Date: 15th Jun 2020

SLIDE NO. 01

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422)

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 02

Week-04

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 03

Week-04

Lecture-03

Irregularities in Building Structures

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 04

Irregularities in Building Structures

Static Lateral force procedure is based on regular mass and stiffness distribution in
a structure, this method become less accurate if the structure contains
irregularities. There are different types of irregularities exist in the building
structures, these irregularities can be categorized as

1. Plan Irregularities

2. Vertical Irregularities

Historically regular building perform better in earthquake than irregular buildings.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 05

Vertical Irregularities
Vertical irregularities further categorized into
• Stiffness irregularity (soft story)
• Mass irregularity
• Strength irregularity (weak story)
• Vertical geometric irregularity
• In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force
resisting elements

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 06

Stiffness irregularity (soft story)

Stiffness irregularity (Soft story) exists if at any given story;
1. The story stiffness is < 70% of that of the story above

K2 < 0.7 K3, or

2. The story stiffness < 80% of the average stiffness of the

three stories above

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 07

Mass irregularity
Mass irregularity exists if mass of any story is more than 150% of the
mass of the story below or above. M2 > 1.5M1 or 1.5M3 .

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 08

Strength Irregularity (weak story)

A weak story condition exists when the story strength is less than 80%
of that of the story above:

S3 < 0.8S4

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 09

Vertical Geometric Irregularity

Vertical geometric irregularity exists if the horizontal dimension of the

lateral-force-resisting system is more than 130% of that in the adjacent
story: 1.3b < B.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 10

Vertical Geometric Irregularity

For example, the width of frame at level 6 = 160 ft,

The width of frame at level 7 = 100 ft.

160 ft > 1.3 × 100 Or

B > 1.3 b

Therefore, vertical geometric irregularity exists

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 11

In-plane discontinuity in Lateral Force System

An in-plane discontinuity in lateral force system exists when there is an

in-plane offset of the lateral system greater than the width of the
system.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 12

In-plane discontinuity in Lateral Force System

Assume, L = 60 ft and l = 30 ft.

L = offset in lateral forces resisting system

l = length of resisting system

Since l< L so in-plane discontinuity exists

in this frame.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 13

Plan Irregularities

Plan Irregularities are further categorized into

• Torsional Irregularity

• Presence of Re-entrant Corners

• Diaphragm Discontinuity

• Out of plane Offsets

• Non-Parallel system
Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 14

Torsional irregularity

Torsional irregularity exists when dmax, the maximum story drift at a

corner including accidental torsion, is more than 1.2 times the average
of the drifts at the corresponding corners.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 15

Torsional irregularity

V
CM

CR

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 16

Torsional irregularity
Torsional Irregularity exists when difference between the center of mass
(CM) and the center of rigidity (CR) is more than 20%.
L

CR CM

a
a > 0.2 L

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 17

Irregularity due to reentrant corners

This irregularity exists when plan configuration of the building and its
lateral system have projections greater than 15% of the plan dimension
in the corresponding direction.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 18

Irregularity due to reentrant corners

b > 0.15B or a > 0.15A.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 19

Irregularity due to diaphragm discontinuity

This irregularity exists if: 1) the area b × d

of the opening is more than 50% of the
area B × D of the diaphragm; or 2) the
change in diaphragm stiffness is more
than 50% from one story to the next.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 20

Irregularity due to out-of-plane offsets of vertical elements

This irregularity exists when there is

discontinuity in the lateral-load-resisting
path.

For example, in these figure the columns

and other elements such as the transfer
girder and the cantilever girder support a
discontinuous wall or a frame-column.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 21

Irregularity due to nonparallel system

A nonparallel system irregularity exists

when a lateral system is not parallel to or
symmetric about the building’s orthogonal
axes.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 22

Other Examples on Irregularities

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 15th Jun 2020
SLIDE NO. 23

Other Examples on Irregularities

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi