Anatomy of the Digestive system II

Oral cavity
Blood Supply of the Salivary Gland
❖Arterial supply:
➢By branches from the external carotid artery.
❖Venous drainage:
➢They drain into the external jugular vein.

Blood Supply & Innervation of the Tongue

❖Arterial supply:
➢By branches from the external carotid artery.
❖Venous drainage:
➢Into the internal jugular vein.
➢Nerve supply:
➢To the tongue muscles: by branches of the vagus (CNX) & hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves.
➢Sensation of the tongue: by branches of the facial (CN VII) & glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves.

Esophagus
❖Arterial supply:
➢Cervical part: by branches of the external carotid artery.
➢Thoracic part: by bronchial & esophageal branches of thoracic aorta.
➢Abdominal part: by branches of the abdominal aorta.
❖Venous drainage:
➢Cervical part: by the inferior thyroid vein into the brachiocephalic vein.
➢Thoracic part: into the azygos vein.
➢Abdominal part: into the tributaries of the portal vein.

GI Tract
 Innervation of the Alimentary Canal
❖All are part of the autonomic nervous system; sympathetic & parasympathetic.
❖When digestion is required this is through increased parasympathetic activity.
❖The effect of parasympathetic stimulation:
➢Increase muscular activity (peristalsis).
➢Increase glandular secretion.
❖The effect of sympathetic stimulation:
➢Decrease muscular activity (peristalsis).
➢Decrease glandular secretion.
Peritoneum
❖Largest serous membrane of the body.
❖Two layers parietal (lines the abdominal wall) and visceral ( covers the organs).
❖The space between the two layers (peritoneal cavity) contains serous fluid to prevent friction between the 2 layers.
❖The organs are invaginated into the closed peritoneal sac so that they are at least partly covered by the visceral layer.
Peritoneum
❖Special parts of peritoneum:
➢Lesser omentum: attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
➢Greater omentum: attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall.
➢Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs.
➢Mesentery: suspends the small intestine to the posterior body wall.
➢Mesocolon: the part of peritoneum attached to the large intestine (ascending mesocolon, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, etc.).

Portosystemic Anastomosis
❖Portal circulation: is a type of circulation in which blood is collected from one set of capillaries into a vein (or
artery), which again divides into capillaries before the blood is returned (via veins) to the systemic circulation.
❖Portal Vein: The portal vein drains blood from the lower third of esophagus to halfway down the anal canal including
spleen, pancreas and gall bladder.
❖The portal vein enters the liver through the porta hepatis and empties into the liver sinusoids. Blood from the liver
sinusoids is then collected by hepatic veins which open in to the inferior vena cava (systemic circulation). This is the
direct route.
❖There are several anastomoses between the portal and systemic veins which serve as collateral routes.
❖Sites of porto-systemic anastomosis:
• Lower end of esophagus.
• Around the umbilicus.
• Anal canal.
• Bare area of liver.
❖When the direct route becomes blocked by Liver disease, blood is drained through the collateral routes. The collateral
vessels become dilated and may rupture causing severe bleeding.
Basmah
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