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MORPHOLOGY
BASIC TERMS| TYPES OF MORPHEMES| WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
MORPHOLOGY
 the study of words, how they are formed, and their
relationship to other words in the same language. It
analyzes the structure of words and parts of words
such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes.

M
BASIC TERMS OFMORPHOLOGY
MORPHEMES
 It is the smallest unit of language that contains meaning.
 Itis divided into two and those are the free morpheme and
bound morpheme.

ALLOMORPH
 It is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of
meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing
the meaning. The term allomorph describes the realization
of phonological variations for a specific morpheme.
TWO TYPES OF MORPHEMES
1. FREE MORPHEMES 2. BOUND MORPHEMES
TWO TYPES OF MORPHEMES
1. FREE MORPHEMES
 can stand alone and don't need to be attached to
any other morphemes to get their meaning.
TWO CATEGORIES OF FREE MORPHEMES:

CONTENT WORDS FUNCTION WORDS

 arewords that give us the main  are mostly words that have a
meaning of a sentence, text or functional purpose.
conversation.
 TWO TYPES OF MORPHEMES
2. BOUND MORPHEMES
 cannot stand alone and only occur as parts of words. Unlike free morphemes,
bound morphemes must be connected to another morpheme to create a word.
 are AFFIXES ( Prefixes & Suffixes ) a suffix is an 'ending', used
at the end of one word to
a letter or group of turn it into another word.
letters that is added at
the beginning of a word
to change its meaning.
TWO CATEGORIES OF FREE MORPHEMES:

INFLECTIONAL
 are words that give us the main
MORPHEMES e.g.

meaning of a sentence, text or

conversation.

DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEMES
 bound morphemes that help to e.g. Help (v) + -ful -> Helpful (adj)

create new words and can change Careful (adj) + -ly -> Carefully (adv)
the semantic meaning or lexical
Friend (n) + -ship -> friendship (n)
category of a word.
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
 the branch of Morphology, and it has a significant role in
expanding the vocabulary that helps us communicate very
smoothly. The main objectives of the word-formation
process are to form new words with the same root by
deploying different rules or processes.
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
DERIVATION
 in descriptive linguistics and traditional grammar, the formation of a
word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it.
e.g. Hope(v) + -ful = Hopeful(adjective)

BACK FORMATION
 a word creation process in which prefixes or suffixes are removed
from existing words. This word formation can also be referred to as
back-derivation, as the process is simply taking the existing word and
breaking it down to a simpler form.

e.g. Editor -> Edit

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
COMPOUNDING
 a word formation process that allows words to combine to make a
new word.
 e.g. Sun+Set = Sunset
Ice+ Cream = Icecream
Break+Fast = Breakfast

REPURPOSING/CONVERSION
 taking a word from one context and applying it to another.

e.g. Microwave ( N ) Drive ( V )

Microwave ( V ) Drive ( N )
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
EPONYMS
a new words based on the name of a person or place.
e.g. Sandwich - Earl of Sandwich
Cereal - Ceres

CLIPPED FORMS
 It is the simple process of forming a new word by clipping off part of an existing
word.
e.g. 1. Examination – Exam
2.Influenza - Flu
3.Condominium - Condo
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
ACRONYM
 a word that is made of the initial letters of the phrase. It can be pronounced letter
by letter or a separate word.
e.g. 1.PAG-ASA
2.FYI
3.TGIF
LOANWORDS
 words taken from one language and then incorporated into another language's
vocabulary.

e.g. Greek - Comedy

Italian - Opera
Japanese - Karaoke
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
ONOMATOPOEIA
 when words sound like the noise being described.

e.g. hiss (sound made by a snake)

clap (made by human)

BLENDING
 A combination of two or more words to create a new one, usually by taking
the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one.
e.g. motor + hotel= motel
iPod+ broadcast=podcast
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
REDUPLICATION
 Refers to the repetition of a word to create a new word with modified
meaning.
3 Types
Full reduplication Example: bye- bye
Partial reduplication Example: chit- chat
Rhyming reduplication Example: super- duper
THANK YOU!