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Retaining Walls 1
Retaining Walls 1
Course Teacher
RETAINING WALLS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Retaining Walls ….. What Are These?
➢ Retaining of Any Material Requires a Retainer Or
a Container.
➢ A Retainer actually Retains Whatever is Meant to
be Retained through it.
➢ Examples of Containers / Retainers in Structural
Engineering are:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
High Embankments
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Level Differences
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Dams
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Gravity Dams
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Swimming Pools
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Huge Aquariums
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Under Pass
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Basements
Stem
Heel
Toe
Shear Key
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Cantilever Retaining Walls
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Weight of Soil
Passive Earth
Lateral Active Earth
Pressure
Pressure
Reaction Earth
Pressure
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Behavior of Retaining Wall
➢ How will Different Elements of Wall Behave?
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Behavior is Well Understood By Deformed
Shape of Retaining Wall
Lateral Active
Earth Pressure
Weight of Soil
Reaction Earth
Pressure
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Can the earth Pressures, Forces and
Moments be Determined?
➢ Soil Pressure Usually Determined Using Theories of Soil
Mechanics.
➢ Most Easy is the Rankine Theory.
➢ Soil Pressure Varies Linearly with the depth (Just Like
Water.
➢ But Not Following the Pascal’s Law.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Can the earth Pressures, Forces and
Moments be Determined?
➢ Soil Lateral Pressure Varies Linearly with the depth, but
Not Equal to the Vertical Pressure or the Weight of Soil. .
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Can the earth Pressures, Forces and
Moments be Determined?
➢ Soil Lateral Pressure & Forces.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Can the earth Pressures, Forces and
Moments be Determined?
➢ Lateral earth Pressure “p” at Any Depth “h” is Given by:
➢ p = Ka ϒ h
➢ Where Ka is the Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure and
it is the Only Difference between a Fluid (Water)
Hydrostatic Pressure and the Soil Pressure
➢ ϒ is the Unit Weight of the Soil
➢ Knowing Pressure, Force & Moments Can be Calculated
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Variation of lateral Earth Pressure
ϒz
z
(Ka ϒ z)
F = ½ (Ka ϒ h) h
F = ½ Ka ϒ h2
(Ka ϒ h)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Can the earth Pressures, Forces and
Moments be Determined?
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design Steps of Retaining Walls
➢ Usually Two Big Steps Involved :
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Failures of Retaining Walls
➢ The Two Main Stability failure are the SLIDING Failure &
the OVERTURNING Failure.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design Steps of Retaining Walls
But PROPORTIONING of
RETAINING WALL is Required
Even Before Stability Checks
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design of Retaining Wall … Example
16.5 ft.
➢ μ = 0.5 b/w concrete and soil
➢ μ = 0.7 b/w soil and soil
➢ Φ = 35 Degrees
➢ f’c & fy = 4 Ksi and 60 Ksi
3 ft.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Proportioning of Retaining Wall
Overturning Moment is :
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ Balancing Moment & Overturning Moment
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ Balancing Moment
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ FOS Against Overturning
OK !!
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ FOS Against Sliding
NOT OK !!
Therefore Shear Key Required !!
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ Shear Key Provides More Lateral Passive
Pressure as well as Increase the Friction beneath
the Base. It can be of any logical and small
Dimensions: 1 ft x 2 ft Or 1.5 ft. 1.5 ft,
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ Shear Key Size
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Stability Analysis of Retaining Wall
➢ Overcoming of Sliding Using Shear Key
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Toe Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design of Retaining Wall
➢ Toe Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design of Retaining Wall
➢ Toe Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Design of Retaining Wall
➢ Wall Reinforcement
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING