5*J
9. —& A yiban general, ordinary —
io. A zhongyao important HMtf)

#,6, , mw $ «
11. Ait n youyi friendship
12.4S'U V danxln to worry £L|M+<£> , , Jg
13. # N tang sweets; candy ifft, ,
14. n tese characteristic; distinguishing feature (fjzOTf
,p&, * a
Supplementary Words
IE Chang’d ben yue Chang ’ e flying to the moon
if* PN Chang’d Goddess of the Moon
2. /Nfl N Tangchao Tang Dynasty
3. -f-R N gudai ancient times
4. if N shenhua myth
5- f! f N yuegong the Lunar Palace
6. iJjitr N xiannu fairy, female immortal
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7. N yuanldi formerly; originally
8. Afi] N renjian the human world
9. PfJ V wen to smell
10. N huanggong palace
ii. si V xTng to wake up
12. V tuanju to reunite; to gather together
i3. % PN Tang Mfnghuang Emperor Tangminghuang
(an emperor of the Tang Dynasty)
Notes
l 4-^StlklSo
“Today is the Mid-Autumn Festival.”
See the introduction to the Mid - Autumn Festival and the Spring Festival on the
"Cultural Notes” for Lesson 20.
“Ah, it’s a writing brush, one of the four treasures of the study.”
“3CM” is a study. In ancient times, people regarded the writing brush, ink, paper,
and inkstone as the four treasures of the study.
in — ” is a structural particle derived from the classical Chinese. Its usage
is similar to in modem Chinese. For example, Tf & ^ H!^ —,
“It’s even a brand name product! ”
The adverb, “ ” (4) is used to indicate “something unexpected”. It also means
“even”. When used with “°M”, it adds a slightly surprised and exaggerated tone to the
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sentence. For example,
ffc 'J' -k Ji 4* % & J<j %!
FI ^f-is£^Td;L*!
@ iUL/MUSo
You are welcome. This is just a small gift.”
means “small token of affection.” This is a polite phrase one uses when
presenting a gift to someone.
“However, I have a question for you.”
“ ” is a conjunction that expresses a turn in a conversation and connects the
clauses. It is often used to supplement or modify the previous passage. A comma placed
after it allows for a pause in the dialogue. suggests a milder transition in tone than
“{SH” or and is mostly used in the spoken language. For example,
0 f”Jo
T k. M, * it ^ 'k Sj _L T o
©
“So that ’ s what happened! ”
/HFf , spoken with emphasis on “j>C f-f ”, shows the realization of the occurrence
something. For example,
A:
B: #S'J
A: *Li2L#!
<v i^mmjUTo
“What are you saying?”
This is used to politely refute someone’s point of view. For example,

-26 -
A; b£*.4UMT£,
B; 'J^PL^To Mfritikmio
=. tSSISjsffl Drills and Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. fat *.#* Aft# & *-% ?

6. M&&#}&$&&&
7. ® * :t,3U£* T o
9. ,&A&\
1.Master the following phrases
(1)
&t%L
%.%&$£&&& %}§Lt&ti£&'4^
(2) Tkt&in&ft* i%m% &tmi>£&&*?
-27 -
(4)4r:7f4$ 4r3f'&$. Jf-jf-n
I# •fe7^f-7jc^
it# ij 44#
4*£/fr #'H&^--
2. >f»flS|i*$fe Pattern drills
(1)
itj
^P # o $P4$4- /7JT
*.
4blfCii^ *
(2) tjtg#aMr4kf4 £#yg? j42-

M
#p ^ /fc $7 #J S^
ifciUitJl 4tMn 4' e
3L&tt4fcifc
(3) o
^ -S & 4 ItftWJljLm
t SI j$&H%? £ Jz. 4ii^4
*}* SI © ®i±#-^ ^ SI©
%f>i3.'h&&i$
(4) ^42^4^n^|ûn^L^0
MAMMMM, 4 £ ?
^ ^ 'If i£X.#/:£*£ ^MH tL^'f' SHb/’T ^ ^ -ff

& 7 * 4L Bfr fsj 4 it HJ «•] -£-i7& in &7
£#*pJliMf:t& it'AtfftJk'jl £#&#&
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(5) i&'/k JL3
i^X #£!■%
(6) t &#?
gt^r,4^^0 f
f
Jf
(7) *
&JL
n 7f
/H* -fe;
(8)
^Pito 4,^^lX^-129SX— o y6
«£n#^»
3. Classroom activities
(1) One student makes up a sentence, and another student changes its
meaning slightly by using to give another sentence. For example,
A:
B:
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(2) One student makes up a sentence, and another student supplements
it with another sentence containing the construction expressing
surprise and exaggeration. For example,
A:
B:
(That’s what happened/that’s how it is.)
^ (Of course not.)
(Why is this/that? )
ff'iO'J (What are you saying?)
[tb$£ Comparing]
(1) A:
(2) A:
B; Af, ^,^0 fA'i—Hr (lidng, to measure)o
A:
A-. M>>Jt^(ai, short) ^
fo
-30 -
Presenting and appreciating a gift]
(1) A: , tfrMif'-im£o
B: *11* To *to
A; «, -,&;ld'*&o
(2) A:
B: ^4fT,
(3) A: i&i£/iUA
B: -L?&#^, itif^tf (pofei, to

spend money ), % ;f jtf ^ *g. o
A: o
[J£ip Asking in retort]
(1) A:
B: ^-£,^£^1, %W'A3LZ'
£ T?
(2) A:
B: ^^SX^26^,
(3) A: n—
B:
[iS>|> Worrying about something]
A: #îU£#4t,4Mn^Â;L42<c t 0
B: 42'C>'ft£?
A: To
-31 -
5. @9i&ij§ Describe the following pictures
(*■.-#,*....it.,*.)
(1) Your Chinese friend gives you a gift. What should you say?
(2) You are going to give your Chinese friend a gift. What should you say?
(3) One culture emphasizes the value of a gift by praising it to show that it is greatly
appreciated. Another culture emphasizes the kindness of the gift-giver by expressing the
receiver’s feelings that the gift is too much for him.Discuss the similarities and differences
between these two practices.
29* Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
mm
if MM
&7M0 --3i,ifMi%7l%i£^%,Mfcft£l&
HH%Jt£70 ifMA7fit
ft®^ n -t- i ^ Ht _t, m m 7-

-32 -
'TSJSL^JTô
^ o *|^>Un>ir^
fj — AX,*MM£$M's'^!
£• iWii Grammar
1. ^TJnHS^ Using the verb to express

comparisons
The construction “X + ^'/tS^’+Y+A” is used to indicate whether the quality or
characteristic of something (“X”) is on the same level as another thing (“Y”). This type of
comparison uses the second object as the criterion. The quality or characteristic being
compared is often expressed with an adjectives.
s +“#/»#”+ NP(+j& £/»&)+ A
mm j 1
1
1 I 1
■oHB
The quality or characteristic of the comparison can also be expressed with a verb
phrase.
-33 -
Predicate
Subject
NP (m'A/w'A) VP
Ft
Ft A
A W'l&o
4urc FMn
mn
Note: The negative form of the comparative sentence with the structure of ”
(“X+15 ^ +Y +A/VP”) is most commonly used, and it is often found in declarative
( sentences. Its affirmative form “X+^+Y+A/VP” is less frequently used, and it is often
j found in interrogative sentences and the answers to questions.

, -
2. The rhetorical question (1)
Some interrogative sentences are not used to ask real questions, but rather to emphasize
certain obvious reasons or facts.
A. The construction ” is used to emphasize an affirmation. For example,
B. Interrogative pronouns are used to emphasize an affirmation or a negation. For example,
oo ? ( iSL-'F 'J' )
ji%mmw&■}$%?
3. (3) Sentences containing a series of veri>s (3)

In the sentences containing a series of verbs, if the first verb is “ Tf ”, then its
object is also the receiver of the action described by the second verb. The second verb
does not have a direct object.
-34 -
S +“#/««”+ 0 + v2
Predicate
Subject
Adv o v2
FL sst# o
44F1 Mil l-fo
44 — ■^'1414^
4 o
4 4 — 4 i5) M. <tS 1"] i"] o
4. “_h” and “JF" as the resultative complements

The verb “ _h ” can be used as a resultative complement to indicate that separate
things have been joined together, or that one thing is attached to another. For example,
The verb “TF” can be used as a resultative complement to indicate that integrated or
joined things have been separated. For example, “fTTFIL#/, tTTFd? , WTF4^:, HzTF^
4”.
A. ms® Chinese Characters and Words
ftO (2): j)j| IE ^ Word formation methods (2):Modifier - modified
compound words
In such a structure the first word modifies or restricts the latter word, e.g. M +1$—
tjf. Other examples,
’t'-H' )\4 il-4 Wife 4,3]
%')?% t-ft itjyg d'-a && xa Ei B.r% pa£ &$-
«tSr 44 4 ft â. 4 SI -g-4 iii# M *pf
-35 -
“ Modesty ”is always regarded as a worthy trait in the Chinese culture.
Professor Zhang says that his calligraphy is “just so so”. He also asks his
young students to make suggestions for his newly published hook. Can you
guess why?
V SZ+Ai* Lesson 29
-•if* Texts
4MTJ417! *£&! ‘mfi&o

5MU*,
-36 -
T^>*: ^»e? **#&.+, &&#)&, $rWko
B#*: #&*-##,® ^WBtl'B)-(L*fe-^0
-£o 4-fc^r*;L#To
B *P: *&&#-#■! &*, ##
^"&0
B#*: î±, ■grte.fofc-Kf, 8$$t^g-%7 0

ASlTf-isi “■$£■&£&”, fr*P4Mi:#4£, -^.i&it—
■SMfo
B *s «, SMfc*. #
T^>ft.: ii*Jtf-;t|Sj|_!& & e^-ftoVa?
B4U£: *lV]0 i^ftlWaf#, 4i.*tf.|*N&-£-a;aM&, -foil*
. : i^Tjc 7k. * ^ "S #, vfx *yL *

SB-#*,
B#*: iiX7L
—,&Jl£*f-„
-37 -
New Words
* ** ' 4 ** *' f t ■ v - if. — -.- .
N yijidn idea, suggestion t

''*A
JfLMMJH
2. 5^3^. V huanyfng to welcome JXMfoUl,%kM0M,
Mm
3. -#^§' N shufdng study
4.J* N qidng wall i®_h
5. #; V gua to hang
6. -^)S> N zihua calligraphy and painting &SP? SB, if±S
#î®,—ipI^H
* N Zl character; handwriting
7. N shujia bookshelf
8.*# N gushu ancient book
■£- A go ancient
A zh§ngqi neat; tidy , «$[#«#,:&
, SlSIj^rrfir
10. Pt de (used to form an adverbial adjunct)
11.# V bdi to put; to place }f £j|±, jg£^j£,
12. Jt'lc N penjlng miniature trees and rockery, bonsai 41 IHa^Jlc,
& N pen pot — &WL
-38 -
13. A haokdn pleasant to look; good-looking
Jl, ft M M W /hi&, W % W>

14. -fc V zhang to grow wi&mm, nm&mm,
15. jf-fe VO kaihua to bloom mSWKT Akttim

N junzTIdn kaffir lily F&
17. N ye(zi) leaf
18. # V yang to grow, to raise #?£, #$|, #f$, ,#
19. lt$L Adv/V bljido comparatively; quite/ to compare » kb

tbHH^W, kb$m§7 kb###, kb&
, kb$£##, kb^-T, fpffe kb$l
20. >mh N renmen people ACIM
21. N zuopTn work of literature or art A^fôn ,HAfôn ,
#S:#nDa ,SS^«np ,-M^pnn,
22. & V jiao to water $g#iJL,$g7R
23. ## V xiuzhdng to prune, to trim j&M&M

24. N ylshu art
25.S£iW N yuanyishl horticulturist ^©20,^70X0
at N yudnyi gardening U&glS ,:§!# @21
Suf shl person skillful at a certain profession; expert;
master EI0,Xf§0
-39 -
Thik;
^^ A-£r£ A.'frj'^'^L,
iUhfc*Mfc, */fl—W*., £
T ft A: ?^^4t:, — ts , ^
; Sâi^ ^MBEm* ■«
T'*>iat#*#? : Âp /2S
A« *#.-*, #£«£*** *
I
! .,4?
M?
‘M?
/•£
jf .!***% ■
}
:
TftA: &&&&«$ â-MMrô it«^ ,jf
iSfeaMW '_J-
.AfV :'
4^
.,A-^r,
S* #
'?lA <#•
••■;#’
: 7o f*
’ „T ;
IVfi:A:
T—«, Jii4^4t-fh^? Kg|
$•■,;&*
* V y,V.:- (<©
f l|«/ ;
T ft A: “##*!&**»#, * * f-f-
,^2
#^”0 ® 5WU£, #H, it-* 0!§k f|f| :

<S)-f-*.#&*®?
it;t4M<—tSi, #±*-5t
;£#•&*—5t>fc#4it)9!lo :£•##»#£.£$
T ft A: Wl, «Ut„ ittt^flL^#®, &*•}£•£#£$.
5MM*: *1-7, &;!.&« 35^-^$, it^'f.t-'fn, 4-A—*,

-40 -
<f3>
&. «S.î££*-», «■«.„
JMU*. To
ff, ûn + ^Tsi^ — .suit
s:, &&&■}«.*# JWI?
JMUft: %.%.&&mm “#-f *■&*•*.$<f, -Kp
/j— .|=j New Words
i. V lian to practise ,
$j , , $ * a «,. £$, iH
iAÊife^
2. $'&$i N shufajia calligrapher
% Suf jia specialist in a certain field ,
, sAh^C, , /MftgC
3. jJfp IE dizT bubi Disciples are not necessarily inferior
bum shl to teachers,
N dizT disciple, follower
Adv bubi not necessarily
IE shl bubi Teachers are not necessarily more
xianyu dizT capalde than disciples,
t A xian virtuous, able
5. N juzi sentence —'M’J*?, 'KiH'nJ A
6) M ju sentence W'RjiS
- 41 -
6. N yisi meaning, idea £^7 ft jftjg, £
M ft ft &, if X 65 ft ft, X.ft fi$rM&,

ffcWftS.WftJB
7. V burn to be not as good as; to be inferior to
0°
A gaomfng brilliant, wise j^ftigjjf ||ft
9. N wenxuejia writer ftlHftjtftft
10. Adv huxiang mutually; one another 5+0^^ ,T£
tm
U. A qianxQ modest ftft ft A, Jd§£ 7 , $ £
ftfem
12. PN Tangdai Tang Dynasty , it It
MM
Supplementary Words
i. N lequ pleasure
2. V/A nanguo to feel bad/sad; upset
3. R-f N yudnzi courtyard
4. V zhaogu to look after
5. V guanxTn to care for
6- V mbihud to beautify
7. ^^ N xlnlfng soul
8. ^ PN Lao She Lao She (a Chinese modern writer)
-42 -
“It is indeed called kaffir lily.”
When “ 7H ” is used in front of a verbal predicate, adjectival predicate, or predicate of
subject-predicate phrase, it means “indeed”. It emphasizes and confirms the previous
sentence and should be stressed. For example,
A; o
B: ®o
A;
B:
A: o
B:
“This kind of flower is easy to grow.”
The structure +V” expresses the meaning of “it is easy to do something”. Here,
“#F” means “easy”. The negative form of this structure is “^$?+V”. For example,
tto
#0
© o
“I’ll buy a pot of flower right after class tomorrow.”
The adverb “lift” (4) often connets two verbs or verbal phrases (with the particle “T”
usually added to the first one) and suggests that the second action takes place as soon as
the first one is completed. For example,
4fc"fc T T o
-43 -
M S'J T E Bfc 4#0
“Disciples are not necessarily inferior to teachers, while teachers are not necessarily
more capable than disciples.”
This is a quotation from the essay “On Teachers” («jjrpift») by Han Yu ($fa&,768—
824), a famous writer of the Tang Dynasty.
“I have already written your names on the boots. Please mate some comments and
suggestions.”
When Chinese authors or artists present their books or other works as gifts to others,
m addition to signing the title page,they will also write the recipient’s name and a request
for comments and suggestions. For example, (^1E ,zhizh6ng, to
make comments and suggestions) means “ To Mr. Ma Dawei. Please make comments and
suggestions.”
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
2- ft&&&&£%,&£fc)l0
3. {fc &g-jt Q
5.
6.
7-
8. Tkmzm
-44-
1. Master the following phrases
(1) if$t ifi iftf' if^ ifjfl im
^ if it 3 *if#8i£ îf-fS *iHM£ x*?'4&-

(2)
i£4§'-“'i-MILîl
^ if" -“ 'ft 4$ >£ ^ it;fr--#&J&
4&;fr— f ### t£,*Jt
(3) *.*#»*
4Mfj®URtf eh£
(4) 'I'f.'l'fitk.A 4£4£:&it -f--f-J&i±J Jc
il£ife,&3 4Mf&#-&
4s£"4=i" ^P -ft }>&>$$ Ft t®j t§j tP tp ’’I? -ft -£--£-##;& ;fr 4$
$! f^] l'^) îi^'ip
(5) 4&i4^77X&& fcj-l #&—&
^4t43 4t43 4&14#
2.tijm&& Pattern drills

(l) ^JiiltjfL$&*Mr?
;*#SI o F0£ Ji it
*f-.t 4£ — :£.jffc#
it — ^#.A.
(2) &>HE.&Agq%?
g_o
%-Jf V9&&I %
it &*&*■
4£
apdHMf #
-45 -
( 3 ) jfe it# Ifc 4$ &»2) ?
«Mfe. I«J lSj7>
J& 45 * „ 'hmi Jiff.
fajuh #FA 4=r jEr^-^r
J0UM 4l 43 Af I'a]
(4)
d'E tsj isj ;k.f§|
^ H) Jj *&*£
4Mr#&
(5) ,&-i£4e.j|j£J£jLl&— &,*$-!!%?
&
*ii'{njf-4&vet0
&
43
(6)
4£
ÂTTttiSlT ft ft
#H5Mt*t
&
(7)
m. 4W
ft tm
^4$& sfJif
r «
One student makes up a sentence. Another uses “4.” to emphasize and
confirm this statement, and then uses to supplement it. For example,
B: ^ ^ &] 7%.
-46 -
Avff] îiL (People often say...)
(I think so, too.)
(I do not know if it will be all right.)
if & ff? (What do you think?)
Describing things]
(1) A: if
B: o
A:
B: — (didnshijT, TV set) 0
(guizi, cupboard)
(shafa, sofa), j£c
(2) A; if ^&f 3f?L (shfzhucing, fashion) T ”-%?
B: -&;# T , if
A: £,0 ^ Ji ^ ^ #7
-f(pibao, leather
handbag), #f7$%0
B: #.#p (yanjing, eyes),

■f (bfzi, nose),
[3.§UJi| Ef/E Emphasizing an affirmation]
A;
-47 -
[^7KTî® Expressing modesty]
(1) A:
B; 4^*t^§ iirjbj T J> , ’till— ^.itite' (tQOlun, to discuss) it
ttp^0
B: —t, (cankao, for

reference) 0
A: iiftTo *t*t*fo*>*#o
o
(2) A:
5. Describe the picture
(at, #t, at)
(1) Do you agree with the idea that “disciples are not necessarily inferior to teachers,
while teachers are not necessarily more capable than disciples”? Why or why not?
(2) How do you respond to other people’s praise?
- 48-
E9* Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
&&&, *T&,
Mfcto, fcto, 7#'&tott£#+fr&o ît#, £

toa£4>&#0 #tinMi#Mt, £&&&%&&&& To *l£, &tt'J'
efc-f-s, £iLA$#0
& £#■*£#<, l,JL#l'J^^l«, *5to
ito *i±, '^#4#*fetoo &x#g^Bt#, X-^^to,
^*£to&&*., &j£#x#c &4*#^-i£#
flt, tf:£4MMr#*to
*N£7, JW£to;M-4l, lin-M'l^flf^JL,
#6$^., teto*P*fc*•&#-#&*##! ^-E#^
7\o teto^MM-afc., *£#,,
9f TJWiLtotf#,
§;2j Grammar
1. ^FSR/6j(2) Sentences indicating existence or emergence (2)

One kind of sentence that indicates the existence and location (of a person or a thing)
was introduced in Lesson 21. Here is another kind of the sentence. Its subject is a noun
-49 -
or phrase of location; its predicate is “V+<f”; and its object is the person or the thing that
exists.
Its negative form is 15*+ V+H”, while its affirmative-negative form is “V+^+|5
W”.
S ( PW ) + V + + Num-MP + 0 ( persons or things that exist)
Subject Predicate
(PW) H jfr 99
V Num-MP O (persons or things that exist)
& t §*©&*?
So
* 'feMo
-fi i«o
a]a
Notes: (1) The prepositions such as and “JA” are not placed in front of the
subject.
(2) The adverbs and “IE*” cannot be placed in front of the verbs, so
one cannot say:
(3) The object usually takes a numeral-measure phrase or another phrase as its
attributive.
2. The reduplication of adjectives

The adjectives describing characteristics or qualities can usually be reduplicated. The
reduplicative form for monosyllabic words is “AA”. For example, *1 , MM and -fc-fc.
The reduplicative form for disyllabic words is “AABB”. For example,
i# and IISS- The reduplicated adjectives indicate a higher degree of a certain
quality than their non-reduplicative counterparts. They are often used to describe things,
frequently suggesting fondness or praise. For example, £L£L$J* and
3. fe” The structural particle “Jjfe”

When a reduplicated adjective or an adjectival phrase functions as an adverbial
modifier, the structural particle Jtli” is usually added. For example,

-50-
its.&A&f-, &&&&o
0
<. & #& it & JfeH. $ £U£ ?Jc^f 0
4. “JB”^f»|(4) The “|C” sentence (4)

The reduplicated verb can also be used in the sentences with “IE”. In this kind of
“tE” sentence, the reduplicated verb isn’t necessarily followed by other elements. For
example,
S +“JE”+ 0ffi + VY
Predicate
Subject
“fE” offi VV
fe.
tv m Chinese Characters and Words
(3); Word formation methods (3): Verb - complement

compound words
This kind of compound word is composed of a verb and a complement, e.g. “tt+j@T’
~* “ f/l [wj ” • The second character complements the first one. For example, “fjjf,
iS#,
-51 -
jfwi k sij1
li ms b ,4f
M tjiwf
feiPVG
Ti;^: ^yV^-fT,
*■ r±ik$L'}£-zfyte-#)0 /^{n
m£V [»&*&] \
^h l $fi jLt 4^. T •$£- ^ X., —“ 3&$t^ , —• V Describing things v'
^ i^-:
4a$Hffc? Aîto
£
/Uf|5-5j>m„ *fr£AjML, #«.
*Mm-g->t4a, ttfrff<£#dsrf-o
2,^%-. .&#, it###.#*, &jfuwn

—Ay&, T«”4?
£ s,«»r«0
—ÂâTo® -ft-fn-fi^
î&x-ft, *fc7
»4, ife^-fWT, a^»r«Ji#T0 IliiL,

!-^fi.i|!f ift#'a,?
%-hl o
hk.%-. mn%,
-53-
^|=J New Words
l. i^îj N taijfjidn taijijian(& kind of traditional Chinese
swordplay) !],
M N jian sword Ip: If—
2. #f N jie street
3. V/N huodong to move about/activity thfcWigjM'ftA
4. & V tiao to jump, to leap JVP|32Jfc,j&yg^
5. VO tiaowu to dance
# N wu dance
6. $Il9 4rit IE qiaoluo dagu to beat drums and gongs
tk V qiao to beat; to knock on
9 N luo gong
4r V da to beat
M, N gu drum
7. VO niuyangge to do the yangge dance
& V niu to twist
&#. N yangge yangge dance

gr
00
N minjian folk KiHiw^,Ki0ii^*,siHj2:7^,M
9. N wudao dance
Sffdilt®
io. V jiaozuo to be called Pt)WMA£ M{£
ii. ^b4f N dongzuo movement, action |f gg'gf#, ,
12. )¥§#- A jiandan simple
JL, [U^:
-54-
13. -%;K N l3or6n senior; elderly man or woman
t&MM%A,W&)%A
i4. rfjyf VO chuhdn to sweat #±ibff
15. Conj yaobu otherwise, or else
16. -f- N shou hand 7M,
17. & N wushu martial arts
tYM
18. VO shengbing to fall ill
V/N bing to fall ill/disease ^T , #^1111, /J'*
19. N hbulai afterwards, later AW,%

20. _t$£ VO shangban to go to work
21. -f_h N zaoshang (early) morning ,-f-±£?
22. N zuijin recently Hilr—'hJf
23. NP jiexTn a landscaped island at an intersection of
huayubn avenues
24. JS| V wei to surround HUfffe, WMW&A, Mr#
-55-
4-tko ^.'lL-i-3>fc**JAT#„
It ft %'l ^T tfc il £. T ;fe®-0 ;jf
# T *£,«.„
#t?
* #■: AfJ\ *.£Ag|
#♦0 ^‘ÂôTWA-iL'iTt&-S.â
T J$&0 —jj&bhvL, $'}j£jljL'i%tf)^7}L-f-$p
0t#, ^Tîn| “if”!
4-^*4MU$J&;l;£Ai^
%Z-y fc ±4t¥lJl, 4MH-t‘XkflLfJ^&

—
iAtX,
-56-
-fc- $1, jf'$■$■&],
2,^%: 4feA»A?
* &: T„
#-;#■, o, jft
i4* * #•&#
#/f -S. X tb £ T «-t- * -tfcf-„
/-|- »|Sj New Words
i.rm VO xiaqi to play chess flf^JAT^, -ff^CT^,
2. .&3t# N lijiaoqiao overpass 3l35MT , _fc3£3e#F, T A3c#F
# N qiao bridge
3. vrJl VC tTngjidn to hear
4. £*?# N aihaozhe lover (of art, sports, etc.); enthusiast jjf
5. Ufa V tuixiu to retire il# IcXfe , 11^1^0, ilfAISA
6. V xiuxian to take recreation 'APi0#fsj ^PifS^fr
7. N fangshi way #PiA5£,?£ffrA^v£MA^
8. $C#l VO zudcao to do gymnastics
9. VO pdobu to jog
10. N duimian opposite side ffiMW, AtH^t ffi
11. $jp& N wangba internet cafe/bar —i'~f^]fiE
12. n a N menkou doorway pOpEl'l P P ,M fl P
13. #^T N wilting ballroom
-57-
Supplementary Words
i.*# A chdngshdu longevity
2.&X M gongIT kilometer
3. V diaocha to investigate
4. is V/N zu to form/group
5. N xlnzang heart
6. N mijue secret of success
7.^-f V zaiyu to depend on; to rely on
8. V/N yundong to do physical exercise/sports
9. N guxiang hometown
10. JjfL# V liuchudn to spread
11. N/A jidnkang health/healthy
12. fiBjj A congmfng intelligent, clever
13. PN Aolinpike the Olympics
Notes
® *tr, saffAffl 7 „
No, I have to practice first. Otherwise, everybody will just be watching me dancing.”
means (“otherwise” or “if not”). It is used between two sentences
or clauses to indicate the result or conclusion that is derived form the assumption or
expectation contrary to the first sentence. For example,
“Later, she practiced taijijian.”
)j§f Tpc refers to a time after a certain period. For example,
-irit—A, %--£■ i£0

-58-
Note: The differences between “/p ” and " HI !§ (a) “ lU Ja” can refer to a time
either in the past or the future, while refers only to a time in the past, (b) “ III
fa” can be used either alone or with other words; for example, “TiJfttU/n”- However,
can only be used by itself. Thus, one cannot say:
“In the morning, some people do gymnastics, some jog, some climb mountains, and
some swim. There are also people who take their dogs for a walk, or stay at home
practicing calligraphy or gardening.”
Two or more phrases of the structure “^f+VP+|^” may express enumeration.
“All those people (who are) going in and out of that internet bar across the street are
young.”
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1. t *y ^ a. o
2. #7r
3.
4.
5.
6. vx -r-c#at fa] «§ o
7.
-HUTo
'Jo
-59-
!• Master the following phrases
(1)
^T— &•]'& *•}'%-&A.
(2) &#£■;*tbff-
^ T g M&&
(3) ^T#T ^#.^-^1 dM^>WT

T^Ji^lT ittbiCT t&Ji^T JS##&7
(4) u#if>7
2. Pattern drills
(1) 4j££it£7 7^'£A0
(2)
sue.#?
t±UJ^7o
(3) fainSUlft-&&&.<?
4b4n$LJlft£$,&0
(5) #■«!%?
X'ft
»N2? A~
/tjt 7C
(6) o
7*f-T*F;LttJ5U5-
3. i$3i£?j§5fy Classroom activities

(1) One student makes up a sentence using the words learned in this lesson,
and another student uses “ jp ^ ” to continue the conversation. For
example,
A:
(2) One student makes up a sentence using the words learned in this lesson,
and another student uses “JcT''” to make an assumption. For example,

A;
B: To
(Otherwise, ...)
(Of course, it will do/it’s all right.)
(Generally speaking, ...)
faj (Briefly/In a word, ...)
(The most important thing is...) I
-61-
[^7Jn Indicating a change]
B: To >ITo
A: $UE.£3&&#?
B: 4fc^$4fc4-^0
[>^^nW5 Making a summary]
B: jAzftfJo 4# >&?
A:
B: § $* T^ ^Wl, iS-xLif': ^%;'&)L (w6ifan, to

violate) M A 6*f K ^ ^ -|f 0
A; if>i)U%Mrf-o
5. ^|fHi&@r Describe the picture
^4K :7fA^ Ttifc^N Ai&A-)
-62-
(1) Talk about any changes that have affected yourself, a friend, a classmate, or a
teacher.
(2) Speak from your experience about how to study Chinese characters, memorize
new words, or practice conversations.
• Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
&&&¥jA.#.#,
— >hitT — 95 # <Hl£A0
A-&:
d"o —^-#.N
#,
To "T1i\LifcJL32i&^£^¥) -}£.^$ki£:f,&?
&*%&&&#&# fait
faip-'Zo faift&jrvZ' fa&It#fait&ip-
pe-o” “fa&fc&'&j'! fa$t&&*&o fa
-63-
E* la?£ Grammar
1. (3) Sentences indicating existence or emergence (3)

The following sentence pattern is commonly used to describe the appearance or
disappearance of a person or thing from some location.
S ( PW ) + V + Pt or Complement + Num-MP+ 0
( persons or things that appear or disappear)
Notes: (1) The subject of this type of sentence is a word or phrase indicating a location.
The prepositions such as and “JA” cannot be inserted before the subject.
(2) The predicate of this type of sentence is usually an intransitive verb that
usually refers to a positional change of people or things. For example, ,
QiM”.
(3) The verb of this type of sentence is commonly followed by the aspect particle
“ T” or a complement.
(4) The object of this type of sentence must not be specified. Thus, one cannot
say:®“itf T There is usually a numeral -measure phrase or another
attributive in front of the object.
2. “T” indicating a change of situation (2)

Sentences with a noun phrase, a subject - predicate phrase, or an optative verb as the
predicate can all take “T ” after them to indicate a change of situation or the start of a
-64-
new situation. This kind of sentence functions as a reminder or attracts people’s attention.
For example,
A: 5JLfc/l,&7?
B: T0
A: T?
B: 4fc=L-f-Jp Jo
4^4% ^#-^7 To
*Mn Ait#- T , ft ftl 6$ at 1*1 -4, £ T 0
To
The V/A-not-V/A question the same meaning with the ” structure.

For example,
ft### 7 &#?
3. The complement of state (2)

Besides describing or commenting on a movement or an action itself, a complement of
state also descnbes the state of the subject (a person or thingjthat has appeared or
developed because of the movement or action.
For example,
-f--f- ^ o
Adjectival phrases can often act as the complement of state, while verbal phrases,
subject - predicate phrases and other complements can also serve as the complement of
state. For example,
Jl> fi if o (verbal phrase)
fttoT#T#f&7*fc«.o
ft # fa] TfT #] 0
-65-
ftMnf&ff>h ~/f Q (subject-predicate phrase)
\fc>vh-7\$r$k>^£.^-0 (directional complement)
t o (resultative complement)
4. X—X— The construction “X**,X***W

“ JL ” (3) is followed by verbal/adjectival words or phrases, indicating that several
actions, features or states occur or exist at the same time. For example,
fM] >L°lj 5L$)t0
A. #531 Chinese Characters and Words
lîd^(4): Word formation methods (4): Verb - object compound
words
The first character defines or restricts the meaning of the second one, e.g.
Other examples,
4T# ^ jk it-c; i£fg.

ji-f- #FA &# «5-0t ^4- ££
-66-
D
Lin Na and Ding Libo want to participate in the “China Expert Knowledge
1
^con
Contest”.
C°T
They ask Song Hua to help them prepare. Read the following
conversation to see how they are getting ready for the contest.
—IS Lesson 31
-•if* Texts
$-2 7 , T&xf+M# t#
-67-
^fflf4» #.-fnx*iA%fc
4&~, tfc—&îfc o
T A Hi: #-# 4Un#4—‘T, #'•%?

* #fT„ 'M*l*: + S#.*.,
<3>
M. & J|J £; , £/>:£,
-W.®#|4b,
i, &#*-#=.*. a fc„
#■ *P: *h + BIrt.£S*.—,&;b,
—,&;b„
tsô, •&;#, -*#
£ ®#jE-<*$0 T— /H”);Si: •fr-^--h^.i^î4^r-it'®|54b?
Tifik: -6^8800 ^*^0

£ #■:
#• if: # 6300 £'>.£-£ 0 •£.&
X-ô —j) 5400 p'J>-
£* o
* #: •f1 ®^^'H‘^.p*|-M‘>5r##;7?
T^Sk:
-68-
£-j=] New Words
1. #7^ N muqln mother
N mu mother
2. n N he river , AM ,|£—AM ,, -
^M
3. ^pAR N zhTshi knowledge AAfcftHR, Mjfe&iR,
iR,£fliR ttilf, ^BiR Al?

