ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS REQUIRED BY ELECTRICAL /

ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR

SELF – RELIANCE IN KADUNA STATE

By

ADEOTI ADEROTIMI OLUWASESAN

PG/M. Ed/07/43848

DEPARTMENT OF VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION

)INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION(

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

.MARCH, 2014

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Nigeria as a nation is rapidly growing in population. The demand for food, shelter, clothing

and health care is seriously on the increase. The available white-collar jobs are inadequate to

absorb the teeming youths after graduation from school. By implication, unemployment rate

has been on the increase. The mass unemployment situation has led to series of odd vices like

armed robbery, human trafficking, kidnapping, commercial sex and assassinations all over in

Nigeria. This state of affairs has resulted in instability and insecurity in this country

(Ebenehi & Oguche, 2012). Retirement of men and women from services without a

commensurate replacement into the civil service also cause hardship and abject poverty

among the Nigerian populace. These states of difficulty have threatened the peaceful

existence of the people. For these reasons, there is the need to integrate vocational and

technical education in the Nigerian educational system with a view to emphasize on the

acquisition of practical and applied skills including scientific knowledge. This also led

towards job creation and self-reliant in a bid to reduce or abate the menace of effect of

poverty on the people. This also stresses the fact that vocational and technical education

exposes the learners towards the acquisition of demonstrative skills which could be

transformed into economic benefit. The economic development of any nation depends solely

on the interrelatedness of learners on entrepreneurship, technical and vocational education

and training (Ojidu, 2011). The reason is because; it creates business and employment

opportunities for the youths. Infusing from the above, it implies that the stated objectives and

quality of instruction at all levels of education with Technical and Vocational Education

inclusive, need to be revigorated and revitalized by training and imparting the necessary

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skills to individual youths who shall be self-reliant economically. The main aim here is to

produce students that will be self-dependent. This therefore makes it necessary for the

effective teaching of technical and vocational education as its graduates or products are likely

to be equipped with needed marketable skills for free entry in the world of work (Daluba,

2009). For this reasons, vocational and technical education as inclined technology

education should be effectively catered for through improved methodology in the

process of transmitting knowledge which is goal directed entrepreneurially as a way of

becoming self-employed (Olowe, 2008). For technology education to gain globalization,

it should be entrepreneurship oriented (United National Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2006).

Electrical/electronic technology education is a programme of study that is offered in

tertiary institutions like colleges of education, polytechnics and universities. The courses in

the programme are given to the undergraduates of such institutions to equip them to

face the challenges of employment or unemployment that comes after their graduation.

Electrical/electronic technology education programme was designed to provide, training for

persons interested in the trade areas among which are installation and maintenance of

electrical and electronics systems found in residential, commercial and industrial

buildings. The programmes which graduate of electrical/electronic technology went

through are meant to train them as competent teachers in their area on to be

employed in industries or become successful entrepreneurs. This is in accordance with

the objectives of university education as contained in National Policy of Education

(2013) which states that university education should mark optimum contribution to

national development by:

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 a) Intensifying and diversifying its programmes for the development of high-level

manpower within the context of the needs of the nation;

b) Making professional course content reflect our national requirements;

c) Making all students part of a general programme of all-round improvement in

university education, to offer general study courses such as history of ideas,

philosophy of knowledge, nationalism, and information technology (IT); and

d) Making entrepreneurial skills acquisition a requirement for all Nigerian universities.

To be employed or become successful entrepreneur in any of the field areas of teaching

education, graduates of electrical/electronic technology need to acquire certain

competencies and skills to enable them to contribute their bits in the overall development of

the country. Hence, Onoh (2013) posited that graduates of technology programmes must

possess some degree of competence in managerial, technical, information and

communication technology (ICT) and financial accounting competencies to become

successful entrepreneur. Recipient of technology education may find themselves working

in the industries as technologists, in the teaching profession as teachers/lecturers

or become self-employed as entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurship training therefore in the opinion of Akinola (2001), is a programme that

prepares individual to undertake formation and or operation of small business enterprise

which also include franchise operation for the purpose of performing all business function

Entrepreneurship training therefore in the opinion of Akinola (2001), is a programme that

prepares individual to undertake formation and or operation of small business enterprise

which also include franchise operation for the purpose of performing all business function

An entrepreneur on the other hand, is a person who assumes the responsibility and the risk of

a business operation with the expectation of making profit (Anusa, 2010). Also, Nwachukwu

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(2005) sees an entrepreneur as dreamer and ambitious risk taker who love to make things

happen. Anusa and Nwachukwu have the same view about entrepreneurs, about their ability

to take risk and utilize all available opportunities to maximize profit.

