MORPHOLOGY GLOSSARY

affix: an inflectional or derivational morpheme; to attach an inflectional or derivational

morpheme to an expression.
allomorph: a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in sound
and spelling without changing the meaning.
base: part of word to which an affix may be attached; may but need not be a root morpheme.
bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme.
constituent: a unified part of a construction (e.g., of a word, phrase, or sentence).
conversion: derivational relationship between two words of different parts of speech but without
any formal marking of the difference.
coordinative (copulative) compound: a compound word that denotes an entity or property to
which both constituents contribute equally; e.g., bittersweet refers to a quality which is both
bitter and sweet.
derivation: process of changing a word from one part of speech to another or from one subclass
to another, typically by making some change in form. ()
clipping: also called truncation or shortening, is word formation by removing some segments of
an existing word to create a synonym. (front clipping: motorbike-bike, back clipping:
gymnasium-gym, middle clipping: refrigerator-fridge)
blending: a process of taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining the
residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source
words. (motor hotel-motel, smoke + fog = smog)
compounding: a process that forms new words from two or more independent words containing
more than one root. ()
endocentric compound: a compound word that denotes a subtype of whatever is denoted by the
head. Armchair represents a type of chair; breath-test represents a kind of test.
exocentric compound: a compound word that denotes a subtype of a category that is not
mentioned within the compound; e.g., pickpocket represents a kind of person, not a kind of
pocket nor a kind of pick.
free morpheme: a morpheme that need not be attached to another morpheme, but can constitute
a word on its own.
head: the main constituent of a compound, which may be modified by the compound’s other
constituents.
inflectional morpheme: a bound morpheme that signals a grammatical function and meaning in
a specific sentence, e.g., plural {-s}, past tense {-ed}, comparative {-er}, superlative {-est}
morph: a minimal meaningful form, regardless of whether it is a morpheme or allomorph.
morpheme: the smallest part of a word that has meaning or grammatical function.
prefix: a bound morpheme attached before a root. (return, preview)
root: the basic constituent of a word, to which other morphemes are attached.
suffix: a bound morpheme attached after a root. (spiteful, slowly)