BACKGROUND: BASIC EQUATIONS

OF SOLID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 1

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1.1 State of Stress at a Point

At any point of a body, there are three orthogonal

planes. Each plane is subjected to three stresses
components, one normal and two shears. The stress
tensor

Figure 1.1

But it is proved that shear stresses are complementary; i.e., ,

and . Therefore, there are only 6 stress components at a
point, three normal stresses and three shear stresses (Figure 1.1); thus,

Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system

Stress tensor

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1.2 State of Strain at a Point

Similarly, 6 independent strain components, 3 linear strains corresponding to

the change in line elements and 3 shear strains corresponding to the change
in right angles formed by line elements. Thus,

Figure 1.2

Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system

Strain tensor

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1.3 Strain-Displacement Relationship

The six strain components, three linear strain and three shear strains, at a
point of the body are related to the three displacements , , and by the
following expressions:
Cartesian coordinate system ( , , )
Normal strain:

Shear strain:

Cylindrical coordinate system ( , , )

Normal strain:

Shear strain:

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1.4 Equilibrium Equations

Cartesian coordinate system ( , , )

Cylindrical coordinate system ( , , )

, and are the components of body force, such as

gravitational, centrifugal, or other inertia forces.
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1.5 Strain Compatibility Equations

Cartesian coordinate system ( , , )

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1.5 Strain Compatibility Equations

Cylindrical coordinate system ( , , )

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1.6 Stress Strain Relationship

Cartesian coordinate system ( , , )

For isotropic material, which exhibits the same properties in all
directions, the generalized Hook’s law gives the following stress-strain
relations:

where , are the elastic properties of the material.

Cylindrical coordinate system ( , , )

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1.6 Stress Strain Relationship
Alternately stress-strain relation for isotropic material can be written as,

Or
+2G
Cartesian coordinate
+2G
system ( , , )
+2G

Where and

+2G
Cylindrical coordinate
+2G
system ( , , )
+2G
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1.7 Plane Stress Problems

Two-dimensional elasticity problem is considered as plane stress problem

(thickness of body, say in the direction, is small in comparison with other
dimensions in and directions.

State of a
stress at a point

State of a strain
at a point

Strain Displacement
Relationship

Equations of
equilibrium

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1.7 Plane Stress Problems

Strain Compatibility
Equations

Stress Strain
Relationship

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1.8 Plane Strain Problems

Two-dimensional elasticity problem is considered as plane strain problem

(thickness of body, say in the direction, is very large in comparison with
other dimensions in and directions).

State of a
stress at a point

State of a strain
at a point

Strain Displacement
Relationship

Equations of
equilibrium
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 1.8 Plane Strain Problem

Strain Compatibility
Equations

Stress Strain
Relationship

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