In another development, Osula (2004) viewed an entrepreneur as a good human relations

officer that require good human relations to attracts and maintain customers. In that way,

customers are responded or attended to with great effort to make them come again.

Thus, a successful entrepreneur achieves its objectives by talking to or relating to

customers calmly, cordially and respectfully to make them feel happy and at ease. To

achieve this quality, entrepreneurs must possess entrepreneurial competencies to fall back

on in order to succeed in the business. This is in line with Deebom and Baridoma (2017) who

assert that an entrepreneur is an individual with skills and competence to promotes

employment rather than seeking for an employment.It was further buttressed that an

entrepreneur through entrepreneurial education enhances job creation to reduce

unemployment among graduates upon graduation.

The attribute of the entrepreneurs to succeed in a business venture is known as

entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial competencies are acquired through entrepreneurship

education and training. It is through entrepreneurship education that entrepreneurial

competencies are acquired. Therefore, competency is the ability of an individual to carry out

certain activities or specific jobs effectively. Competency in a specified trade leads to

possession of skill.

On the other hand, Atsumbe in Igbojionu (2018) described skills as knowledge and

proficiency required in the accomplishment of engineering, scientific or any specific task.

Skill according to Deebom and Taylor (2020) is described as the ability of an

individual to be able to carry out a specialized area in entrepreneurial trade expertly

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for self-reliance. To this end, it will not be an over statement to say skills acquisition

is a programme made up of various kinds of skills to provide basic and special

training/skills and capacity building/empowerment or the upliftment and well-being of an

individual or a people (Adofu,2013). Deebom and Okwelle (2015) aver that skill acquisition

should be tailored and directed towards the youths as they are seen as the frontline for

development both rural and urban.

Technical skills are the abilities to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. Osinem (2008)

defined technical skills as skills that require a good understanding and proficiency in a

specific activity, particularly one involving methods, procedures or technique and processes.

According to Ogbuanya and Fakorede (2009), technical skill is the ability to do something

expertly and well, in accordance to set standard or manufacturers’ instruction. Technical

skills are those specialized knowledge and ability required of entrepreneurs to perform the

primary task inherent in a particular supervisory position. All jobs required some specialized

expertise and many people develop their technical skills on the job. Vocational and on job

training program can be used to develop this type of skills. Potential entrepreneur in electrical

installation and maintenance works must possess technical skills too in addition to other

relevant entrepreneurial skills.

Technical colleges are regarded as the principal vocational institution in Nigeria that gives

full vocational training intended to prepare students for entry into various occupations.

Technical colleges train students in auto mechanic, plumbing, carpentry, welding and

fabrication, electrical installation and maintenance works. In the technical colleges, electrical

installation and maintenance works is taught with emphasis geared towards training the

students on acquisition of appropriate knowledge and the necessary practical skills in

electrical installation and maintenance works trade through electrical technology teacher.

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Electrical technology teachers at technical college level are regarded as experience and

qualified skilled personnels who have the ability to impart knowledge and useful skills to the

students in the classroom, laboratory or workshop to make them self reliant after graduation.

Electrical graduates are trainees who had completed technical college’s programme in

electrical installation and maintenance works who have opportunities to secure employment

either at the end of whole course or after completing one or two modules of employable skills

or set up their own business and become self employed and be able to employ

others(FRN,2004).

Therefore, entrepreneurial skills required by electrical/electronic graduates of technical

education for self-reliance or self-employment include managerial, technical and

interpersonal skills. The competency need of graduates of technology education arises as a

result of technology changes rising more rapidly all over the world. Technological needs of

the industries appear to grow faster than the training and improvement training programmes

in the institutions. International Labour Organization (ILO, 2012) noted that this slackwas

as a result of lack of proper technology orientation for the graduates of

electrical/electronics, lack of proper human development programmes and absence of

modern facilitates for training the graduates to meet up with the changing needs of the

industries. This prompted the study on assessment of entrepreneurship skills required by

electrical/electronic technology students of technical education for self-reliance in

Rivers State. Statement of the ProblemIt appears that most of the graduates of higher

institutions lack the necessary skills and competencies that would enable them to

becomeself-reliant. The evidence is the high rate of unemployment among the

graduates of tertiary institutions, electrical/electronic technology education inclusive

(Igbojionu, 2018). This showed that such graduate lacks relevant skills and

competencies for self-employment and job creation. Therefore, it is against this backdrop that

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the researchers set out to assess entrepreneurship skills required by electrical/electronic

technology students of technical education for self-reliance in Rivers State.

Statement of the Problem

It appears that most of the graduates of higher institutions lack the necessary skills

and competencies that would enable them to becomeself-reliant. The evidence is the

high rate of unemployment among the graduates of tertiary institutions,

electrical/electronic technology education inclusive (Igbojionu, 2018). This showed that

such graduate lacks relevant skills and competencies for self-employmentand job creation.

Therefore, it is against this backdrop that the researchersset out to assess entrepreneurship

skills required by electrical/electronic technology students of technical education for self-

reliance in Rivers State.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to assess entrepreneurship skills required by

electrical/electronic technology students of technical education for self-reliance in Rivers

State. Objectively, this study seeks to find out;

1. Managerial skills required by electrical/electronic technology education students for

self-reliance in Rivers State.

2. Technical skills required by electrical/electronic technology education students for

self-reliance in Rivers State.

3. Interpersonal skills required by electrical/electronic technology education graduates

for self-reliance in Rivers State.

Research Questions

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The following research questions were answered to guide the study.

1. What are the managerial skills required by electrical/electronic technology education

students for self-reliance in Kaduna State?

2. What are the technical skills required by electrical/electronic technology education

students for self-reliance in Kaduna State?

3. What are the interpersonal skills required by electrical/electronic education

students for self-reliance in Kaduna State?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be of immersed benefit to students, graduates, technical

teachers, curriculum planners, National Board for Technical Education, National Business

and Technical Examination Board, policy makers, society and government. The students of

electrical installation and maintenance work will benefit from the findings of the study if

identified entrepreneurial skills are incorporated into the curriculum of technical colleges.

These skills will be used to train the students, they will acquire it and graduate will be able to

set up their own businesses and earn a living. The identified skills could be also used to

retrain graduates of electrical installation and maintenance works at skills acquisition centres.

The technical teachers will also benefit from the findings of this study. The findings could be

used to organize workshops and seminars for electrical technology teachers in order to build

their capacity for effective implementation of entrepreneurial skills in technical colleges. This

study will serves as an eye opener to them thereby making the teachers to know the necessary

entrepreneurial skills that can make students to be self reliance. Based on the findings,

teachers can write textbooks that will bring income to their families. Teachers of electrical

technology can adopt the findings of the study for teaching and this will less their jobs in

preparing fresh less notes.

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 Parents will also benefit from the findings of the study if implemented. Their wards will

graduate with enough entrepreneurial skills to set up their businesses. These wards will now

have money to take care of themselves and their parents or even entire families. Curriculum

planners and policy makers, National Board for Technical Education and National Business

and Technical Examination Board, will also benefit from the findings of the study. They will

adopt the findings of the study without conducting fresh study on the aspect of

entrepreneurial skills to be incorporated in the deficient curriculum of technical colleges.

The society will also benefit from the findings of the study. When technical college students

are well-trained and equipped with entrepreneurial skills, the society will now have crop of

skilled technical college graduates to repair and maintain all kinds of malfunction electrical

and electronics equipment belong to the members of society. Also the incidence of robbery,

hooliganism, burglary and other social vices will be minimal if not totally eradicated.

Finally, findings of the study will also benefit the Government. The cost of training of these

technical colleges’ students by government will not be a waste because the graduates will be

self employed and contribute their quota to technological and economic development of the

nation.

