HISTORICAL MAP OF (THE) COGNITIVE SCIENCE(S) by Anna Riedl (2019)

NEUROSCIENCE

Hippocrates (460 - 379 B.C.E.)

BRAIN INSIGHTS
DURING THE 19TH CENTURY 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s 2020’s
Galen (130 - 200 C.E.)
Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564) 1. Nerves as Electrical Wires (Franklin,
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
Galvani, du Bois-Reymond, Bell, Magendie) Ogawa et. al
Charles Darwin REDUCTIONIST APPROACH:
2. Localization of Specific Functions Hans Berger Rashevsky Psychobiology fMRI with
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS Cabeza, Han
(Gall, Flourens, Broca, Ferrier, Munk) EEG Mathematical Molecular Neuroscience contrast based on Nyberg Boyden
Kriegeskorte et al.
3. Evolution 1929
Biophysics Donald Hebb Cellular Neuroscience Society for Michael blood oxygenation fMRI: Single cell
recording: Computational
Hebbian learning Neural basis John O’Keefe
(Charles Darwin) 1949
Systems Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience Neuroscience Gazzaniga 1990 of learning
Input-output
mapping Nobel Prize Cognitive
4. Neuron as Basic Functional Unit Cognitive Neuroscience
SLOAN Cognitive 2001 2007
Positioning Neuroscience
Foundation 2018

BEHAVIORISM
(Cajal, Schwann, Golgi)
1970 Neuroscience, Kandel et al. System
program Nobel prize
Split Brain Searle 2014
Hubel (neuroscience) “Brains cause Signal transduction
Wiesel Research in the nervous
minds”
B. F. Skinner Nobel Prize
1992 system
Hypercomplex Cells
Verbal Behavior 2000
1957 1965

PSYCHOLOGY Sigmund Freud

Helmholtz Ivan Pavlov

RATIONAL ANALYSIS
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Psychoanalysis
H.S. Jennings (1906) Wundt John B. Watson
Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969) 1922 B. F. Skinner
Kenneth Craik (1943)
Psychology Edward Tolman Cognitive Gibson Daniel
Behaviorism
Karl Spencer Lashley (1890-1958)
Hermann Ebbinghaus Cognitive Maps Senses as Kahneman
1879 Functionalism Edward Lee Thorndike
Associationism 1948 Psychology perceptual Thinking,
G. T. Fechner systems Daniel Fast and Slow
Psycho- 1966 2011
physics
physik
Kahneman

COGNITIVISM
Wilhelm Wundt
1860 Edward Titchener William James Nobel
Structuralism John Dewey Jerry Brunder Memorial Prize
Galton, Cattell
(Introspection)
Jackie Goodenough Noam Chomsky “Prospect Theory”
Psycho- Pragmatism (Psycho-)
George Austin Review of Verbal
metrics
1910
A Study Behavior; Syntactic Jerry Fodor 2002
Linguistics of Thinking Structures Modularity
1956 1957/59
Jean Piaget
of Mind
George Miller
Cognitive Vygotsky- 1983 Karl Friston
George Miller
PHILOSOPHY “the magical Broadbent
Development Luria-Circle Andy Clark
Computational Karl Friston Free-Energy
number seven” Perception and
Aristotele (384 - 322 B.C.)
1930 Soviet Channel Capacity Alan Newell Communication J. S. Keyser, David Marr David Chalmers
Ramon Lull (d. 1315)

psychology 1958 G. A. Miller, Levels of Dennett Extended Stefan Kiebel Principle

ECONOMICS
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 1956 Herbert Simon E. Walker Analysis Intentional Modeling Predictive 2010
Mind
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Léon Walras (1834-1910)
Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Systems
Cognitive SLOAN
Report
(Vision)
1982
stance
1987
1998 Coding
2009
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

Science
Wellman (1995)

4Es OF COGNITION
René Descartes (1596-1650) Humberto Maturana
Minsky Lettvin, Maturana, Francisco Varela 1978
Science
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
McCulloch, Pitts
Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694)
Edmonds Autopoiesis/
John Locke (1632-1704)
David Hume (1711-1776) SNARC 11.09.1956 What the
Frog’s eyes... Embodied
John Searle
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 1950 Daniel Kahneman
Chinese room
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Herbert Simon 1959 Mind Amos Tversky 1980 Swarm
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
Satisficing Turing 1972