4. i4A£ N dill geography A g MM, A S 1$3M£piR
5. Conj zhlyao as long as
6. N chengji achievement A>J J&£f, , tfc^
7. N mianjl area A@lftffifR,:jtMlft®fR
8. ~fj Num wan ten thousand -7j , ATT,—A7T ,—AT?
9. M pingfang square kilometer AlfA A7?aATAll
gonglT
N pingfang square A A/'A
M gong IT kilometre ii/T it A' A A MI, A A-H t?
AMA:,3CA0WÂVMK
io. -tA^ N shijie world
li. Aa N renkou population t8AP,fÂP,Aa
12. && V baokuo to include , UfSMlK

13. Num Vi a hundred million AHfZAAl^TT, AH
fcAP
14. A zhengque correct
&5mjE,AHWAiA
15. JqJ|r N shanfeng mountain peak Jft |tj A^
-69-
16. M ml metre ATAW^^lil)—'^"tS
17. #j! N ytioldn cradle ,/Jn&B)8M£
i8.#^$r PN EluosT Russia
19. ;*CJ& PN Ddlu the Mainland (of China)
20. £ yf PN Taiwan Taiwan
21. PN Xianggang Hong Kong
22. & n PN Aomen Macao
23. PN Xizang Tibet
24. 2^#JtP-3p% PN Zhumulangma Feng Mount Qomolangma (Mount
Everest)
25. ^->*r PN Hudng He the Yellow River
26. -fc$X. PN Chang Jiang the Changjiang River (or Yangtze River)
27. PN Zhonghua China
<B>
£ %■-. k.%,
To
Wo 4Mfc*ta7, fiJl'i'W
fc-i^lo
£ #: t aW^Jii-i-ii^^ T , #
-70-
2>k%: kk^Jl%? &&£ki±i%JE.k)&zr7 ,
Xtl, i£#&>li0
2>kk-. 4|s-t-^.a &##]-j-5*fcJfeJj,

£ #■: *HT„ ftp'll,
;t0
4*.#: €ttii, *0).t^#?
S- #•: -f-^ 1200 nl,
— #o Jjô
'fitîli_h#.T^', #,® >MfJ'*)'ei “*
S^”o #.£ Jjii^-^-f-
-to «>$\ — ! Tp'tS'f’B)A_
-%*.#: “&&&-” 'll?
-71-
fc #■: zmirtet 1000 7 ,
Sik.%: if.
/-j— New Words
1. V luyou to tour
V you to travel, to tour f/fUtLl ,
2. ;£$i^ri£ IE mingsheng guji scenic spots and historical sites ififf
N mfngsheng scenic spots

*\
■î€
v
N guji historical sites
3. ti& A/N ziran natural/nature £j i
4. N/V ganjue feeling/to feel #
5. N yun cloud Hk
6. N songshu pine tree
# N shu tree
7. # N hai sea #
8. ^-flr A qiguai strange; surprising; odd iff E$ lil ll$,
9.^ M ke (a measure word for trees and plants)
10. iX/ PN Huang Shan Mt. Huang
11. PN Yfngkesong Guest-welcoming Pine (on Mt. Huang)
-72-
Supplementary Words
-4- p'kfy ; -r-Xt .- .... .. ...
i. j^7jC4fc IE nan shuT b§i dido divert water from the south
to the north
2. N yunhe canal
3. x#l N gongcheng engineering project
4 At V wa to dig
5. $P# N liushu willow
6- }C& y hulhe to converge; to join
2. iiM VO tonghang to be open to air traffic or to
navigation
S.&. N/M duan section; part
V yanjiu to study; to do research

-0. V yin to divert; to lead
i. &-#- V gaishan to improve
2. PN Hangzhou Hangzhou (a city in China)

13. PN Sul Yangdl Emperor Suiyangdi(an
(604—617) emperor of the Sui Dynasty)
-4. iitlj PN Jiangnan areas south of the lower reaches
of the Changjiang River

5. # Îj PN Yangzhou Yangzhou (a city in China)
“We are too worried to eat or sleep well.”
China has an area of 9,600,000 square kilometres.”
-73-
The construction “ ^ +Num-MP (+A)”is employed to describe the physical
characteristics such as size, area, weight, height, and age, in numbers. The adjective that
appears at the end of the construction generally denotes a quality, such as and
If”. The interrogative form of this construction is “^f+ £+A”. For example,
A: B: 1068
A; 8800
A: B: -fcyx# 6300
A: B;
A;
“«(*)* is used to negate this construction. For example,
'fe7§L^\ —ijt/Vi fjj o
® ^MAn
“The population of China, including the mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao,
amounts to 1.29 billion.”
The verb means to include” (some or all parts of something), and its negative
form is “ T'jzi ji^ For example,
&^^,vf4.(pangtTngsheng) auditor),#c?•g'i-f-a0
“The Yellow River is the cradle of Chinese civilization. Therefore, the Chinese people
call it the ‘Mother River’.”
In ancient times, “ipip.” referred to the Yellow River Valley, where the Han people.
-74-
the largest ethnic group in China, first settled and thrived. Later, it grew to stand for all
of China, and “tptfr&Wi” is now the general term for the 56 ethnic groups of China.
Such verbs as “BL|” and “$p” can take double objects to form the construction “ Bl-j
)+0(+02”, which are equivalent to the verb “to be”, when they are placed before two
nouns. The first one usually indicates a person, and the second one is the title by which
this person is addressed. For example,
“There are five to six hundred famous ones, to say the least.”
The meaning of “4H.&” is “to say the least; at least”. For example,
To
© 1200 „
“As early as over 1,200 years ago, Mt. Huang was already a famous scenic spot in
China.”
“W ^tf ” means “as early as”. For example, Ip-lS:—fjlj ,^-^b 1950
“The white clouds look just like the vast ocean.”
The preposition means “to look like, to be like”. “jf[+NP+—ff; ” is used in
almost the same way as “{SH+NPh—pp ”. For example, instead of ",
one can say, “
-75-
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
2. 8800
3. d«i£Yi£$j.5-YT o
4.
5. yfitt~Y7LYA#iuY#0
6.
7. # ill X ^rA J- £ 4-,. Sfc.—£. fij *f ft A # 0

8. t®A<Yd&‘SY#>Y”0

(1) Jli^^jl Y/LJ^Y^. TLYE-% X-YiLto^
JlWtk4% -Y£frYY- ^Y^ ^ X-Y J> $LY*S
7f J> ,& '£>
2Y^YfJt 3^111 7EI^
^— izg 4|$ %
YyVg-^^4
(2) -5-^'bYi'S‘AYTr^^.(57566^^.)
(342003 4SS)
i If ^*^-5.-^^(5000095 Y^)
Tl-Y AY ^YYYJI. (9600000 Y^'Y.£)
+—to*, Y£ 3*^(1290000000 A)
(3; jtA.&ifclT'&i#
to#toYY&
-'6 -
2. 'feJlSIllfe Pattern drills
(l)
&*%*Mf 8800 0
’f7 II] fr\j A o ^ !>' 1290000000 A

JA|:#\j A a ^ !>' 13340000 Â
t A 960000 -f A'AA
A ^ ®^ Â 16800
5400
(2) 50jK^?
it^«^*50 «,X^40 £ Ao
l£j«£ 1 A 90 & 1 A 85
it 14 AM. 50 ^ A A 48
itjl'j' ill 500 A r%l 300 ^ A
1«i^2§-a 200 -f- A A A 150
3 A * 2JT$
(3) Al^lfc4rjzJ£To
■A 13
—1A'H&
A ##
TLliÂ Ai±^T
(4) tSA^tf-*? i§] #in 14 t Slit

I7® Ai»J#,“^r-^^”0 A#
AAA A AA ff
14 ii e, A® A
FA J} if] 14 A4&4&
- 77-
(5)
ftfn * O
Mil
isj
# # Bt 1*1 4^-f Ji^P T ££ £;&£>]
(1) Practice the construction “'d’+^+A” by using the objects around you to
practice the question-and-answer drills with one of your classmates.
(2) One student sets a condition by using “JRH”, and other students supply
the results by using For example,
A:
B: Sj5&#,
C:
ffl (There is no need to worry about...)
. (To say the least, there is...)
. (as early as...)
.(to look like...)
-78 -
Giving encouragement]
A: £ R7 , MTo
—#0
A:
B: if*i&&}'%pJL^r T ?
[iljf6]^^'(4^ Asking about something]
A: yrH&ih&tMl&t£&)£j&iri£3L-,
B: ttf&fct426JLzr^£0
A:
B: 1545 ji0 ]&#A(shTren, poet)i>ti±,
— ^,A:vb'J'”(Hui dang lin juedlng,yi Ian zhong
shan xiao)0 M&Ail,,^^4?%,^%'}
#vJ
5. Describe the picture
J#..— #)
-79 -
(1) Describe to your classmates the capital of your country. Use approximate numbers to
describe its area and population, etc.
(2) Describe to your classmates your favourite scenic spots and historical sites of your
country.
After your oral presentation, write down what you have said.
IZ3- Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
-f£ 1500 ^4it, t
^$P#, “#$p”0
'I'^ffj
t SI 7jc^^>'; ^7 , 7jc^^0
-tp^-J^x^MI £ ij ig.>7, -7
Miii£>7 ipJdbîM 7jco &pi) “«fc*Mbifl”0 “ifcjMbflT
^ ^, ^3>J ;Ai* >7if$LrZ* ^ tfe7*rZ*AA4b ;)t]
—7fris.>7$jJf-tHl:f‘&, T ^-—T'^‘^‘1^7 ^Tx4-b0 #[HJ;
-80 -
s. mm Grammar
1. Enumeration of the numbers over 10,000

In Chinese, the following characters are used to denote the basic numerical units:
(ones), “-J-” (tens), “U” (hundreds), and “ T‘ ” (thousands). For the numbers from
ten thousand to ten million, the character “77” is used as the basic unit. Thus, we have
”77” (ten thousands), |' 77 ” (hundred thousands), “ |T 77 ” (millions), and “ 77 ” (ten
millions). For the numbers from one hundred million to one hundred billion, the character
“jZt” , eqivalent to ”7777” , is used as the basic unit. For example,
."f‘
fc 'It it 7j 7j
m
1 0 0 0 9 is read as “—ÔyL” instead of
2 5 0 0 0 0 is read as SLTj” instead of 3L-\~
1 7 5 9 9 9 8 is read as “ —-b-i'.iL^FTLT'TL'ifTL'T'V”
4168300 Ois read as “ vg -f" T=f tv -j~ A. 3- -f* ”
129005702 0 is read as “-T-^->fc7L^FOiL3f-t -f*0 —-f“”
Notes: (1) All the “zeros” in a multiple - digit number are read as a single “ ”,
regardless of how many they actually are. For example, 10,009 is read as “—77
(2) The final digits that are zeros are omitted in reading as a rule. The basic
numerical unit of ones “y|"” can be omitted, while other units cannot. For example,
10,500 is read as 77^£'g'”.
2. Approximate numbers
(i) muJi” M7Js %(. Using the character “JL ” to indicate an approximate number
+M+N 7 7L ^ o (He bought several books.)
- 81 -
;L+“-t-/-g7Jf73‘Afc”+M+N (This year,
several hundred overseas students have come to the Language Institute.)
+A1+M+N T "I-/tdô (Over ten people are
coming towards us.)
Jf] T — "f“ JL'ft (This car costsmore
than two hundred thousand yuan.)
(2) M“£’ Using the character to indicate an approximate number
A. 3^ is placed after a number greater than ten to express the idea of “a few integers
more”(a whole number increment, as opposed to a fractional increment). For example.
“+/W7-f/3”’+£+ M + N/A
10 £ ^ 7*1 ■& (more than ten dictionaries)

1000 (more than a thousand years old)
8800 £ i§j (more than 8,800 metres high)
1200 $ 4 (a history of more than 1,200 years)
B.“^” is placed after a number less than ten or a multi-digit number with a measure
word to express the idea of “a fraction more”. For example,
Num + M + $ ( +N)
If £ U (moreJ than two jin of grapes)
£ & ^ (a piece of white cloth more than fourteen metres long)
* £ H (more than a month)
254 ik * 4k (more than 254 yuan)
(3) Using two adjacent numbers to indicate an approximation. For example,—
H-h TN-tl1, AXfi,
3. Pivotal sentences (2)

The verb can be used to form a pivotal sentence. Here, the object of “ ”,
usually denoting a person or a thing that exists, also functions as the subject of the second
verb. This kind of sentence often has no subject of the whole sentence.
-82 -
Predicate
Subject
V, “W” O, (S2> V2 o2
t A tk Ho
t K tb#?
mt K 4t &i£0
t W&
t H
4. ., lift. Hie construction ‘‘K^***^***”

“ ’can be placed before or after the subject of the first clause to express a
necessary condition; and “fjt” (sometimes omitted) introduces the result. For example,
j&fn
ft % in x o
=SiS| Chinese Characters and Words
id (5): Word formation methods (5): Subject - predicate
compound words:
The relationship between the first and second character is similar to that between a
subject and a predicate, e.g. For example, ,/KT' and
- 83-
While climbing up Mt. Huang, Ma Dawei came across a Chinese
traveller who asked him some personal questions, considered inappropriate in
the West. Curious about the different cultural views on privacy, Ma Dawei
asks him some similar questions on purpose.
—“h—IS Lesson 32 (M>f Review)
31# w t
Texts
"A-fn—
#fT!
4£#°f?®
4M'4"£o® ,£;f £ » 3b 7^—
JL0
#Sfc*|4Ufr-%o
-84 -
$Lo
^-stint
Sq^9Q: yf — ô
'bik^f: #R£#—— i£#$LT?

-Sj^v^7: tJi)'fnpl>A^L7jC^0
^>j5e.»«P;lx#?
Qk.%: p-&, 4fc &.&$&¥}, if-
4*Jfr: A36X*^**f^4T
ikX#,
'J'^C.-f*: /Xio®
4*J&:
'W£-?\* ^Tô®
'btk^b: f, *}£î£^&0
•%*.#: “i£*^”
'M*-f-; 4t* “4-%iJL*” tt*&0
fT! 4Mh “!£&&■” n%?
'J'^-f: A, “5$.$.^w0 «*Mn

^ -^r $> jfc-49 pCi 0
*Mf\
-85 -
/-j— New Words
1. '$t% V youlan to go sight - seeing; to tour # % iff lit, W
llAr
JaL Ian to look at; to see
2. V/N chenghu to call/a form of address ,IE^
V cheng to call £l B/J^S,
3. ^ A qiao opportunely; coincidentally; skillful; ^CJ5
r,*i5,J5m, mm
4. A/Adv chabuduo about the same/almost SB I£ It 7 ,
VO dushu to read; to study, to attend school
V du to read; to study, to attend school
&#>, i^Kn,
6. «$, Int 6 oh; aha (expressing a sudden realization)
7.# A bang (coll.) good, fine MW ,i;#7 7
8. W# VO liuxue to study abroad
%TJh¥¥
9. 5C# N fumu father and mother, parents l£E3ij5£#
5l N fu father
10. #- V zheng to earn
li. VO jiehun to marry ^M7Wfe,
12. ]%§& N wdnglud internet
-86 -
13. $ V gao to do, to carry on JfFfi^r, }jfHA ,3ftre A
14. Xf- N gongzT wages; pay
15.# V suan to consider; to calculate XJfiSi
16. N gao xln jishu new and advanced technology MiS)|)Tl£A
17. 4rik N qlye enterprise, business itilPT-jÂiliik, A
18. Â. N geren individual (person) XA $jfi'6t, A AM
*M*,IH-A
19. V couhe (coll.) to make do; to be passable; to be not
too bad , 6CA3S)#ô , ^fiîSill o'
20. ,##0 vo zhaoxiting to take a picture BS (— )^^@
<1
5K #:
*f&7, To it®#
*&£&.£* Aft o
* ^#Js-*ii„
•%*.#: 3&&&—*i±,
;L^tffl«£-te&ffl£tl'='], PIT^^R*, i*|#&&

fr&'alg-o
£ #■:
2j&%: M.*£1z^¥,il»jM|sf»|*|T, **>, £
-87 -
%&%■. maim, #
T«'»Mh *>*.»]j££f*l*ifc*tfcfl0
£ #„ ^.-(niA^, rc
ij. ^ x ^ ^t* ^ *'^ O
■S,^^: J'-Xf-^ £) ftftft'A-grfrit? &
*tftMnisi#^îiit,t-^&, i&’npjui&'U?
£ ifi. l”Tl^^Ml'J''ft-fsr^-fS-^l,S'J^B
C [*#l ^
*„ ftfrii.»-%? 'f'BA«|Jf)|i^v^|5 Î“n]”s_,^
'Piît, fr^lo Pfi[M£tni»li
"-ft, Aii#„ «, ;>'«.,

#<-fc^f'il-^-te'fcWJ:-^''R^V'/^'j^‘5!tM.J44‘i/F^,o
£■ T«i£«T]frii^j|.fI4A, T^SMtAT , i£##n'3®
-%^: #'fnflf4-tto ft®

®^ ft $>'}'3-it, #6&'S"i/f&'’-%?
* “*JiÂ, tbT##-”, $&T0®
-88 -
/-|— New Words
1.-tt.lt V xinshang to appreciate; to enjoy Jjfcjf g MiS'fe,
,/rmwj jtiMt
2. Jiff A meili beautiful ItMftJf lij ,JillftM$ ,
nnftj4^,iti!ftAif
3. IE mfng bu to have a well-deserved reputation
xu chuan Jt®
4. Atkiilt A dldao pure; typical; genuine ftj WMMM,
5. t l'B1 N zhongjian middle; centre llf£ 41 lU ,A&f-E 41 I'bJ ,
6. N banfb way; means; measure; method ffX'-fk,
& ifrfe, fflft‘ Aite, t>-
7. K|Â N yinsl privacy; personal secret 'f'AftliAA,
T^'JAftltfA
b. f£4* N zhufang house; lodgings; housing ^ ,
9. ff £ Pr shenmede (coll.) and so on; et cetera
jf A ft MW&M AmWftfiHt^ft
10. ft $L N beibao knapsack; backpack WW'fe, —A
ft V bei to carry #2KH
& N bao bag; sack; satchel 45 fl
11. V guanxTn to be concerned with 4£dl'f^,^'6ir!l
a, , mm %.>b
12. iX^j V renwei to think, to consider flcA Atlc^f
-89-
13. MM A youhao friendly ^7J
am-MU
i4. -ftMr A haoqi curious
15. A qlngchu clear mmmti, mmm&, mm

MUft
16. bbJl^N^, IE bT shang buzu, better than some, though not as good as
bT xia youyu others fair to middling
17. ^ A/V gou enough, sufficient/to be adequate ^
18. V hua to spend , $ B^f |bJ
Supplementaiy Words
1. X®!)f N gongchengshT engineer
2. *|-f- N waizT foreign capital
3. # n N bumen branch; department; section
4.*#- V/N jlngzheng to compete/competition
5. &■«. A jTlie intense; sharp
6. X* N gongju tool
7. N jlngydn experience
8. N xueli record of formal schooling;
educational background
9. V tdotai to eliminate through selection or
competition
10. jL# V zhlchf to support
ii. tfrife N qiantu future
12. IS PN Wang Xing Wang Xing (a person’s name)

-90-
i
“How should I address you?”
This is a courteous way of asking someone’s name. In response, one may say “^M;
... nq...”
“Just call me Xiao Ma.”
Either ‘/Jn” or “ & ” can be placed before a single-character surname to make a less
formal form of address. For example, and “/Jn£” are less formal than
or This is a general way of addressing friends or acquaintances. “/J\+#£” is
normally used when addressing younger people, whereas “^+$4” is used when addressing
those who are middle-aged and older. When Ma Dawei says he is
using ironically. Note that “/Jn” or ” must not be used when addressing one’s
family members, relatives or people of higher social status.
It looks to me as if you and I are about the same age.”
As an adjective, often functions as a predicate, meaning “not much different;
about the same”. For example.
As an adverb, is frequently placed before a verb or an adjective, meaning
“almost; nearly”. For example,
(D o
“I am still going to school.”