Scope of the Study

The study was delimited to entrepreneurial skills required by electrical / electronic

technology students of technical education for self-reliance in Kaduna State. Technical skills,

marketing skills, management skills, financial management skills and communication skills

needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works were specifically

identified. Other skills in electrical installation and maintenance works such as problem

solving skills, and decision making skills were not identified.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of literature to this study was organized under the following sub headings:
1. Conceptual Framework

• Concept of entrepreneurship

• Entrepreneurial skills

• Technical skills in electrical installation and maintenance work

• Marketing skills in electrical installation and maintenance work

• Management skills in electrical installation and maintenance work

• Financial management skills in electrical installation and maintenance work

• Communication skills in electrical installation and maintenance work

• Electrical installation and maintenance works in the technical colleges

2. Theoretical Framework

• Occupation theory

• Occupation theory of value

• Occupation theory of body of knowledge

3. Review of Related Empirical Studies

4. Summary of Review of Related Literature

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Conceptual Framework

Various concepts in this work were discussed thus:

Concept of entrepreneurship

The word entrepreneurship is widely used today. However, offering a specific and

ambiguous definition of entrepreneurship is still challenging. This is not because the

definition is not available, but because there are too many, and even these definitions rarely

agree with each other on some essential characteristics of entrepreneurship. For instance,

Kinbly in Inegbenagbor (1989) defined entrepreneurship as willingness and ability of an

individual to seek out investment opportunities, to establish and run an enterprise

successfully. According to Gana (2001), entrepreneurship is the willingness and the ability of

an individual to seek out investment opportunities in an environment and be able to establish

and run an enterprise successfully based on the identified opportunities. Hisrich (2002),

defined entrepreneurship as the process of creating something different with value by

devoting the necessary time and effort; assuming the accompanying financial, psychological

and social risk; and receiving the resultant rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction.

A more expanded definition of entrepreneurship was given by the entrepreneurship centre of

Miami University of Ohio as cited by Aliyu (2008) as the process of identifying, developing

and bringing a vision to life. The vision may be an innovative idea, an opportunity, or simply

a better way to do something. The end result of this process is the creation of new venture,

formed under conditions of risk and considerable uncertainty.

However, Nwafor (2007), posited that entrepreneurship is the creation of new enterprise that

gives value to humanity by filling up neglected areas. On the other Leabert in Ezeudu

(2008) defined entrepreneurship as a process of organizing and managing of business.

Through entrepreneurship education students of electrical installation and maintenance works

can be exposed to wide range of business skills. That means the new enterprise created must

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give value to humanity or fill up a yearning vacuum left unfilled. The individual who creates

the new enterprise is therefore called entrepreneur.

The Entrepreneur

The factor of production which coordinates other aspect of production is entrepreneur.

According to Gana (2001), the word entrepreneur was derived from a 17th century French

word Enstreprendre meaning undertaking. He said further that the word was use to describe

people who understood military expedition. Later on word entrepreneur was applied to

people that undertook contracts on high profile government projects such as construction of

roads, bridges etc. Kibly in Inegbenegbor (1989), defined entrepreneur as an individual who

has the willingness and ability to seek out investment opportunities, establish and run an

enterprise successfully. According to Miami University of Ohio in Aliyu (2008), entrepreneur

is an individual that identifies, develops and brings vision to life under condition of risk and a

considerable uncertainty. The vision may be an innovative idea, an opportunity or simply a

better way to do something. Usman (2006) defined entrepreneur as an innovator who

implements changes within a market by carrying out of new combinations. He stated further

that, carrying out of the new combinations can take several forms; the introduction of a new

good or quality thereof; the introduction of new method of production; opening of a new

market; the congress of new source of supply of new materials or parts; the carrying out of

the new organization of any industry. However, Osuala (2009), viewed entrepreneur as a

person that self employed. He stated further that owner of small businesses are entrepreneurs

because they have chosen to assume risks, identify business opportunities, gather resources,

initiate action and establish organization to meet some demands of market opportunity. In all

these definitions, an entrepreneur is a person who manages human and materials resources for

the pursuit of prestige and economic reward.

Also one could deduce four characteristics of entrepreneur:

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 • He organizes production processes which produces goods and service

• He is a risk-taker, he ventures where others fear to tread

• He is often a deviant or non-conformist and

• He is a decision-maker.

The management of electrical enterprise is therefore, viewed as active process of

decision making to ensure a planned and controlled use of available input resources (land,

labour and capital) to achieve the profit motive as a reward of electrical entrepreneur. In

addition to decision making Olajide and Heady (1992), opined that entrepreneur function

include setting objectives, planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating of production

processes in order to maximum profit. Thus electrical installation and maintenance work as a

skill based trade is a means through which entrepreneurial skills can be developed.

Entrepreneurial skills

Entrepreneurial skills are necessary skills needed to succeed in any engineering trade, most

especially electrical installation and maintenance works. Entrepreneurial skills according to

Adeyemo (2009) are developed competencies required to initiate and sustain a business

venture. They are basic skills necessary to enable you start, develop, finance and succeed in

business. Salgado-banda (2005), viewed entrepreneurial skills as abilities to have self-belief,

boldness, for internal management and external advancement of the firm in all aspects.

Olagunju (2004), described Entrepreneurial skills as the ability of an individual to exploit an

idea and create enterprise (small or big) not only for personal gain but also for social and

development gains. Hisrich and Peters (2002), also described Entrepreneurial skills as the

ability to create something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort,

assuming the accompanying financial, psychic and social risks, and receiving the resulting

rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence. Therefore Rychem and

Solagnik (2003) noted that entrepreneurial skills are acquired through tanning that

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emphasizes the acquisition and development of appropriate knowledge and skills that will

enable an individual to maximize the resources around him within the limits of his capability.

Entrepreneurial skills consist of effective utilization of ideals, information and facts that help

a learner developed competencies, marketing, services, or being productive employee of

organizations (Olibie and Obidike, 2008). In this study, Entrepreneurial skills are the basic

skills require to enable students of electrical installation and maintenance work in the

technical colleges start, develop, finance, and succeed in electrical enterprises and these are

require by the students through entrepreneurship training.

Advocacy for skill manpower needs for Nigeria economic, industrial and technology

development and retarding fate of paid employment demands that students of electrical

installation and maintenance work and other vocational trades in the technical college should

possess adequate entrepreneurial skills for the pursuit of self-reliant and employer of labour.

According to Aina (2000), described training of the students to acquire entrepreneurial skills

as the surest way of coping in a distressed and depressed society. In the opinion of Ogwo

(2004) entrepreneurial skills deficiency has been implicated for failure of some technical

colleges’ products who venture into self employment.

In addition Walden in Agbogidi (2007), stressed that business failure can be attributed to

many factors such as economic, personal condition, owner’s lack of managerial skills and

personal qualifications to operate a business. Therefore, students of electrical installation and

maintenance work in technical colleges need training on entrepreneurship so that they can be

a potential entrepreneur in electrical trade. Amaewhuke in Agbogidi (2007) emphasized the

need for apprentices to be taught basic entrepreneurial skills because most of them after

training establish their own business and also engage in training others.

Hence for students of electrical installation and maintenance work in the technical colleges

to operate successfully an electrical enterprise, there are five basic skills they must really

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have to function effectively as an electrical entrepreneur. These skills are: technical skills,

marketing skills, management skills, financial management skills and communication skills.

Technical skills

Technical skills is one of the entrepreneurial skills, a potential electrical entrepreneur must

possess to succeed in electrical enterprises. Lyons (2002) described technical skills as the

skills necessary to be successful one’s line of business. According to Osinem (2008),

technical skills are skills require a good understand and proficiency in a specific activity,

particular one involving methods, procedures or techniques and processes. He started further

that, technical skills can be acquired through learning. Ogbuanya and Fakorede (2009),

described technical skills as the ability to do something expertly and well, in accordance to

set standard or manufacturers’ instruction. Katz (2009) viewed technical skills as one of the

essential skills needed by manager and entrepreneur. According to him, technical skills are

knowledge and proficiency in a certain specialized field, such as engineering, computers,

financial and managerial, accounting, or manufacturing.

Technical skills are those specialized knowledge and ability required of

entrepreneurs to perform the primary task inherent in a particular supervisory position. All

jobs required some specialized and many people develop their technical skills on the job.

Vocational and on job training program can be used to develop this type of skills. According

to Hisrich and Peter (2002), technical skills include writing, oral communication, monitoring

environment, technical business management, technology, interpersonal, listening, ability to

organize, network building, management style, coaching and being a team player.