ENACTIVE, EMBEDDED,
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
Test LEADING Judgements under Behavior
Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) 1947
Carl Hempel (1905-1997) 1950 Marvin Minsky Frank Rosenblatt INSTITUTIONS Uncertainty Emergence
Perceptrons IN AI FOR TWO DECADES 1974
John McCarthy MIT, CMU

EMBODIED, EXTENDED
Lambda- 1962 Símon wins
Norbert Wiener Ashby Shannon, Rochester Stanford, IBM
Alan Newell
Rumelhart
Calculus Nobel Prize
CONTROL THEORY AND CYBERNETICS
Design for
John von Neumann
Artificial AlanNewell 1978 McClelland
Church-Turing
Ktesibiosis of Alexandria (c. 250 B.S.)
1936 Thesis a Brain Herbert Simon
Cybernetics Alan Newell Herbert Simon Parallel Distributed
James Watt (1736-1819)
1948/52 Human
Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633)
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)
Control Alan Turing 1945 Intelligence Herbert Simon
General Problem
Physical
Fuzzy Artificial
Processing Google
DeepMind
Theory Symbol System 1986
1956 Problem Solving Logic
Bertrand Russell
Hilbert Turing Machine Life AlphaGo
Arturo Rosenblueth
Friedberg et al. Solver Hypothesis wins against
Julian Bigelow
1868 Entscheidungs-
problem
1936 Claude Shannon Machine evolution 1961 1972
1976 Lee Sedol
Information (= genetic algorithms)
Back- Cheeseman et al.
1930
1958 Judea Pearl NP-hard 2016
Theory Steven Cook Propagation
1991
MATHEMATICS John von Neumann
1948 Richard Karp Bayesian
Kurt Gödel Oskar Morgenstern NP-
George Boole (1815-1864) Networks

CONNECTIONISM
Markov chains Incompleteness Game Theory completeness

SYMBOLIC
Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
Claude Shannon
Euclid
1906 Theorem 1971/2 1.
1931 1964 John McCarthy Knowledge-Based
al-Khowarazmi (9th century)
AI becomes an AI Winter
Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576)
Automata Systems
Lighthill industry
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
1969-79

LOGICIST
Pierre Fermant (1601-1665) Studies Report Expert systems, vision systems
robots, software, hardware
James Bernoulli (1654-1705)
1956 1973
Pierre Laplace (1749-1827)
1980-present AI adopts the
Thomas Bayes (1702-1761)

COMPUTER ENGINEERING scientific method

Konrad Zuse 1987-present
John Atanasoff
Servo

PAST
Clifford Berry
Signal-
John Mauchly Theory
Chaos
FUTURE
John Eckert
Detection
Theory
Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834)
Charles Babbage (1792-1871) Nonlinear Theory
Ada Lovelace Computers Systems
Computer
Theory
Russell, S. J., Norvig, P., (2009). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach. (3rd Edition) ABOUT THE MAP
Bermudez, J. L. (2014). Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the mind (2nd Edition). - This map is a macroscopic, historical, trans-disciplinary introduction to (the) cognitive science(s).

World
Miller et al. (1978). Cognitive Science: Report of The State of the Art Committee to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. - Moving from left to right, the map is read in a roughly historical fashion, but not literally, as we are compressing a n-dimensional intellectual space into a two dimensional map grid.
Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso (2007). Neuroscience: exploring the brain. - Unfortunately there is no way to generate an educational map that has everyone and everything on it. As such, there is always someone who should be on the map who is not.
Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective.
Cold War (1947 - 1989) - The attempt of abstracting from reality always asks the question of (the most) relevance, in this case primarily to an beginner audience and especially students of the MEi:CogSci programme.

War II
- A big thank you, goes to Prof. Igor Farkas, who let me spend big parts of my project time reading up and creating this map. This project took place during my Erasmus stay at the Department of
Kriegeskorte, N; Douglas, Pk. (2018). Computational Cognitive Neuroscience. Applied Informatics (Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics) of Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia)
Sternberg, R. J., Sternberg, K. (2016). Cognitive Psychology. - Next to educating others, one goal was to sort out my own understanding of (the) cognitive science(s). Externally representing my current understanding enables fruitful discussions about where
Cognitive Science Millenium Project: Top 100 Most influential works in Cognitive Science I am wrong, what parts I misrepresented and what my blindspots are, what I left out. I am eager to change my mind and adapt the visualisation in the process. Contact me via annariedl.office@gmail.com
Castellani, B. (2018). Map of the Complexity Sciences. or find a feedback form on my website www.riedlanna.com/cognitivesciencemap.html