Here, “^^5” means to study at a school; to go to school.” For example,
<D
“That can’t be considered high.”
usually means to consider or deem”. Sometimes the verb “JH” can be added
to For example,
&&<£%##&&& Jo
“That should also depend on the company’s and the individual’s situations.” Here,
•S means “to depend on”. For example,
ft* 9Lo
£4Mf 4 £ #0
(DatfUEo
“Not bad.”
The adverb ii (5) means passably; fairly”, implying that something is neither
very good, nor extremely bad. For example, i£nJlA *F£F,
Wo
Ask me about my age, family members, salary, marital status, housing condition, and
so forth.”
ft* is used after a phrase or a series of parallel phrases to mean “and so on;
there are more things to enumerate”. It is often used in spoken Chinese. For example,
&-S-J&9T t S o
JL^Tcf&ijr
Note: The words and expressions taught in this lesson: #, j£fy and are also
frequently used in spoken Chinese.
-92-
“(This is) enough (money) to spend.”
“^+V” is a pattern used to indicate that there is enough of something to satisfy some
purpose. The verb is usually a monosyllabic one. For example,
#+A is used to show that something has met a required standard or has reached a
certain extent. For example,
M7 , # *■] 7 o
—• Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1. &&&#«*?
2.
3- J. * Rf!} 7 o
5. 4lit-in
6.
8. !
!• F #l$Si?f Master the following phrases

(1)
JL^^#iL^7
— >F£4fc 2000J&4%
^ — >Kt# ^—
-93-
(3) *JH'-'4-
^*# %^VX JMMM *Jfc4&Jfcit **t*4
(4) #^0t
2. 4ijM#& Pattern drills

(i)
$1 5] jJ£ Affli£*£-ik. M- * ^ o
it i£ it 61
4&61 4U6W
*S”S«
(2) l&;M#^61;£$Liri£7&#?
*tf T-^-t^
iiH-& 61 itfjifl Alt
O) ¥p^ $p ^rl5
ft T , fl# A& «fe# $fe 0§£
it #■4
(4) tefltfh&x#?
feit#) l**]i^6l ,^.1^—jfeX#Ajj( o
"2 A
ifj $r1t A x4ij^(g6ngchengshT, engineer)
^JSX# &&
it* 4£i&
(5) it^ T 1000 &4t,<$*<$? £4 20 ^7jc p§)

To £ 50 && &
# 6 *4'it *
4-H- 10
-94-
(1) One student asks a question, and another student replies by listing a
number of things, ending with “ff*For example,
A: t#?
B: m 4-ft,
(2) One student mentions a familiar object for everyday use (such as a book,
a movie and some product), and other students comment on it, using the
following words or phrases that indicate degrees:
*.#-7
#f^,
£, if
Ar & (How should I address you?)
(Not bad.)
(Not too bad.)
(Really great.)
T' % & itj (Not too high/tall.)
.ff (...and so on; and so forth.)
# %. (should depend on...)
[ikiR Making someone’s acquaintance]
A:
B: &-&T, »"|TSo
A: T Jtf-1t£jf& JLfp?
-95-
B: tt'J'To 0
[3fti Making a guess]
A; MJLM&jLtfjvC,?
B: 4K?LiK^%kZ&0
A: M —
B: i|0
A: &'lt13£Jl#—folnxfJL#i4>]fli£#&o ML
B: —£8>M'»fr;F#, •}'&&£• 16>M'Bt0
Giving a vague response]
A:
B: i£#0
A:
B: ^ — ^10 }Xj0
B: ***.$, fL4r*&**0
A:
B: —jSf'C.o
[$f# Explaining]
A: >J'i, %&•?
B: #4MU&#7*;L0
B: T£il£*;L#4l&#£*o'
4b4L$&*f7o
-96-
(&/&/#/# m)
[^.^■(hud, to slide),
(1) Someone who has promised to come to a party has not arrived yet, and those who
are present start to make guesses about what might have happened to him/her.
(2) After the party, explain on behalf of the person who did not show up, why he/she
failed to come.
n• Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
-*r&, 4ati0lT o *p#,#£] £
iSf^suto io
fO at iBl o
, Mr it ft? i£?Ll$
MlUo
7 ,&##i±XiSf f j$ -f iko
ifeikffaeistiisae. «as3i¥.
jtakffiwsa. A*s*»i5sa. Haass
&?m- ssss*. awnra
sis. $*&%. @b4b. itita ITo
2.ffittaax»5!#6 3. itiftifciE
wtsm*€tr
iUUSSUSiSSiS^MSffffilft&lAi. «
® a $ a it $ si a si r ?i e a k a #.
W#gH? **-* < 2003^7831 0£2OO4$6 ^-t ik fX, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ if ^ 0 # 35']
fi27Q>. «n*isfflnffl£. isja. raa^s
Jt«. »a. ift«s»a«x. ^ f ®;faA WTO v'Xfe , ll 6^pil
» aifims5?K#aa«.t»a*. *
**£:&. sms • A^&dtttaisRX
agass^M.
SSSieffl O347S2S0
g ift 4% 10101 62ft
Si'Mttt JtSiSSSESiOBi? A, $L4fc
jjjjgjB I- tASK <$S*#> 2. &fi2gEPft
-98-
£• ia/SS3EJ Grammar Review
1* Î^JJKriilRiHkilJU^” Structural particles “ll^K JflU

11) Used between the attributive modifier and the central word, “ ” is the indicator of
an attributive.
&?J is used after a noun to indicate the ownership of the central word. For example.
If the attributive noun is used to indicate the attribute of the central word, “ ” is
usually omitted. For example,
i#
X When used after a personal pronoun, “ ” generally denotes that person ’ s ownership
of the central word. For example,
If the central word denotes a family member, a relative, or a place where one works,
then “ffy” is often omitted. For example,
(D When a disyllabic adjective, an adjective phrase, or an adjective with reduplicated
words is used as the attributive modifier, “ftl” is generally employed. For example,
-99-
When the attributive modifier is a monosyllabic adjective, then “ ” is usually
omitted. For example,
$T'A4-
® When the attributive modifier is a verb or a verbal phrase, “ ” is usually used. For
example,
© When a subject -predicate phrase acts as the attributive modifier, then “ ” is
generally used. For example,
$L)L
-fit-
® li'J is often employed when the attributive modifier is a prepositional phrase. For
example,
&&&)&-&-A 4-
The word order in a multiple-modifier attributive,
Pr + WM + Num-MP + A + N + Central word
iXtg-
#r iX-i-g-
jS\$L
ZL-&
indicating demonstrative indicating indicating indicating central
the ownership pronoun the quantity the attribute the quality word
-100 -
(2) Used between an adverbial modifier and the predicate verb,“^’’indicates the presence
of an adverbial.
“M” is usually used in descriptive adverbials with the disyllabic adjectives, adjective
phrases, and adjectives with reduplicated words. For example,
iAiL-M-Ji-i&JL'fp
However, with monosyllabic adjectives as the adverbial, “ ” is generally omitted.

For example,
■RA
(3) Used between the predicate verb or adjective, and the complement of state or degree,
# is the indicator of a complement. For example,
CD V/A +“f#”+ complement of state
zmmk
r?J yk T Ml ^
® V +“j# ” + complement of degree
mm 0
2. Summary of the “Jfi” sentence

(1) S + ffi + 0}e + V + £/glJ/^/j$ + 0
in te, a a it & -f s. 0
4s. A A. ill $ ij jifc 0
T ^ A'J H- i£î d' 0
To
(2) S + |E + 0 ffi+ V + Complement
-101-
>S 'f&'C T o (resultative complement)
0 (directional complement)
ô (complement of state)
7 (action measure complement)
(3 ) S + JE + 0 V + other elements
>j?j p|7 o (verb plus the perfective aspect word “7”)
^ ^ ^ 1% ^ fit' /X ff 1 -3 -5 0 (reduplicated verb)
Notes: CD The construction “V + ®/PJ/j®/^ + 0” requires the use of the “fE” sentence.
(D In order to emphasize the result of the action that is performed by the verb
upon the object, one generally uses the “$B” sentence, as shown in (2) and (3)
above.
® Negative adverbs or optative verbs must be placed before “JE”. For example,
X d' X M t o
3. The adverbs “it” and

“St” is used;
(1) to stress a fact; e.g.
(2) to stress that something happens early or quickly; e.g.
(3) to show that two actions happen in a sequence; e.g.
It # t A Jl %, it St T £#. 4 ■- ^ Jb o
-4" X 6\j x. T' fll, -i- 4s jl'f Q
(4) to show that one thing happens immediately after another; e.g.
4TT
mi°t T tiLMLilrk&mtlp-o
(5) to indicate that something is going to happen soon. For example,
-102 -
TiTo
iJcStzk.M. To
“*£” is used:
(1) to include additional remarks; e.g.
(2) to show that an action is still continuing; e.g.
e. «H—7 , 30
#>0J3 ^ x^?
(3) to mean “barely; scarcely”; e.g.
(4) to mean “still; yet”; e.g.
-fe jtj o
(5) to show that something is unexpected. For example,
A^ & % %!
5t§l Chinese Characters and Words
id & (6): Jr ft ^ Word formation methods (6): Reduplicated compound

words
(D The meaning of the word is exactly the same as that of the character. For example,
**.#., n %.
(2) The meaning of the word is roughly the same as that of the single character. For
example, fl'Jfl'J,
-103 -
Lin Na, Wang Xiaoyun and their friends go to the suburbs of Beijing to
tour Mt. Ling. They appreciate the scenery, which is similar to that of the
Tibetan Plateau. Then they visit the Tibetan Botanical Garden, which was
^developed by a female scientist, and they discuss many environmental issues.
if, AJjS'JTo
'J'*, Jjfltjt
-104-
#■: 'ft'/(lT®rffe^î:’3S., Jlilj^"-(ark-#
#■ if: #fr, il^TVXftit-
t'h%'kkiiJU±l_4'to®
WSfifei,
£1 o
Tîk:
i-J'*: 18 40 1996 -^,
#4,7'3? 'J'^J.*£Tfri&!
* if: -MF-il*? ■$,,
i'J'*: *t„ <**.&>, #-$i±».%?
#■ if: >Hi#i±o ÎLii.iS.^T'flc'f'A.PlI-ii^-lkA.+ o
-105 -
/-j- -|ir| New Words
1. \%L%f V baohu to protect
2 N huanjing environment
3. N kongqi air
4. N bu step —ifr—j£
5. 4+^^ N kexuejia scientist
N kexue science ^-3#^ M^Xfe
6. N gaoyuan plateau, highland
7. &3L V jianli to build, to establish ,3tjLHE
1^, 03 , M-±L HI M-^Wk

8. i&$h B1 N zhfwuyuan botanical garden ^#1 @ , 0MM$l
mmmmm
im N zhfwu plant
9. £4“£ N xialingying summer camp 14 JC^ff ,0jMKPH,
10. $t.X- Conj j].; . both ••• and •••
11- Ik'It V jieshou to accept
ifiL
X V shou to receive; to accept
12.%tt V/N jiaoyu to educate/education ,fM5t

mw,
13. iit N zhuyi idea , jtk^±^ ,
14. 11^ V jixu to continue ,il

mrm,mmwA
-106 -
15. V/N ydnjiu (to) study; (to) research I
x^, , m$m®, mm
m$uww%,
16. #-# N titiojian condition, term g , 1#^#,
17. V yfzhl to transplant ^MMJL, ,&

m®j
Y y* to move
18. N muwG log cabin
*(*) N mu(tou) wood
J-(-T) N wG(zi) house, room
i9. VC kanjidn to see, to catch sight of ^, |f
J*LUj,#JaL{1
20. H N wang net |W]Jt
21. j^>Xt PN Ling Shan Mt. Ling (a mountain in the suburbs of
Beijing)
22. Ifc&g) PN Zdngquyudn the Tibetan Botanical Garden
smh-:
To
4fc,®
# vJf
s£, *^*fc^r*4bî£^^
100 4SS0®
4b^Tff ^#$)*Jj!§.0 ^fMO-tL^!^#
o 4kTMr*^#fe&#
^>-£^7, tb-bvjfc, 4rfl
#>■^0 — 4M£$H| £|'3t'ir

^îbo #.#^ri&f*
It/v^b T — #- “&.i&H”o ^4b^^7^t'^t'f'fH^-S-

y£?h o
# *p: 4MHiMr, it$MtUJi:&--
^fT! ^Jitt^^kflUiT, m^$r^\
*4£o
feffi-f: &&&##&&&, j&lt&fc_hîb#L, ibjtiPtfA.

^pi£## J> & ilrJco
-108 -
#■ *P: 4t^R,At
4fc^«|Jr^, SJL4-^4b^±.vS-^^^r^f.0®
4*.#: mmô 4Mn& Co
/-|— *j=| New Words
1.^ V deng to publish (an essay, article, etc.)
2. mt V IQhua to make (a location) green by planting
trees; to reforest MitHtM, H'ffc/h K,
^c'frdb^ Mit
3. V jiejue to solve
4. )f$i V wurdn to pollute , $f3M?5%k, M&t
m&jwm
5. y)''^ N shamo desert Wi%VC
6. #i£ V kaojin to draw near; to approach HifrlxPE ,Jp
i&ii
it A jin near; close Si£ Wife A
7-t N shi city; municipality 4b^r|J ,±^TU
8. V jlnian to commemorate ^S^pct , , IB^
9. # V/A huo to live/alive tg^l^JL,rg^jM,tS^}SF,
lo.Ah^'f* N waijiaoguan diplomat ##N£['3c'i'
win
N waijiao diplomacy ^h^cAS, , ft'jtf&tf}
n. *j§ ^ Adv queshf really; indeed , 5/fl -^XIh
-109 -
12. N shdudu capital
13. N dushi city; metropolis AfPifr,
14. 4$ N guanxi relation; relationship iKi§H'vA#Ri‘;£^,
15. tt**? PN zhishu Jie Arbour Day i3f ffiM A
ttM VO zhfshu to plant trees KJ ill
16. PN FeizhOu Africa
Supplementary Words
1. N xiongmao panda
2. #rll V qiangjiu to save; to rescue
3. V jueding to decide
4. N dongwuyuan zoo
5, N zhuye bamboo leaf
6.16 A fei fat
7. M. N tuT leg
8.4^ N erduo ear
9. BJjlBjJ- N yanjing eye
10. .1^ N mojing sunglasses
11. W V liu to stay
12. N shlzhe envoy
13. pn Yesheng Dongwu Baohu Xiehui

the Association for the Protection of the Wildlife
-110 -
_. )Jjf? Notes
Many primary and middle - school students come here every year to attend summer
camp.”
“ tip /Jn ^ ”is the abbreviated way of saying “middle school and primary school
students . Similarly, “4^can be abbreviated as “dbjjC
as dbdc ; and as “Jf'tSfc”. Note that one cannot just abbreviate at
will. For example, “db E ” can be abbreviated as but not as “db^5”,
because “db^P” means “dbpiPÊ” (northern outskirts).
My article on Arbour Day was published in the newspaper.”
In China, Arbour Day is March 12th.
“Now everyone is concerned with the afforestation of Beijing.”
Some adjectives or nouns can combine with the suffix “it” to form the verbs that
indicate the changes into the states represented by the adjectives or nouns (A/N+'ffc). For
example, mit, Mit,, fSftfc, JEît, ~Mit ,*Mit, %Xit Jlit- Sometimes, “A/
N+'f-fc+N” can form part of a noun, such as “fajita” (simplified characters).
D MtHJIIE—100£
Mo
“It is said that the desert is drawing nearer to Beijing year by year. The closest point is
less than 100 km away from Beijing.”
The verb PJ means “fk pj ” (arrive, reach). “ PJ ” is followed by numeral - measure
word phrases. ‘( ^) ?il+Num-MP”means that a certain quantity or number has (or has
not) been reached. For example,
it—i40 ^
-111 -
S.-Y9 Tmt?
Like “JE^t+V BE”, “IE+V+B/g” also means that an action is in progress,for example,
“To protect the environment of Beijing is relevant to everyone who lives in Beijing.”
“5S+NP + ($£) ^ ’is often employed to indicate whether or not there is any
relation between the subject and the noun or pronoun after For example,
H $■ o
E. *S33*5i§ffl Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
3. 4UT3-fcA*4fib*.o
4.
5. syt A/îp9c&-$;&)o
6. -f—
7. ^ ^ ^ 4b ;£$] -- f^l0
8. @
9. #4/4b^4b ^4.v£9c $ 0
1* &^T?!)2Si£- Master die following phrases
(1) ##tf
îf Tf^tf
-112 -
(2) _h#^ T#*. i£#-£ tb#£ ej#^ i±#£ &#£
-£■*-£ &*■£■ ib^jjt i±^-^ it^jfc.
(3) 4ft#ib^ Jfe#Ji4t jft#at^. ##®-£ ^#i£-£ ^#Ji^
df#iM- A^T-dc Ifiti
(4) tb 4^ ^ tb ijt ;fr tb 4t 9f ihjfe- IhJ ^ tb ijt
&#*£ ^#tb£ ;fr#tb£ 9r#tbfc &&%■&&

&^tb4t ^rîb^ aJf^ tb £ i§J^;ftb4t
4f;tb4t laiftb^
*£#**. 4feHf-#tb*.
tb tb 4t
(5) AA ** fcfc ## 4* /M a g **. &*.
J&JgX#
fa]fal^4- J-J-d'O) jfciMfcjL
—4—4& -^-iUfe — £—£*fe,
-“it—it 6$ — 4^—— $.—— 4$—4#&\j
2. 4ijM#|fc Pattern drills

(1) #^#tfilJ|X-3pr'’-3,?
4r JL >li
*##«„ pJr ff
£J
i& d£ 3&& J
-113 -
(2 )
4r
£ #*+# &
3&g#J L
ft *\ i)4ff 4-
(3) 'A^±M^,h^jfc? d'4t T 4Mr.*Jh*fe

m
* it
it n a 4'
(4) ^ $ 4^£ £ T &#? 3f

ft
?s
(5)
%%
£** ft ^ tfj &4t o yAA
(6) fain&&#&&? —■i^.—i^. JL t.'Î

fed-fc—# — Ji^^q —j£—4£ i&j&JL
-fa]-fa] 4t43J%£-
(1) One student provides a word, and other students use the “ j?||+N/Pr+^|7
pattern to construct a sentence. For example,
A: &
B: M,;4Lft t] ^ , £ Jfl &o
-114 -
(2) One student provides a word, and other students use the ,X”'”
pattern to construct a sentence. For example,
A: •&- @
TtbT'(Perhaps you don’t know...)
^T#ih ift [...one can tell/see (that)...; it is evident (that)...]
Q\ [it’s unexpected (that)...]
^.%. (has/have something to do with...)
(You are absolutely correct.)
,^/Jn hf fb Indicating a possibility]
(1) A;
B: 4UL#S'J4&o
A:
B: >11-1^0
(2) A: #*%?
B: A;L, ^tHR^JiTo
(3) A: «&., *.#£>!%?
b: ^ha?
A: *5f tb 4t T
B; ih i^-o
-115-
Expressing concern]
(1) A:
'G'o
A: , 4U2‘UttXXfcTlfe*#-;K
(2) A: iA£0&7, ft!Li£X^fl2f;^.0 & W$L0
B: XfT, £itA*i$:.C*0
['j/lilSifSiiljl Bringing up a topic of conversation]
(1) A:
B: £**5, o
(2) A: £&*£!!, ^X^5']31Xo

B: XfT, 20Ao
(3) A.; *t7,
B: 7U&, , f tTil-?
5. if Describe the following pictures
(1) While travelling in Guangzhou, someone speaks Cantonese to you. What would you
say?
-116 -
(2) Discuss something that you are worried about with your friends.
Afterwards, write down what you have said.
E3* |'$3iI§?DS}£ Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
i$L 77 , $$ Jl> 2000 4^- 5*J 4000 ii-f o ® ^ 3!c.
4-jsfe.^,&,vto 19 & & £ r *& # <,
jt w wsauMun 9 9o i7 m JJfl
&#—#«,
Hi! ®s! ”££^WW:*HM-
&&&#,&&#? ”
419 — ^Ml &itStlfaili SI T , foVXJktii
7 ,&%‘&.,&4nw&3&jL,Q? ”
“§ &^ t in % & it JL o T4., 9 'MH X&114-& *. i\ , *Mn -&
,;f 'MU£,*«.£&,
-117 -
E. Grammar
1* (1) Potential complement (1)

”is inserted between a verb and a resultative or directional complement to
indicate whether or not a certain result can be attained or a certain status can be
achieved.
V + jlf / /+ Resultative / Directional Complement
m n -it (can understand after reading)
m 7G (cannot finish doing)
± n £ (can get up)
m * ±* (cannot climb up)
The V/A-not-V/A question for a sentence with a potential complement is “V+#+
complement+V+^+complement”. When the verb is followed with an object, the object is
placed after the potential complement. For example,
A;
B; 'h^M£pW)l? lo
B:
(1) The negative form of the potential complement is used more frequently than
the positive form. It indicates that due to a lack of certain subjective or
I# objective condition(s), the action will not be able to achieve a certain result or
reach a certain status. This notion usually can only be expressed by using the
1!
potential complements and not with optative verbs. For example,
A* # T a
(One cannot say:<g>“&* # T —”)
% tf o
(One cannot say: ®“&!)$”)
X , 4^, ife T'-t-"A" o

v>~
(One cannot say: ,&*t&lfeJiAro ”)
• . -
T tb if
-118 -
(One cannot say fa) ”)
(2) The positive form of the potential complement is rarely used. It is
to ask or answer a question with a potential complement. For example,
A:
B:
2. Extended use of “JB&”

The construction “V+fU 7^ ” indicates that an action has caused the appearance or the
emergence of some result or thing. For example,
4fc-fcMd&-*#*.**.„
*4*7 ,&*&&&<%?
3. The reduplication of nouns, measure

words, and numeral-measure word phrases
Some reduplicated nouns and measure words denote the inclusion of the entirety
without exception and are often used as subjects or attributes. For example,
}Jl£.
fain fe*o
MW'I'To
Note: Reduplicated nouns and measure words cannot be used as the objects or attributes
of objects. For example, one cannot say:® “;&4-#AA0”® 0”
Reduplicated time words can be used as adverbials. For example,
4fe # T #. £ ±ft t®o

Reduplicated numeral - measure word phrases, mainly of the reduplicated pattern of
“—l-M”, are used as adverbials that denote the manner of an action, meaning “one after
another”, “ftfe,” must be added at the end of the phrase. For example.
-119-
4Mn —# — (step by step)
■fe f11 &\J iX. "to- ?jc -^p- jE. itk, faL is; 0 (day after day)
(one by one)
d> # # FA, ft + ft o (two by two)
Reduplicated numeral-measure word phrases are used as the attributes that denote
the description of something, meaning “many” or “every”. “ft” must be added at the end
of the phrase. For example,
4* .,X. Hie construction “®E**,X***W

This structure is used to denote two concurrent qualities or situations. For example,
^1r]^ (7): jlU^CD Word formation methods (7); The method of

attachment (I)
In a word formed in this method, the main character indicates the meaning of the
word. The attached character indicates a grammatical notion. The words that are formed
by attachment can be classified into two categories: front-attached or back-attached words.
For example,
“H” is attached in front of numerals to denote ordinal numbers, e.g. %— ,%H,%
“ ”is attached in front of monosyllabic surnames to make a form of address for
acquaintances, e.g.
Some words are also formed in this way, e.g. ^(p
-120-
When on a boat tour of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Ma
Dawei felt a bit dizzy and lost his appetite. Xiao Yanzi took good care of
him. The next day, either because he had a good night’s sleep, or owing to
Xiao Yanzi’s care, Ma Dawei recovered and was able to enjoy the scenery of
the “Goddess Peak”.
USE+eai* Lesson 34
Texts
4*4
[»*««]
Making additional remarks
/]>
MJIJL, ifijJL, 4fca£#it—
fait
—>b4.#4b/c,
4^fe&-5U£ia?;il
T & #F ;l ;i ?
-121-
44.4:
444: 4 A T, ■?&%.&#o4l.X-iZftitJb.iiFA 7 „
'J'fc-T-: *.£*, £#]&£-£•£-, #-#*.^JL0
44.4: iH"#o
• * • • • «
444: n')jr£,m%70 #fl-#|*p;l7? 4f#.##.T 0 #hi&-£

#tf9r*JL-A4£-S-„ A&****„
*&-?■: -S'JKT, *hi4^\6,4«jC0 #â«£,&;L
-f+ô
444: *JLT„ *i±, i£*&«>fc3fcfc, ttfettflo
'J'^-f: *?#:&#*—•&-4*60 tti'J X*£<4 lit#., 4—jf’Hfco
Vew Words
£in1 -.- -.•....—.—.
i. #* N chuanshuo legend = ##*$$$$
2. sp: V yun to feel dizzy , &$$;$, M&)l^
3. -$H)L Conj zaishuo what’s more
4.# N chudn boat; ship
*&±W&
! 5. |ijl A Id hot; spicy
6. T Adv ke really; tmly; indeed ,Bf
:-:.-~.- --..-.——~.
122-
7. # V jicing to speak; to tell; to explain , ^1*
8. V pd to fear, to be afraid of , 'IS ^
9. VO yunchuan seasickness
io. N kele
11. N weir
12. Conj lian
13. N yTwushi
14. ^ V zhao
15. M V gua
16. >$ A liang
17. PN ShennQ Feng Goddess Peak
is. ^;i| PN Sichuan Sichuan Province
19. 'M& PN Hubei Hubei Province
20. 'M & PN Hunan Hunan Province
21. PN Sanxia the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
-123-
if-0 7 #i
-£? o
'b&^f-: »f5U£
/Jt^5>J#^r^%, #£?£#-£*
i4^T ,
”4To
sMr£ro«*Hr, #
tflte&i&tt T „
'J'#.^: #X#lT o®
£>*-%■• ■=■*&.%$■&£. Hl T ! # 6 W — ■$■%&,%,&T « i] :
ô®*B B-&gJfeit4*F;l,
.H.* —4stWJj*.«„ ±;fe#JLJ*, 4.
-124-
o
&JF-$-*.m—aj*a«0
/-j- j=j New Words
l. n N ri sun, daytime Id /ii, ff 0 tfcj

2. i^. V/N mf to confuse; to enchant/fan , |£|| ®
3. % Prep wei for
4 -t M shou (measure word for poems and songs, etc.)
—
5. if N shl poem -fi#
6. ^NM>pf ;ffe Liang an yuan sheng tl bu zhu
“Monkeys on the both banks keep calling,”

7. Qingzhou yT guo wan chong shan
But my boat has smoothly passed ranges upon ranges of mountain. ”

8. jh V zhT to stop ihfi, ihXft
9. 3M& N youchuan pleasure boat
10. x A jiu long (time)
li.* N ye night ,0 0
12. 4M& V laiwbng to come and to go
13. ^ V zhT to point out ^

14. J^jC® N ShanshuThlia landscape painting ^ @ I-Ll7jC 11] ,f|^—■
fePf'lllll/JCLHIl
)ll7jC N shanshuT mountain and water; landscape
-125-
N bd dam
16. ^ & PN LT Bai Li Bai(name of a great Chinese poet of the
Tang Dynasty)
17. pn Xiwangmu The Queen Mother of the West (a figure in
Chinese mythology)
Supplementary Words
1. jk N xie blood
2. N guoshu fruit tree
3. VO dayu to go fishing
4. # V dido to fall
5. N biyanhu snuff bottle
6. N gongyipln handicraft article
l.stw A tdunmng transparent
8.^* A zhengui valuable; precious
9. 4&.JI, V shoucang to collect; to store up
io. N jiangjunfu a general ’ s uniform
N jiangjOn general
ii. N huaxiang portrait
12. N lunyl wheelchair
13.41 V wo to hold
14. N yuanfen fate or fortune by which people are
brought together
15. V weixiao to smile
16. PN Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang (name of a well-known
Chinese general of the 1930s)
17. PN Xidweiyi Hawaii

126-
“Besides, every dish on the ship is spicy hot.”
The conjunction connects clauses and indicates that additional remarks will
be made. A pause may appear after it. For example,
To ^ ^ ij
The conjunction “ M _EL ” also has the function of introducing additional remarks. For
example,
W;H X’h! 1*7 JL,«#i±-o
2) «nnWF*„
“I really cannot eat any more.”
The adverb “ hj ” is placed before a verb or an adjective to express the meaning of
“truly; really; actually; indeed”. It’s mainly used in spoken Chinese. For example,
WiL^Wo
“You said that you were worried that the food was not hot enough, but today, why are
you saying that the Sichuan dishes are too hot?”
The adverb “ X ” (4) expresses a transition between two mutually contradictory
situations. The conjunction “ bJ in” may be placed before it. For example,
&RJ t ^To
A-it1+1* *b-&# & , T A X. &"a ft °Jt T ^ $1 yk o
-127-
Did you take the medicine for seasickness?”
In spoken Chinese, l|b IIS ( [$ ) Hi ” refers to “the medicine for seasickness”. Other
examples as “^115,
Don t mention it. I felt dizzy indeed yesterday.”
Here, UlJ Jj| Y means do not mention that matter again”. It often refers to an
unpleasant event which the speaker does not want to talk about any more. For example,
©
“Here you come again.”
This is a sentence one can say to a close acquaintance in order to point out his/her
repetition of inappropriate words or actions. In the text, Xiao Yanzi means “you are saying
flattering words again”.
To guide the navigation of the coming and going ships.”
The prepositional phrase “^/+NP” functions as an adverbial to introduce the object of
a service. For example,
The prepositional phrase “^/+NP/VP” is also used to denote a reason or purpose. For
example,
4UH ^ Yj ii#- PM’Mo
-128 -
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
2. !§#*£, 7 SJfctf?
3.
4. fl']#48£t7o
5. £#7# — #T ^4j0
6. To
7. #ifc# Ate , 4*A&££A$|t?
: 8.
(1) 4-^ 4'E'fi. rL'fi. ri#.
4^## jL##. A##.
*&;*;£. £;?;#. i&;f4£
(2) ^^- #* 4rt 0ft £t Jit tt

^#t ##A 4r#t 0f#t £#t A# A t#t 4>Mft
#*A 0§*t £*A A*A A* A IMÂ
(3) ^4nte a*.*** ***£*# %*
%-kJljs.'V %i&'fr^ffrAA ;$4Mn#£t£-f#

(4) T4-?£7 T7&F7 TlfT
TteT Ti4T TM7 TrAt-T
T#J#T ^T^||
(5) *JK7 Ti^j 7 T#T _ti£7 Tt£7 _L*£7

”£^7 &i^7 H$zl
-129-
2. Pattern drills
(l) tf.p£7 *Bj?

»&7
To a^£
j§/L <3&
fa ttt R#£]
-^->>Atfj ej ib #i±
(2) e?;i)
iAÂ# *£ #7A£
WJll
f 34iJM£& 4Mfr£
iA'A^^fr i£T^
fe#
(3) T &#?
^ 4i&4% ^ o #U*«*4-* £
ap •&*##£ &
Mti«-4<i4-^
(4) IPTil?
To 'Mir 4A
Jg-Jf Jn#jk(xie, blood) jL
(5) i^L^L •^-?

^ I^J pjf
7F>7r& -'MM
7S\t.
$k —A JIM,
(6)
y5L^
iAiR'J' t&'f’ Ht^pJr-SLii
'/$L$f at-i-it
&-ki± 41®
-130 -
(7) o
(8)
#p&o
A student says a sentence. Another student uses “ X ” to express a
transition and the opposite situation. For example,
A:
B:
C:
M T ( Don ’ t mention it.)
if' X. T (Here you come again.)
— T (I will be fine in a minute.)
(A long, long time ago)
Making additional remarks]
A;
B:
A: ,£Jl0 4i, foJLJi

-131-
r, 4un-&£o
[^/KSIUJhI Stressing a point]
A: fain££#)&-%■'’£? if,in#pjifn&?z&& # ?
B; it/L4, 4Mn*p;L£teT*.To
^^'J^^-A-T, ^ÊF^To
A: 4Mn$pJL&&JiUf^‘l&o 4Un&*pJL, &&Mi£.fczi<--f-i£#.f&,
fe£&£^$£4Un*pJL%#&&##.** (guoshu, fruit tree)0
[^3£ Telling a story]
A: A', &&#?
B: #flo
$P-££l%.4tJt (dayu, to go fishing), -3tÛ^0
A»_L^^- j£7jC , ^KIHJijto

3tAîj-£;i_uTjL^T0 îjTetji, iât^rwj|t0
&*M£, 7, i:A#
(diao, to fall) f>]$i..£.0 sfeJfe^jOjfli_t,

3$i0
B:
A: >^^3t)'0] —^l —^J4n — 4- — -î&it-ir T , d&:5tA fl] $&,>£<&&#
-132 -
Wit*, 6£#200
1992 4, 4fc>M»| T — #ibfa
*Ml—>HMB£0 #*H«£Xi5 T5^4^4^0tf 4-#

1998 4*, ’f7
^«o i0t, T,
3t4b$t o fc£j£-'/§Lî'M'&] &}?L, jl£
^7o %■&£.£%.#Mi£., jiil£-442#
74^, dUU^fn ^fT!” &&*&Z4L&4-ilW&&,

J«Mk^B^4££7#.£ 45 , o &
£*£—^Tî0 £
M4Ji,
E. il& rammar
1- ±lfif^&K2) Sentences with a subject-predicate phrase as the predicate (2)

In a sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as the predicate, the subject of the whole
sentence (Subject 1) is the receiver of the action denoted by the predicate (Predicate 2) in the
subject-predicate phrase, which acts as the predicate of the whole sentence (Predicate 1).
Predicate 1
Subject 1
Subject 2 Predicate 2
■fcfiMr?
$fyl Is] #fn # ^5'JTo
P4^'lfo
wJUfc
ftb TWIo
Although the subject receives the action of the sentence, it is what the whole sentence
describes. Compare the following:
o (#M-£T? #&&#? )
-134 -
2. Interrogative pronouns of indefinite denotation
Besides forming questions or rhetorical questions, interrogative pronouns can also be
used to denote a person, thing, time, location, or manner that is unknown or uncertain to
the speaker, or that the speaker is unable or unwilling to tell. For example,
ii'fr ^ ;L -bfi$.i$ 4-# it o
3. 3|fN$: and “■ft” as the resultative complements

The construction V+lf is used to indicate that the goal or a certain result of an
action has been achieved. For example,
#^6*/^-o
^41-^ ^4^ 47o

o
“V+ft’Ts used to indicate that the position of a person or thing has been stabilized
through an action. For example,
MWTo
'£ 7o
# & ft — -f 7 ft 6] o
Combining verbs plus “ Iff ” or “ f£ ” can also form the potential complements. For
example, if,
4. The subjectless sentence

Some Chinese sentences actually do not have subjects (not with the subjects omitted).
Most of them consist of a verb-object phrase and generally describe natural phenomena.
For example,
T<^7o
Tf To
-135 -
*JX7o
Some of these sentences indicate the emergence of a new situation. For Example,
-«7
7 , ”i) JnjfcXZ S'] i£;Lo
5. .. Hie construction
The structure 17 X ih/$i|5 is used for emphasis. “X” is the emphasized part
placed after the preposition . The adverb lii or ^f|5” follows the emphasized part.
This structure is used to indicate a comparison; even X is this way, let alone the others”.
For example,
(4L7 7#Fftii,)
a. Chinese Characters and Words
(8): [ifffffl7t(D Word formation methods (8): The method of

attachment (2)
Suffixes are put after single or compound words to form new words.
(1) The suffix “71” is put after single or compound words to form nouns. For example,
77-7 X-7 #-7 AT- H-7 #L-7 *7- *-7

71-7 #7- #7 4-7- ’£-7 4^-7 #-7 'M77-
(2) The suffix JL (not a syllable itself) is put after single or compound words to
form nouns. For example, f£jl, SiJi, £jL, ^7L.
The suffix “JL” can also be attached to a few specific verbs to form a retroflex
ending. For example, 7/cJL.
Note: The suffixes 7 and JL should be read in the neutral tone. When they do not
function as suffixes, they should not be read in the neutral tone. For example, JL
!7h£JL.
-136 -
(3) The suffix ^ is put after some verbs to form nouns. For example, 4)",
(4) The suffix fk is put after nouns or adjectives to form verbs. For example, £jtfk.,
(5) The suffix is put after nouns or verbs to form nouns. For example, it -:j- ,
-137 -
Wang Xiaoyun is talking with her mother about buying a car. They have?
an argument because of their different ideas on consumption. This lesson will
.give you an idea of the “generation gap” between them.
Lesson 35
Texts
# *: fl-*?
^ $. ? |j 4f4--t \ Reproaching and j)

\ questioning J\
«, gL4$U$7£
i'J'*: ^21-BHe.T, il6^#^-«., &
! #«,, if
«Btf«)0 S-îi’if? BtfaJstAA-#-, Bf

W sfc^.^r4S,0
i'J'ST: S-»Jf-, i) Zj&igjhHo

# *: 4-i/f-ft-, #T»JS4-4'fnw
i'J'*: ®.ifc•<*'>■£, /###,.& —^-t!L4*„ ^,#J.#T, fix
♦ #: "flfcK#-? ttT!
-i-'J'^T:
o
/-|— jsj New Words
1.4& Adv ting (Coll.) very; quite $£#, $£|$, $|?jf ^
2. f ^ V jieyue to save; to economize W tty , jj ^J /Jc
T WlHj
3--^ N yfbeizi for all/throughout one’s life; lifetime
- 139 -
4. N shiji century 21 It®,
5.# M bei times; multiples;-fold —
6..^ .fenzhl--* (used to express a fraction or percentage)
7. N shengming life , B'f |bJ
8. N jTnqian money , B}
4K^) N jlnzi gold
9 .it A Conj jiushi even if
10. A jianku arduous; hard
11- A pusu simple; plain 7g^^^, ,
i2.®r& A qinjian hardworking and thrifty lljftHlb, A/S
13. g -f N rizi day; life & 0 -?,fr&i£ 0 =f0 ^

14. V/N shengchan to produce/production A AAA, A A
mm, A A®^, A A A A, lljÂA

15. N Jingji economy @ iCt£ A, ttfJÂ,£}%&&
16. % V guan to bother about; to mind
17. V/N jTxu to save/savings AAJLfRf1, —i|
IR#
18. #it VO/N daikuan to provide or to ask for a loan/ loan |dJ
iMra*.
it V/N dai to borrow or to lend/ loan
It N kuan money Altaic
19. #t A feng mad; crazy

140-
i'J'-zC: Sfff!
#“ #: ^Mf!
■* *: #*M!M*,i±B^T, #«,, #.#&&£41S-

#Hm?
i'J' T )Sf7 o /£ ^;tS 'fa'#7t&\7fy\ifctfcHh/$t&}?
# #: *Fft#A?
-i'J'-z^: .
-141-
i'J'*: *fr„ 4—MiJA,
i'J'^T: *t, $.^F;siL^> — T-$,4-^—#A0®

#■ #: 4W “irUT? #4$ £#|S;l?
iitfc
##«&«.#!• Jfc„ 4,4-&4,4*, tflfc&ft'SUfca
#•-¥•=$ W4A-h.il—-J-,
T, 4-ifc^.A^Tc &.&-t£7&, X&at3£.T4i, ^¥j

HN&WtXifc.M.'t)!c 4l#
&«-#«£ at-ft, ^.^-(0*^*4,
^^*^44-4, .
# #: $,;#, #£«jss-0
#.&i££-B£,'e, a.
# 4: jUXrti&jfLTF'ltffl!
i'J'*: ^xto te—AJL “#«” •&&#! i%,
# *: #£&&•».&&&■(&, A^ffo it4MHMt4£±j£,

JUttT^L
-142 -
/j- |=j New Words
1. ## VO jiezhai to borrow money [p] i&ieiM

N zhai debt idEjft
2. A juedui absolute ^ Xtf 2fff, hf M,

XtA if,
3. A/N kunnan difficult/difficulty ® Xf£ BffH■, ®
m w h ?, mm $ m m, w m m, a
t&fflxi
4. ^ N ml rice m
5. VO diuren to lose face; to be disgraced in ft
6. Adv anshi timely; promptly; on time ScBij'J'E
m, Sc , s? , mf$n%
%,mm%
7- N xinyong credit fTfH M, Mf ft ffl, H JL#
ffl ,
8. A wending stable fl<J & ife fS,
9. # V fu to pay
10. && Pr qfyu the other; the rest AA&tlA, AA
11. N menghua words uttered in one’sleep; nonsense
N m6ng dream
12. N shangpin jlngji commodity economy
N shangpTn commodity; goods Wrmll£&,fttf on
13. $1 V gen to follow mm, mn± ,m^±.m

- 143-
14. N guannian concept §rM;&, IB
15. Bt'ft N shfdai times; era ft, ft0°ci££ Wft,
St'fllJiB’tft;
16. $L V bian to change 7 , tifk^L 7 , ±
TMft'MT'M 7
17. %l7i V shlxidn to realize ,gfflff
18. N hdochu advantage; benefit Tf&frb,

£MtllgGf£Hh
19. V/N xiangshou to enjoy/enjoyment
Supplementary Words
i. N gaoxln high salary
2. tK N qiongren poor people
3. -£L A luan disordered; messy; chaotic
4. «f V xiaofei to consume
5. V zhulqiu to seek
6. dabufen the greater part
7. N cunkuan bank savings
8. N jiaoji social relations; communication
9 - 4^# jTnzhao yoi jiu jTnzhao zui

“Get drunk while there is still wine”;
indulge oneself for the moment
without caring about the future
10. V fendou to struggle
11. it# N meide virtue
-144 -
_. Notes
CD #21 WfiT,j£5f ^f$±SE!

“(It’s) already the twenty-first century. Still going to work by bike?”
In spoken Chinese, the adverb “fP” is used to express the idea of “B§”. For
example,
© A*«UM*JL0
Buying a car is only a matter of concern of the rich.”
‘‘^HA’ ’means “people who are wealthy; the rich”.
After I find a job, I will apply for a loan from a bank.”
The pattern ^f+VP/S-PP is generally used in an expression put
before the main clause to indicate the time when the action in the main clause takes
place. suggests that there is still a length of time before something happens. In the
main clause, we often use the words like A ”• For example,
7 &, pi] ftt It Ao

® v'Xfc,
“You must not let me lose face.”
The verb “ ifc ” means “to let; to make”. It is used in the same way as “ Pt] ” and
It . We may also say AA”- “in” is frequently used in spoken Chinese.
-145 -
© «,«***-#A,BISS*-ftAo
“Right. I am not the first kind of person, but I am the second kind.”
Here, “oj” means “Rf^”.
“Your idea of consumption is behind the times.”
The character “ ' is used after ” or a surname to show respect. We generally
use when speaking to elderly people, and we use “ ^ ” after a surname to address
an old person with erudition or a high social status. For example, ,3E^.
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
3.
4. o
6.
7. sfc^L
8.
9. El -f-f
10. 4It!>' #$—# Bt faj

(i)
-146 -
(2) # 21-HHiT %P20$7 11 A 7 An%A7 ^ît=-i4T
(3)
%ti&A 7 TfcTr 7 Mj&
A VA A Ji & HAA ;il4& A AH *? ji A m HI AH vH A

It It £ Hi&A&itif &HMA
MiiUf £ ititif £ MM&ifctt&iji A A Ait AAA
7- A i% i7 A A !#■ A A A Ai A A A £. AAA £ A
& A £ A ft A £”£ &-& A £ ^ ii A&% 14 4 £ i'°l It £fe AZ&A
2. *}M#& Pattern drills
(1) ltlt£ftH£££?
It £> 0t#If & Ht# l£ A O
A It A flfr in
’•fc-tl
it in
14 in
(2) înjîL?
/ff£ 77 £ 1£ it fJt It £ o
& j-ltyj '£ zlMtM.iM.Jtb'ff & 4l$j o
4£ % && 7r®& AÂo

% $ AA H7AM $ Att%A Ac
(3) j&t&tjM? irtjUp Btfa] —AJ l

fc—AJUgJR&jft&i It £i£#^ -It
lf4 t xtrl$ —A
xîr -A
@9 JL -A
- 147-
(4)
/'& & -$-A — tidL^
#-6*1 n <&*£ —
i'*)^ x% £ii — >NL$St

^;l ^Pii —.&;UL*
(5) #ifegjAJjjtffi»%?
4c^;fa
^^ t m ® & ® *£#.*. ■#
*#■
iX%
(6)
(&)*T -fc Ill'll-
it 4$ ft 4 & ^ ^ -f — #-p
0*7)4--?- A -H-^-A —
(#0# T3J -5-^" -A —
(7) # -y£4c ^?
A mifr
^,ftT'-^f)'^#tf[4o ib JC d'^^T
#-■A ^ 7 >§• ■?■ $, ^
TU
3. im^fzsfr Classroom activity
Do the following mathematic problems in Chinese with your classmates.
One student asks a question and another student gives the answer.For example,
!>'?
— y?
&&& %A A 800 A, 'Xi*r % tfj &%£.¥) 25%,%_£

^'A?
-148 -
MJKMj (Let me explain it.)

iXMi)Lft T (This is something you don’t understand.)
if M 'pT (Don ’ t bother.)

T' if (Absolutely not.)
l°] Reproaching and questioning]
Many of the expressions in the following conversations are impolite. Pay
close attention to the occasions in which they can be used appropriately.
(1) A;
B: ApPlo JlQ
A: &&& ft, % ft
&.&&&#! o
(2) A; ?
B: i40
B: frit.
A: ,ifA&ifcî£0
Refusing]
A: JL&,— To
b:
B: &4fc&? «W>J0 414-ilf
-149 -
[M^ Making an explanation]
A: 4Mtt&7 4-ilT'f&7?
B; &«yMu£o
A: !
B; i£&ifc*7#7o -M-£.-f-4fc&&sE^70
A: }&iftz&J&iMiii£p'tfL0
B: î£ & , VX fcil# W T«^ ; ii*» 7 4& , #.-»L

Ti#* 0
5. Describe die following pictures
(1) Discuss with your classmates whether we should side Wang Xiaoyun or her mother
with regard to the idea of consumption.
(2) Tell your classmates whether there is a “generation gap” between you and your
parents (or the older generation) with regard to a certain issue.
After your oral presentation, write down what you have said.
-150 -
M.W.
<#A, MSM4i^f¥M, &&#&&.$, o *Mn
^##^\ T4.##jt£0 MW
^MHifc-iL#, &#*F;l£cjLit-^rfpJUjtJl, if ■-, ■■•■ «a.waiCu»Mnl
:Mi&*-7'*-:.. I
J$k <9jp fi£^cSS5|ffi6, gidtft&Sfff |
&£&itit£'ff&o 7, , ec* f®.|;iiifflî2o^ffiiS4 ~w*m* |
I <3p? *±rtâ.5{ff, S^®±ffla?.5-8.5|ff( I
I i ~ j sick a^s^fjis., k
j ; 4>y emsflârr. «i*m. p
; ; NiU 9«%»r6-6«r. Kitt£3-8jff gg
j { Ijjgf «:«£* t?*«, mm mm. *#.

|^ O -a* t^RidAauuma wwas^Kian ™«m» *>< )
t#3±%-fr&.4L}SLt#i£.fc, itit^ ■ JH 0 aâwmswflHE. tmm, ^ era. p
■ fig J2££ ANDtt$5~?*V p:
/ask & £mmm£&®w-'m b*
( *Sp o »®*aa*0t-^K. SM@**«sfr-99g-a ;
“it*$f^>ur tftfffrAo
#43b£—# uVt&”o fclMtftt

^ff X4b, ^l—#$r ># fMJt ^ 0
—-f~JL$
$T-t, T4A4tA 4Sj3tflFN JiaSpe^ 4pjîip -fr

i£# “itjÂ” il ^#7^#it^7f£f^0
i&i±Ei-f, it
4^, 4f-3t £o 4tMn ^L¥)4k,, it^tSI^ *7#

^4nit##v$-^riv^:—#$f^j>j=) fr^^-S;?
- 151-
E* Grammar
1. i Interrogative pronouns of general denotation (1)
The same interrogative pronoun can be used twice in a sentence with reference to the
same person, thing, time, location or manner. In its first occurrence, the interrogative
pronoun is used in an indefinite sense, but in the second occurrence, it refers definitely to
the meaning of the first interrogative pronoun. The first and second interrogative phrases
are often connected with “$i”. For example,
ft 4+ & T % 4- 0
4JMto
The same interrogative pronoun can have different grammatical functions in the two
clauses. For example,
it finite
Note: If there is a subject in the second clause, “ft” is usually placed after it. We
cannot say: 0
2. Fractions, percentages and multiples
In a fraction, the bottom mark is read as The denominator is read first, and
then the numerator. For example,
3/4-=.
6/25-— -ft i
1/3-
The percentage sign “%” is read as For example,
152 -
6%-
93%-H
A multiples is composed of a number and the character “jp ”, and is thus read as
“Num+fpFor example,
50 £%£,£££$ -}'9
3. —.'tfey^P+^/^F. The construction “-”

This construction is frequently used to emphasize negations. A measure word or a
noun follows the character"—”, and the noun usually indicates the recipient of the action,
sometimes it also acts as the carrier of the action. When “ — ” is used for emphasis, the
sentence tends to sound exaggerated in tone. For example,
JUt
£tk. ££fn % — o
In the sentences with a subject-predicate phrase as the predicate, the construction
is often used to express the complete exclusiveness. For example,
i&lF)UlL*W-.k)UL*fr3t0
4. SftJlj.ifc. The construction “lift Ji-

In this construction, “iftjH” introduces a condition or concession, and “til” is used
to indicate that the result is not affected by the previous situation. For example,
tyJLtlAT £&}
-153-
(9): Word formation methods (9): The method of
attachment (3)
In Chinese, a suffix-like character is attached to a simple or compound word to form a

new word. For examples,
0)
(2) jll: Ml « $jg
(3) %: *** *** *#£ *#* **£ '
(4) ft# *** **# **# ftltft ft**

(5) F£: EFJt #F£ E#F£ if#F& i:#P£ #P£
-154-
Climate is important for travellers. China is such a big country that the
climate of each region is quite distinct. Xiao Yanzi, who works as a tour
guide, says that there are good itineraries for each season of the year. Let’s
see how she explains this.
.x
H=+Aii Lesson 36)
Texts
-155-
'J'*S-f": 4b£^j\$.A.o Aii.i)t; 4-^fL-ô
4^>b: 3 a^4^7, 11
A, 4ka? 4-^ÎK.9£0 .
'J'.^-f: JtfT! ^ 11 a fJH-4 4 /J , **
siituttaitipbifaaa
Ti*o , -gf MUS, ^)II
*4b^ra*^, #Bt#vuni£if f gg» ~

Mfaman
imaat
♦4^#J &8li o •«*
. wacm
w#cm
VMaSMXib
JWtteMoa
&7ZHQ10X
'J'^! T4.4b^-sj5^,
f*t-fi±XA T„
A^-S-5^4b^:^Xô <^£ IM«]

Making a suggestion V
Ti^, jp-%?
! 4^ ^S'ftb^L'f-rf- X , J^l f®] "feo
'J'^X*: gj^^0
ratlin
Hi AiSSI
^ I$© I
& ® & $r <k & ****t«****,i,*.
,#*»« 180-360%#J
fe: »#■*$*-*tfcf»ll»aSI ^.-JT 4v 7?- JU a -r *\ sM i. a
S: «ES»?2?*^5», *&*> 4 -^.*i)«*^0 4 .a
»86* «*£*, dsAati M:M , ,
«3= 83559
^gjPAgtt^nggg-)
;Jl^ —
J — y| ^
ft of ^ ^
ijt*ryX4g-
pJ KA -ft
-156 -
&4f7! 4k fJt^_
<*..£.&* 7, •&>&:&&, 3S.T«^#^»]î4#0
'J'«-J": #, -ft& Bt-M^^.sfc-ff £ 9t#^L, iEr£r'$fi}LHt-£r’)i$)l,0
/j- -|=j New Words
N jijie season —
»x
# N Jl season JC^,|fcp,
2. N qihou climate
Himn
3- A# A fuza complicated
'61, % 2k £Kj (SJM, JC ^ , J[^
4. N redai torrid zone; the tropics 3&'rf^vft,2&
5. Jft'f N handai frigid zone; the arctic ISff^Cft, JA
6. 4- Pr ge each; every ,&
7.«A N nuanqi heating , JF^v,3clg^,
m*%t¥7
8. N yurongfu down coat ,
-mmm
9. ^9t« IE youshfhou sometimes Wftfft T M, W H'tftfM^
#st Adv youshi sometimes W HtTff, W Hfgif
- 157 -
10. ^ V dong to move ,M
11. #-f- N qunzi skirt
12. yk-kf Adv zuihao had better; it would be best j|#f
13. /*')& A liangkuai cooi ^, #±
14. T V lido to end up 5^#T ,T
15. fi^T •••■• • • vx ^ chule.;yiwai except; besides |^T$C;£IM£hl^7
16. N luxian route;itinerary
17. ^ $ N cdoyuan grassland , f*|
18. i4# V/N xuanze to select/choice ,1^^141^
%'im
18. £L|£j PN Jiangnan south of the Changjiang River
19. f*3 #1 PN Neimeng Inner Mongolia
20. 3§Ub PN Dongbei the Northeast
aa
i'l'*: <-##54)®, «#ASt-ft#/fff-tfc4£$ , 3Lj£..&-&-g->!fc

#^'lA/##o
T%■;&.: Mi$&t
-158 -
~T ft y$L: r>bilE—
&4fJL, ît, faintt$p
T ft'A:
Tft'A: >b^dr>biE-f ^5^ £ ! t HI 3t^-fc0 i£o£-£-
-&^n0
#.##,& “.£” £_ «j$»
-2. o
Tftik: f7!
2-•]'•&: P^?
-159-
/-j- -||=j New Words
1. ■SLR n xidndai modem
2. ^^ A weida great
Afi9f£i&,#AWfltffc
3. Ajf A- N shlren poet M§Ai$#A,31fti#A
4. 'J'Bt# N xiaoshfhou in one ’s childhood ,A
^ £) V bei to recite from memory WiA Wt-tc A, hf—-

it, WAT A
6. ft Chuang qian mfng yue guang
“In front of the bed, the light of the bright moon shines. ”
7. MJL&hJiH Yi shi di shdng shuang

“(I) suspect (it) is frost on the ground.”
Ju tou wang mfng yue

“(I) raise (my) head and gaze at the bright moon.”
9. ^ % DT tou si guxiang
“(I) lower my head and think of (my) beloved hometown.”
io. m A shu familiar , uiUUBt
ii. ^ M ye page &TTW280

12. Jiashu dT wan jin
“A letter from home is worth a fortune in gold.”
13. ^ A zhengui valuable; precious
14. # M feng (measure word for letters) M if fit,—iffxfj
15. PN (TangshT Xuan» Selected Tang Poems
16. ;fAr^ PN Du Fu Du Fu (a great poet of the Tang Dynasty)
17. PN ShashibTya William Shakespeare

160-
^ /j- .j=j Supplementary Words
!• Seng qiao yue xia men

“A monk knocks on a gate under the moonlight).”
& V qiao to knock
2. 4Af N maolQ donkey
3-^^ Y midoxie to describe
4. Niao su chi bian shu

“A bird spends the night on a tree by the side of the pool,”
-4 N niao bird
5. 4*^ N Stm i Q O temple
^ V till to push
7. #-f- N jidozi sedan chair
8. it V jlnggud to pass, to go through
9. t N gucin government official
10. ^SL V Id to pull; to drag
11. V sikao to think deeply
12. JaJ PN JiO Dao Jia Dao(a Chinese poet of the
Tang Dynasty)
_• Notes
China has almost every type of climate.”
^f+M+N indicates all of the individuals within a certain range (every, each), in
which a measure word is usually needed. For example,
^§•^4, Other examples.
-161-
Of course, it’s best to come and tour Beijing in the autumn.”
“H£F” indicates the most ideal choice or one’s greatest hope. For example,
© (*if»»
Selected Tang Poems.
“itri#” is the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty (618-907) the
development of Chinese poetry reached a climax, many great poets appeared, such as Li
Bai and Du Fu. About 50,000 Tang poems by more than 2,200 outstanding poets have
been handed down.
© + Ao
Poets like Li Bai and Du Fu are among the greatest of Chinese poets.”
The verb “ ft ” can be used to cite examples, but it is different from and
normally cannot be put at the end of a sentence. For example,
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1. 7*3?
2. To
3.
4. SI
5.
6. dkTjC—fij 5
9. J&7
10.
-162 -
1* Is Master the following phrases
(1) &;FT-=-&£-?-
##T-Â
(2) *£;f T il£ ^ 7jc^ ** T>fe>fnFA _L^ T #

^ # T 1£M -*T & tMf T ^ ;l
(4)
4-&&iri$jt7 T^r^T
(5) ^^!5)^
'Mtl# ^#^5 ^#'lf/X,
2. Pattern drills
(1) — ^-EfrqBy?
—4^4 yjA
JLÂ.
i^^T'To it
i£fc& &
i£ 15 >hA
(2) tUMiM T T 4b^T?

MM#To
JtfiLPA *3 it Ml ^'in
m* £
T^
'Hfc -'M It
(3) # 4 £ ^T?
—i£#. #£ j?M7
4*. % # i: £ 7 o
iMf4 ^tT
4*
*
-163-
( 4 ) ####£
jsj in %M.
#-# ft*
%k Jk
(5) 4b,y, &£#?

4-X ll f
4b tC — £] 5 ^ iMiTn 9/1
3 ^ *](«.)
XX 6J3 T(«)
(6) xin?
&■ t ']»& « #, X fn
3 «»£+«- Is) # ^ 'If 7
7X
(7) &-T ffc&jfeHTfl- £ ?

J-# -S-sfc. XX#
&&$t ## X# #£#
X# & 4b
31#. ff
(1) One student makes a suggestion, then another student uses to
add further details to the suggestion. For example,
A: &$L4‘0
B: flfcjio
C: Xo
-164 -
(2) Use “ — ••• ••• ” to indicate that two events happen in close
succession. For example,
A;
B:
C; #,*fc&WT
'/§i4£ JL (It ’ s surely that...)
MjJk. (That’s right.)
(One ought to say...)
Talking about the climate]
B: A’Ho )lAlb7T,
rsj, T^SI T0
B: , #- !>' T IT 0
A: 0
[JtHiJfc Making a suggestion]
B; 301 <*i|
A: o i&'/£■!$-%?
-165-
[îzjN njf£ Expressing a possibility]
A: *, A'MW? *4>i,
B: #>&£7?
A: ÎfT,
B: 4.^? ####.&*£«,
A: itrt#0 XfrT, JMff'J j# >4*3,?

B:
B: A-A&ilftiLo
5. WHIt&iif Describe the following pictures
.^
^ Communication practice
(1) Describe the climate of your country or your city.
(2) Describe a good place to visit in your country during the summer.
After you have made your oral response, write it down.

-166 -
imnrn
Aiz'&i&frj-,
M^THo
**&£# Ji, # Jift >J> J, ;L 6 M^-#^4B££ T ; t—^ ^5iJ ^ n
-£#f itô
Tft 'J'^Ji r **o £#«,#*£##-f i£ît;L

îio fMWM^fff±r0
g ,tti)L: -M-Xf^.&,Rli]j-^KJEsfiLjg. % tLt^^ft — ^^r%,'/!i%Jiljfet

#-&4*-LT.”
*#«**,“tt*#*? #^4.9f9f0 "f**tfc*&ftft^*#
4“o /fe;^.l"I^'^',^: T HTH”^?
'MT#JfrftJIJ|.l0
-167 -
5* Grammar
1* (2) Potential complement (2)

Verbs like T , T and “^j” can be used as potential complements.
V + f-,f/7 + K indicates whether or not a given space is able to contain a certain
number or amount of things. The verbs frequently used in this construction are: ^ .
B6»& > , ft. For example,
th 3. ztT' T o
it) +
it'A
V+#/7+7” indicates whether or not a motion or action may occur. (In general, the
verb T can only be used as a potential complement.) For example,
T 7&0
Sometimes the verb “7” expresses the same idea as For example,
ii^ '7.^,-M.Jo
#F^îi;L7i^,^l7T77d'0tifc^JTo
V+f#/7+îj” shows whether or not a motion or action has caused a person or object
to change its original position. For example,
A7 ,4U\
Note: The optative verbs “ ” and “ oj IH ” express possibilities. However, when
expressing the idea of being unable to do something because of a lack of certain
subjective or objective conditions, one usually uses the potential complements but not
optative verbs. For example,
(You cannot say: <S>U”)
JLo (You cannot say: ”)
-168 -
When expressing the idea that the speaker himself/herself does have the ability to do
something, or a condition permits someone to do something, one can use either the optative
verb or the potential complement. The optative verb is used more frequently. For example,
o t0 )
ii fre4fe##0 )
When requesting that a particular movement or action take place, or when dissuading
someone from moving or acting,one can only use an optative verb.The potential
complement cannot be used. For example,
K 7 ,#Tf' h& ils -iro (You cannot say: 7 »# ih 7'-4-0 ”)
i&fcrS}'! (You cannot sayt ”)
2. Extended use of “jj33fe”
V/A + ^^” indicates the beginning or extension of a motion, an action or a
condition. For example,
mn&n
■\k%r%iK 7 70
3- .1ft. The construction “—
tfjc ( as soon as...then... ) indicates that two motions or actions occur in
quick succession. These two motions or actions can be performed by the same subject or
by two different subjects. For example,
F$ (same subject)
& ‘ , Mj E? 7 o (same subject)
4k £ — £|J i ^ Y. sit M: 7o (two different subjects)
*”) , fy'ffl ‘ifckp tb 7 o (two different subjects)
- 169-
4. .,*£/!$/•&.” The construction “BfcT.lU^h,
&.”
“ 1^ T "• III , fE/tfl ••• ’’expresses the idea that in addition to what has beer
mentioned, the content which is added later is also included. “ \li ” may be omitted. Fct
example,
f&7 m vx ,fki£# ft) S-ikf g] 4s & o

fi^7i
“mT-"VA!?\- M-“” expresses the idea of excluding what has been mentioned firs!
and emphasizing the homogeneity of what follows. For example,
& 7 ii## v'X ^, ft) 4(5 If K ih 7 o
& TX4-*£’t^-ft, ItL'Ii'A ft
A. Chinese Characters and Words
10): Word formation methods (10): The reduction method

(1) Omission:
(2) Abbreviation: db^-dbiitdc^ ,db©-dbiiU^WdC^
(3) Simplified alternatives: ^-db jr, 'F—± m , #—r %, it—*
-170 -
fiSPilizsMifcTj
Andarntio
zdi na yao yudn de dl fang you wei hdo go niang

i. £ 3 31 m m it ft , ft it ft ft m ,
ta na fen hong de xiao lidn hdo xiang hdng tai ydng
2. m 3 » ft ft ft ft ft PB ,
wd yudn pao qi le cai chdn gen ta qCi fdng ydng

3. ft M
it 1,
m W 7 M ft , m m ft ft ,
WO yuan zud yi zhl xido ydng gen zdi td shen pdng

4. ^ M ft — R ft ft , m ft m ft
V' mb mHMMM1 ’HE

kM ^M
[u^SSE iSS M pjSBS
p—
k">3SS
IH ■ ESS E5E 1 ft
renmen zdu guo ta de zhang fang dou yao huf tou liu Man de zhangwang
An s a i «c § n t i,
ta nd hu6 po dong ren de yan jing haoxiang wdnshang ming mei de yud fiang
^3 ft m. x m m m & \t st ± m mm n
m§i tian kdn zhe nd fen hdng de xido lidn hd nd nrfei li jin bian de yT shang
$fti!S-8|5ffrftlft ft )i& fP i$ ft M ^ 3* ft Ho
w6 yuan ta nd zhe xi xi de pi bian bu duan qTng qTng da zdi wo shen shang
m * & & & m ± 0

This weekend, Lin Na wants to invite some Chinese friends to have a
( meal in a restaurant,
bill. What is going on?
but after they finish eating, everyone fights to pay the
StE+ti* Lesson 31 )
-■
Texts
|[ 1 iS P tK 157U1I i[$ili 18 7Ul|
II i i i$ it utl ii
II i $ a I iotc ii
III IS n T 167c ]|
II I Dili 167CII
|[Jl|5CX«fl 187CII
11*1*1$ 167C1I ■ ESS*i 22 Till
ft ft ft: tffj,
ft
Tft>A: *fr, o
# ^P: ft ft ,
ft ft ft: , 4£p£ffift3?, ^^pt^T70
# ^P: JJMMl, «4o®
JlfUMS: i&UIMô
- 171 -
# #p: 4^^^;l?®in*twol,
#4ni£>b:$^>ft'I& !
T^^l: &, 7§fl-^^jiUA#|-t4? ^pG,,
i'J'^r: *#, $&&££, T^#AA#iJ0

^ ^: tW+£? 'J'^r, ^
it^^T^Tp-3;?
4w&*ti
'f* > i§7 ^Kf A.'fii^rlf- tb^'fn£&$; T^J %<

-172-
/j- .|=j New Words
i. je-^- VO maidan (Coll.) to pay a bill
2. B&f& N wanfan supper; dinner ^(dDn)^®
3. M. . yue.yue . the more ... the more ...
4.$r)f N canting dining hall; dining room
5. »3ML N weidao taste; flavour T,H
6. N zhangdan bill
m N zhang account; bill
N dan list S£p#,j$£J|i£
7. IeJ M huf (measure word for things or the times of an
action) — 0 #, W 0 ^^
8. V dicing to snatch; to make efforts to be the first;
to fight for
miMMm ®&
9. # V yue to ask/invite in advance
m
10. lij Prep you
11. & A/V mfngbai to understand; to realize ^ £| ,
12. AA ifr'J N AAzhl (to go) dutch
13. if$L VO qTngke to invite sb. (to dinner), usually with the
- 173 -
intention to pay fScTjf ^
14. £*£ N xiaohua joke
15. N qiuchang ground or court for ball games 5^^_h,
i6. N ganlanqiu American football
17. ^ V tian to add; to increase , 'M
—j£f£JS
18. A.7T A dafang generous AAMA,*t]{f-AA
19. îfc N shixian in advance; beforehand ^ IS, ^ 5fe
20. N zuihou final; last IHg"—W ,:RB—
£ *■%?
i£»fc T !
-174 -
■%*.#: °t#7 o Bfe-T&*Fi«*MNr7o fe&ft
7$W<Kf-£o
--t-f"#is 4-, «JfciS)4Hn>ti±£o -ifefniti^.-fn
"I&Sb&iMfc&o
£ if: #*S, «,T*„
T^*: ii0t«, #.i£:
-S-BIw^.A-^.'fnft
Sk, d*4Un&«!£#&ft ft
&m, "£^-*)t+ô”
£ dfc; ifc’Si 7
Tîfc: ft!**
WiftiB o .€ vs, if i$ 4 if "fc Ifj —
ife4fto
%£.%■ %%n*n^-nujs, wa^ftx.&t'-sT*,®
* if: ##J'fci±ft£«)$:M-T, T4:£#*,

*Lati<l#f®^+i*lo
-175-
/-j— ,|js| New Words
1.+1*0 N ydngrdu mutton
2. Jj£ N ban class ^cfnSE,—-'ME
3. if ^+ N kaoquanydng whole roasted lamb
4. #• Prep an according to ftit JL ,ftfM]$J
5. V tai to lift; to raise ft® ft ft,
6.4 V ju to hold up; to raise
7. N jiubei wine cup 'fifflf

8. i N mlnge folksong alt ft
9AAJ& N fandidn hotel
10. -fit Adv shouxian first of all; firstly
11. $e>gj VO jingjiu to politely offer a cup of wine; to propose
a toast [o] AMMM
V jing to respect; to politely offer MM ,M‘$5

m
12. ± V shou to receive
13. V zunjing to respect; to honour
A,%WMMA
14. Adv ranhbu then; after that
15.## v/Conj jiezhe to follow; to carry on/ then , ft
liUJISiJIli
16. A yukuai joyful; cheerful ji ft, ft fS'|$|
ft,'ltftlWJL
17. f;# PN Mengzu Mongolian ethnic group
18. ## PN Xinjiang Xinjiang (an autonomous region of China)
-176 -
Supplementary' Words
1. tf-f- N zhuzi bamboo
2. iA N zhuren master
3. Hik N ayi house maid
4. rousl chao stir-fried shredded pork with
zhusun bamboo shoots
)£] ii N rousl shredded pork
*> V chao to stir Try
N zhusun bamboo shoot
5. 4^1# N cidian dictionary
6. V wa to dig
7. jihuashengyu family planning
it^'J V jihua to plan
V shengyu to give birth to
8. youshengyouyu healthy birth and sound care
A you excellent
9. PN Qiaoyun Qiaoyun (name of a young maid)
_.. Notes
“Let’s go out for dinner.”
refers to a dining hall or restaurant outside of the school.
(D SgjS-OT
“Waiter, the bill.”
iJI^- usually refers to paying the bill after eating at a restaurant. The expression is
-177-
originated from the Cantonese dialect, but has become popular in the colloquial northern
Chinese. One can also say
<D&4®SPJL?
“What’s going on?”
This is an expression indicating that something is strange or inexplicable.
“I invited everybody today, so I ought to pay.”
Eb +NP+V indicates that a specific thing is to be done by a certain person or
organization. For example,
© nifnss aa sjuBe
“Let’s go dutch.”
AA r£(J (pronounced AA zhl) means that each person pays his or her individual
portion of the bill equally. In modern Chinese, there are quite a few expressions beginning
with the Western letters, such as “BP #1 (beeper)” and “IP % ig ( internet phone)”.
There are also terms which are the abbreviations of the Western languages, such as CD,
DVD and WTO. These are pronounced according to the English reading of the letters.
“We ate it according to the Mongolian custom.”
©+NP+V indicates that something is done according to a certain standard. For
example,
-178 -
(2) izg&Mflix&if pit*o
“Then the four girls continued to sing.”
The verb “S#” is used as an adverbial, and “giff+V” indicates either that a later
action follows the previous one closely in time, or that the latter action is a substantial
continuation of the former one. For example,
4»3L4un jt itJi, m #0
The order for narrating the actions in sequence: “1i"5fc/5fc-S/X/Scif-Ps )i i/
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
2. iji is 4fp ■ o
4. ^ T 0Jf & , % if £ Tl'T ?

5.
7.
9.
(1) #T-£ %T4r PfTPk "ST$pT^- £lT-£

Pb#T^r 4l>£T-£ >ft4Tdc
(2) il^T'iAtX &£$b£pT^
-179 -
(3)
(4) b^'it MttmnLA
&T#&4Ui *M&#*b£LpA*j- &4f#Eb-£4£ IktftfttbMnZ
(5)
2. Pattern drills
(1) &$]&&?)f^?
#T-A
"3T4r
fT4
(2) *•«-&*.
#F£te#*F#0
•£r*F;L#.$£ -£*p;l
ei
(3) ZkfejMf& ii ^ jfe f$ ? 6 FA 3$) in FA

*t & ^ /MA#jr#)A4 jQ it & i^ o ^ ^ ^^ 'A
iAjL 4tMH
(4) &Eb#^n#4ffc;fc*4?
?M'4a =*4Mf
îtAo
4&â.â
(5)
iA 'H ”] ;HL T j] 'A
i£4$$r4- &} %Jl
4t43
fm
-180 -
(6 )
m T
X *J
ftbfn ¥p ^ f^)
Xt§- it i/St,^1]
Narrate an experience to your classmate’s using the sequence words: “tj
••• For example,

A:
B;
C: XJSTitA,
D:
E: ,
F:
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSTIONS IN CONVERSATION
rir’flfi (Anywhere is fine.)
ft* £ T & (Anything will do.)
& EJ^-Jb (What’s going on?)
4i<% & & (I just don’t understand.)
l/jtt&tll In a restaurant]
(1) A: 'J' , ifc M'ptj A Jiff* £ ? ifc A (order) 0
B: d'iA"C.,
inzt'tft&o
C: ^JMW0 4Hlp£#7*-%?
-181-
B: SMT£*f o
D:
(2) A: ^., •f’^f!

B: -f #!
A: A Jl, M&tl'ftl
B: ££”£^T7o
(3) A: >J'^L, ii-ô
B:
A: u-3r?
C: , riMn4^4fc AA #J0
RI/Jn *fl£ Expressing surprise]
A: 'M^T^?
A; ,% & \sj ^ JL? 3l4f-iA&']&?
A;
B: TMfoibibftM £,6$ #.-¥**£$,

A; ^^^ ^ Eh & iA^^SîLo
5. HfHli&Tj*? Describe the picture
-182 -
Describe the things you usually do or the customs that you follow when you go out to
eat dinner with your friends.
After you have made your oral response, write it down.
— fi,
u%p” j-
3LA.it,
JL^ i%j 7\&kji)to
*oW
mWik;, && life >fc >«-?«$#-f

*? *5* WM, ##*££££*
-SLJsc
**» d& & £J *!•*']£. Hr ttt

— fy-fe, “4fr-?-'&îtS']£lF, x>frfc&4fc
ifc*Mfr#Hs:fc*pa£$-&, 4Mnfc;&0
-183-
E* i§/'£ Grammar
1* Hie extended use of “T^w
The complex directional complement “ 4 £ ” expresses the continuation of an action.
“V/A+Ti” indicates that an action which has already started will continue, or that a
condition which has already come into being will last. For example,
M ®T 4 o
4,4Wl f $ mt T o
2. Interrogative pronouns of general dentation (2)
When used in declarative sentences, the interrogative pronouns , ff- , lg|5 JL and
4 denote “any person or thing without exception”. The adverbs “f(5” and are
commonly used with them. For example,
Ml o
,&&& ft &0
3. Making comparisons by using the preposition
“tfc” (2)
In addition to the adjectival and verbal phrases, one can also use the subject-predicate
phrases to compare the differences between two things with regard to a certain aspect.
S + Prep“tt” + N/Pr + S-PP
-184 -
Predicate
Subject
Prep “tb” N/Pr S-PP
$&!)f tb *.0
#fn lift. # ft 'ft o
ft *F& IS 4 #*%?
&ft-^ ft ft ft Ho
In the sentences expressing comparisons by using complements of state, “ ft +N/Pr”
can also be put after the verb and in front of the complement of state without any basic
change in meaning. For example,
4. i§fc.M. The construction “jH.j®.”

This construction indicates that the degree (expressed by the word or words after the
second “lit”) is changing along with the changes of the circumstances (expressed by the
word or words following the first “®”). For example,
ffc#- % 4, #f M ^ft^ft o
A. ^■Siq] Chinese Characters and Words
^Tr]^(11): ^ Word formation methods (11): The composite method

A word formed in this method is a compound word, consisting of a noun preceded by
its modifiers. Most words of this category are nouns. For example,
WMn Jb&t. J0U&-JS

SM ft$Lt
mmt *sn
«.** fta^
d'#® 'h:A4- d'B
iSUHsm ^
-185-
Li Yulan is Xiao Yanzi’s cousin. Jack is Dawei’s friend. After they1
got to know each other, they fell in love and were married. What interesting
thing do you think happened after this newly - married couple went to the
.village to see Yulan ’ s parents?
Âl# Lesson 38 (Review^
ifcuJr
Ni IJiTT,LLLUJJIJ
<*& 1
& ^ 4 iff
- —
£pi£?
.4 jt: A$m, am#«,, AinAfemm,

—ihj
^ ; i%i%\ <7|27L Congratulating the J)

newly-weds
-186 -
, s&ft.
& & *t, , ^L^1] T

y«—
[Sft3ftj&]
& 3l *fc*if-**&? Clarifying a point of view
& k> ^S,«0 i£4..iUfi#4Mt, A,

-fr*MtfTJ>l*.TT,
&JL, #t i#-tN n
* a, ■s-^jMtÛ i>i&o ^-fnsÂ—jstA-i5E.4t±##

«L„ ##]£,$, 4MnXflt-#J&JW££--fe’’5*f>S,®
'J'ift-f:
£?
-187-
/•j— New Words
i- N tditai Mrs.; madam iSA, SKA;*;, ,
2. -k$. V jfa (of a woman) to marry MM^niife

3. A xTnhun newly-married
4. A xingfu happy jg
5. N zhengfu government
6. ê, V dengji to register %M&iZ,,AMtfj
mmE
7. N jiehunzheng marriage certificate
s. i-m N xTtdng wedding sweets (or, candies)
nmm
9. ## V juxing to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc)
M, , Wfs iZitfe
io. N hunlT wedding ceremony , 0MM1L
11. Hi V tie to paste; to stick fWfiPIf,J3£BS ft
12. h6ng ShuangxT Zl the red H character
N shuangxi double happiness
M shuang pair —3X1^
13. N xTnnidng bride
14. ## N huajido bridal sedan chair Qk'ftM
15. N ydnxi banquet; feast
16. N keren guest
17. N jidotang church; cathedral
18. N qlnqi relative MS
-188 -
19. N bidojie older female cousin
20. KA Adv zhlshi only; just H KJ§
21. -&5C. N yuefu father-in-law (the wife’s father)
22. N yuemu mother-in-law (the wife’s mother)
23. PN Jieke Jack (name of a character in this textbook; an
Australian man)
24. PN LT Yulan Li Yulan (name of a character in this textbook;
a Chinese girl)
<H>
i £■. &jL, fJT&fc, JLT4i.5C.3r, »>|^0 ie,
t£7»3?
A; T „ #•&##.£-|>, TA^. & & *Nf 7 o ?

i S: D?
A: if, ■ie.'fi. 7 o
i £: ^ is,, 4Urm£7„ fciS.4i.-frj I*##.,
i i: «■, 4Ufl JLA'R 7 ,® ttJifr^JiWJtt.

»)*7„ #-«..
: iiKg.&'tfctiubttAs., a&fe.
Ho
h Jt: jt±,
-189 -
“&±”!
i ,&£, mtiite. 7, &&5L&T?
"I “€■”, "H “-£” '4-! -iiLS'J
,& Jt: A±, &-»]£<%.
#"4-, “iîL”!
i *: ##»| M,
-£•—^%: ^#il!^., # — ÂifcSiJ <f B
i ^ M, 7, &*-&&&#,
■ fri ##*■*•! *##&jwiuMis>g-',fc«.,

tm*ji n
.4 jt: s'jist&inapf-*. “^w”,
5£7&i&&-££»&, A-fl'l i{t-&;p iAiKiJt G
-£^"g: : -iMfii®. <3?-
ft-7
-190 -
New Words
±M
l.Jf*n VO kaik6u to open one’s mouth; to start to talk
(frequently about something that is
embarrassing) f£ Jf □ ,P , JF^F
Tnj^ffllTD
vr N kou mouth
2. <J* V shangliang to discuss; to talk over ##, |§j
jzWMM
3. 4$ Num na (Coll.) two (people) ,MmM
4. N ntiojTn brain; mind; way of thinking JltlS#?,
zhMW,%mM
5. $L£R N guiju rules; customs; manners ISM)® .'FH
6. vo shengqi to get angry , MS
®H
-191 -
7. klF N ddshi important matter; major issue HlÂ
8. 4^ Mr N linju neighbour %$■% Jg, ©, flf
9. N hutong lane; alley dfc# W# JSj , |n|, j&
10. %bif V piping to criticize
li. &/t V jueding to decide; to make up one ’ s mind
12. JW N chushl cook; chef
13.^ N guye son-in-law Dr
14 PN Xini Sydney
Supplementary Words
i. jkM* V qingzhu to celebrate
2. Jt^ft N zdumddeng lantern with revolving paper-cut figures
ft N deng lamp; lantern
3. N duilidn antithetical couplet
.tm N shdnglidn the first line of a couplet
N xidlian the second line of a couplet
4. Î(^T) V xT(deng) to put out (a lamp)
5. V dui to match
6. N qizi flag; banner
7. nt N hO tiger
-192 -
8. fRt# V piaoyang to flutter; to fly
N feihuqf flying tiger banner
10. ^ V jubn to roll up
11. ^ V cang to hide
12. t# VO zhongbang one ’ s name is pullished in the list of
successful candidates or applicants
13. PN Songdai Song Dynasty
14. PN Wang Anshf Wang Anshi (a well-known Chinese
statesman and writer of the Song Dynasty)
_. Notes
“The wedding ceremony is very lively.”
The particle “j#” and the adverb ” are frequently used after the adjectives and
verbs that indicate mental activities. “ A/V-f-f!]- f|<' indicates a high degree. For example.
Speaking of the wedding banquet, we only invite relatives and friends to drink a glass
of wine together.”
“i&MlJ+NP/VP/S-PP” indicates the involvement of some people or things. It is used
to bring up a topic or to indicate an opinion about it. For example,
‘b win& % -o
, AinAA m 0
t) cL<k^L,,e.0
-193-
(D
Wait for your father-and mother-in-law to teach you.”
A married man calls his wife’s parents and a married woman calls her
husband’s parents However, in colloquial language both men and women
call their parents-in-law
Some other forms of address have appeared in this lesson. For example, children
address their own parents as “XX" is a respectful form of address for
married women, usually preceded with the surnames of their husbands, for example,
X”, “5.XX”. When talking to other people, a husband can also call his wife “XX",
as in mXX". This usuage is particularly common in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and
among the overseas Chinese. However, in the Mainland the term “XX" fell out of use a
long time ago and is now rarely encountered. (Most Mainland women do not use their
husbands’surnames.) is a term used by a woman’s family to address her husband.
(D miEmm&jLXM j0
“We have already been married for quite a few months.”
When used m front of numeral-measure words or time words, means “quite a
few” or “many”, as in UJIX MX ,&JLX MJLJj MJUiH and
d) i&itxmmnfto
“No matter what, we have to do it.”
Literally, “Whatever (you) say, we must do (it).”
® M in fi if ^ J L.
“To speak of our marringe*"”
“m” is the coll°quial word for “MX", as in Pgffi, mm, fMjfr A measure
word cannot be used after “f|5j”. You cannot say: &)
-194 -
‘Why are you so old-fashioned?”
Here, means “old”, as in j&j® (literally, “brain”)
refers to one’s idea. means “old-fashioned idea”.
“Wouldn’t the people in your alley talk about (criticize) you?”
In Beijing dialect “£jj|SJ” refers to a small street or alley. Here, the verb “ij£” has
the meaning of “reproach” or “criticize”, as in:
,4l-3M&7o
Drills and Practice
KEY SENTENCES
1.
2. i&M $f M o
3. vLMij
4. Aint o
5.
(1) ^%-&k7L
4^4-4 #4 ft# #4#^

(2) 4-^##
it‘^'#4 3 flMML
- 195-
(3) I® tM-£# ifcfij
«JX'ftiA^-
tf-JUL 4fJl^M.M 4?Jl-|-4

tfjiumi *fJl-]-%LM #;L-f-4*§4
2. Pattern drills
(i) #4n
(4) i3L;gt jb jt.4n fr-i #1 Is) ■»£.?
iji&^jbî: 4-6^15) T0
#4n£|L#;f tf&x. ^;f
-£-£4&u£ #
-196 -
One student uses “i&H!]***” to introduce a topic of conversation. Other
students join the conversation to express their opinions about the topic. For
example,
A: it$l
B: &,iA%
C:
D:
(What I intended to say wasn’t this.)
4kAtX (I meant to say...)

■ T & (How can I say that? /How can I open my mouth?)
4k X A & if' Ht Mj (What did I tell you?)
& T (I think we’ll do it this way.)
Congratulating the newly-weds]
A: in T , if & Hif 4iill

b: 4UrMr£T+fl
A: tmwmkfc,
b: mm^înmtwk, ^xînx^m«>
Clarifying a point of view]
B: X ft ■£ 7,
B: )% o (daoyan, director)
'f o
-197 -
[$jHt Comforting, consoling]
A: ft&?
A; &*vr0 iLM,tej$-8Ufr£9
[&/E Making a decision]
A: |7?
B: ^Lffo £&;tTjy&;ifeisfg0
A: #4^T'T#^To —&pc,0
B: TTi^t4i^r^ T # & 6§ Bfr |hJ 0 ^ — 15 -f-
A: #*£.,
5* Describe the picture
Communication practice
(1) Describe the wedding customs of your country.
After you make your oral response, write it down.
(2) Write a card to congratulate your friend on his/her wedding.

-198 -
EJ. Reading Comprehension and Paraphrasing
3.4t£#%7
-ffe—iiA—ii^-:
i*;Stf:fcAi£:^/IJ&^7 ibfcTo T^bl:*^

’” “£#7 ,£#7 ! ^*7*^7!
'H&9TT ,£7£o
“i£&#o ”i^^,o
*MW#0 Mi-£;s&,ii4£
'J'*L— ZLi£i±&$ %
-199 -
E* taS Grammar
1. iL##^ Types of complements

(1) Ilf Complement of state
is. /IL i1] 0
i@) 7s o
*Mn ■!*# &^b+ is] ^<j 0
’if* &- ,* ;i > -t- 0
M#*ô
(2) |r®?hiu Complement of degree
-t&tf) #.&tbi£jl&£ $ T o
(3) H^n ®® Resultative complement
'fefn
(4) "l fjtiihIn Potential complement
-200-
ffcfn if -t $£*§■<>
'J'^'’t# T ii ^ ^
2. Flexible uses of interrogative pronouns

(1) ^TjNjxJn] To indicate rhetorical questions
f&ft £ , 'ft £ & JSLi±?
fetTo
(2) To indicate indefiniteness
'ft iH "li ,& JL ft & ?

& ^ -ie.# ifi-IHt tfi± 4 t£ o
4Mt&£^LJLi±ffe0
(3) ^/rcfita To indicate general denotation
4fc &&*&•*/»& *#<>
In addition, we find some interrogative pronouns of particular denotation in composite
sentences:
A fH ikte i% o
i# fa it it 't f*J ^ ^ ® ffL it EJ ^ o
# —* a & & mi £ £ #. o
ft ft ft & 4t, •?£”& ft £ o

-201-
3. Hie adverbs “^w and “X”
®Jit| “#” The adverb “H”
(1) Indicating that an action is to be repeated in the future
i40
(2) Indicating that an action will occur at
a certain time or under a certain condition
lii1) ilIJ “X” The adverb “X”
(1) ELi^nfijl, Indicating that an action has already been repeated
M T- 'A, 4 £ T?
(2) Supplementing the previous action
(3) |rI EPf'f?$) f?f #£ Indicating the coexistent conditions
ftMnx*! >L®lo
(4) W&JrMIndicating two contradictory things or conditions
^, 5L^f Jt# £ f ^m0

|al 0
-202 -
Chinese Characters and Words
\K $L^f Distinguishing the characters with multiple pronunciations

and meanings
Eleven percent of the 3,500 most commonly - used Chinese characters have multiple
pronunciations and meanings. For example, “j£” has two pronunciations, when used as
an adverb, it is pronounced “hai”, as in “ when used as a verb, it is read as
“hu6n”, as in “ U -f1], ^ ” also has two pronunciations the first, “hao” as in
“#?d?, £Fitii3?r’\ and the second, “hao” as in ”. The meanings expressed by the
different pronunciations are completely different,so we must be careful to distinguish them.
Now that you have finished Book One to Book Three of The New Practical Chinese
Reader, you should have learned over 1600 elementary vocabulary items, of which 1300
are required to master, along with over 1000 Chinese characters and the basic
grammatic items with 300 key sentences. You can express your ideas about daily life
and certain social topics and communicate with other people. With the help of a
dictionary you can also read simple essays.
Congratulations on having completed the initial stage of your study of Chinese.
Book Four of The New Practical Chinese Reader will guide you to the intermediate
level of Chinese.
-203 -

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When you live in a place with a different culture, you may not be used Ur

(ir+tTas Lesson 27/

#, 'a-fn^-e-o M&t—^-a-ffl, ^-fn

/j- -jj=j New Words

l.^istfi- IE ru xiang When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

N xiang native place; home village; country

l$t V suf to follow

V fuwu to give service; to serve

3. # N/M hu kettle, pot IME36,—36^,

5. m Adv shao slightly; a little if#] #, ~F, f§ ifc—

7. T# V lidojie to understand; to find out T MW'fil, T M

9. A/V renao bustling with noise and excitement fiji]

ffi A/V nao noisy

io. tit# VO shuohua to speak; to talk ,M

ii. P^r N shengyTn sound, voice ijfciS

P N sheng sound, voice jz.'p, /J^ , 1&P

12. it Adv geng more

13. Adv ZUI most

14. #& N wutai stage i^JglJUn ,®@)^n

15. #£ V ban to move; to take a way j$D^®, M'M, #zPj

16. N changsuo place

i7. jta V taxi an to find, to discover ^SEInJIg, ^16—Ji

at the same time; simultaneously —

21. >b^a V bTru to give an example; for instance

22. N kafei guan cafe; coffee bar

1*^+: 4UTJ^^hlUJIJIiL^—^fe, *»it*|S)g|$

-%*.#: fflVX-’t®., ap^uuntf#

T^ft: A"Ho 4l'ffl^'j'#l*.<5^ii#».„

T/jiA: *t, &ffiftft;

AJflftft, Xft„ &«-

i'J'*: ;*/>&, fc “^V#

1. ^'?k N kanfa view g BfKf#t£,

2. j£'|‘ A zhengchdng normal, regular [H$’!%#?&•, iE'&lty >

3.fl^f N kuaizi chopsticks jjllli'flfeiS ,i?/ll'M-f',“‘

4. 77 X N daocha knife and fork M 73 X Rii®, ^ Mffl 7}

x(-f-) N cha(zi) fork

5. N shiwu food; eatables , ffi##?

6. ^ M kuai piece, lump ,—

7. Jfe^ N panzi plate, dish DtIS? , flff

A M pan dish — M&'k

10. -f*# N shouzhT finger "HNs

-f- N shou hand

11. #- V tian to lick

12. -f* /f' A ganjing clean

13. it# Pr zheyang so, such &##,&#

14. N xlcan Western-style food (meal) ,X^M

i. & V jing to offer politely

2-f- A xiang fragrant, sweet-smelling

4. for*] N heshang Buddhist monk

7. IE Emftuofo May Buddha preserve us; merciful Buddha

PN Songdai Song Dynasty

9. $ £ iic. PN Su Dongpo Su Dongpo (a famous Chinese writer of

the Song Dynasty)

/Lfi” (a few, several) represents an estimate of a number of people.

^?” (meaning “5(5—^^” (meaning “ifc—JrW

In f&+Num+fj£ , “f&” replaces “jfoif]” (“^ff]” is not used in spoken language).

show courtesy and respect. For example, if ifM®, ifM^, ifM®Pf.

They often go to other places, such as cafe.”

The verb ttM (also “tb^Bijn!,” in spoken language) is employed by a speaker

used in the middle of a sentence. For example,

“To us, this is very common.”

+N+;>f^i$. means to make a judgement from someone’s point of view or from a

more objective perspective. It is usually used at the beginning of a sentence. For

*tT /$. , ft H-f %0

1^+: 4UTJ^^hlUJIJIiL^—^fe, »it*|S)g|$

i'J': ;/>&, fc “^V#

(3) ^-ie,£ El «ttf/M'ife,4? f3J ^ ^ji" #t ##

A: 0 Afn ■&£#; ■#■*., ^f:^#>;-lfTo

tfc £$.']' A'AAo A d' p J4 id 7 A fa — # id M,