Osuala (2004) said that, the prospective small business manager should have adequate

technical ability – a working knowledge of the physical operation of the business, sufficient

conceptual ability, the power to visualize, co-ordinate and integrate the various operation of

the business into a synergistic whole and an ample interpersonal ability, the skill to manage

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the people in the organization and to motivate them to higher level of performance. He went

further to explain that adequate experience and special attitude are very important in the

fields of business. Therefore potential entrepreneur in electrical installation and maintenance

works must possess technical skills.

According to Okeke (2002), to possess skill is to demonstrate the habit of acting, thinking

and behaving in a specific activity in such a way that the process becomes natural to the

individual through repetition or practices. More so, skill development and improvement is

very important in harnessing a nation’s natural resources. This is because skill acquisition and

its improvement help in developing and advancing intrinsic potentials in individuals. In

support of this, Osuala (2004) asserted that most technical skills training actually present

great challenges to the learner by integrating practical work, theoretical knowledge,

commonsense, observation ability and encouragement in an occupation.

Technical skills can be acquired in technical colleges. According to Okoro (2006), technical

colleges are regarded as the principal vocational institution in Nigeria which is designed to

prepare the individual to acquire practical skills, knowledge, and attitude require of

technician at sub-professional level. Okoro stated further that the technical colleges give full

craftsmen training intended to prepare students for entry into various occupations. Technical

colleges train craftsmen levels in occupation areas among which include electrical installation

and maintenance works.

The graduates of technical colleges in Ondo State who are suppose to be self employed

ended up in riding commercial motorcycle called Okada because they lack technical skills

that make them secure employment or self reliant. Okoro (2006), remarked that the products

of technical institution do not have the knowledge and skills that will enable them to take up

the available jobs, the insufficient colleges training in term of technical skills required of the

various occupation in electrical installation and maintenance work trade has caused failure of

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technical college graduates to secure paid employment. Entrepreneurial skills deficiency

according to Ogwo (2004), also implicated for the failure of some technical colleges

graduates that might have ventured into self employment. Therefore, for students of electrical

installation and maintenance works to be self employed and employed others, they must

acquire technical skills which is one of the entrepreneurial skills.

Marketing skills

A business can have excellent products and services but without effective marketing will

ultimately fail. A potential electrical entrepreneur must possess marketing skills in order to

market his products to his customers. Marketing skills according to

Osinem (2008), are the skills which an individual acquire and that enables him keep a job.

Marketable implies easy to sell, attractive to customers or employers. He explained further

that marketing skills are those skills that make individuals readily saleable in the labour

market. Richard et al (1991) said that marketing involves identifying relevant markets

accurately, communicating effectively with potential customers, users, or donors, and

maintaining a sensitivity to respond effectively to the marketing place.

Marketing according to Stanton (1981) is the total system of business activities designed to

plan, price, promote and distribute want satisfying goods and services to present and potential

customer. Baker (1981), considered marketing as a mutually satisfying relationship. He

defined marketing as a process of exchange between individual and/or organization that is

concluded on the mutual benefit and satisfaction of parties. Kotler (1988) defines marketing

as a social and management process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need

and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. According to

McCarthy in Nwafor (2007), marketing is the performance of business activities that direct

the flows of goods and services from producer to consumer or user in order to satisfy

customers.

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 The British institute of marketing in Anugwom (2007), defined marketing as the

management function which organizes and directs all those business activities involved in

assessing and converting consumers purchasing into effective demand for specific product or

service, and in moving the product or service to the final consumer or user so as to achieve

the profit target or other objectives set by the company. Usman (2006) classified definition of

marketing into two; production oriented and customer oriented. The production oriented

definitions focus on the flow of goods and services for the satisfaction of the consumers’

needs. Among such definitions is the one given by the American Marketing Association

(AMA, 1985). The association defined marketing as business activities that ensure the flow

of goods and services from the producer to the consumer or user.

As for the consumer oriented definitions, their focus is on the identification or creation of

needs and effective satisfaction of such needs. In that perspective, Stanlon (1981) defined

marketing as creation and delivery of standard of living, which involves finding out what

customers want, then planning and developing a product or service that will satisfy these

wants and finally determined the best way to price, promote and distribute it.

From the two definitions, it can be understood that marketing involves the identification or

creation of the rights needs, getting the right products or services to the right people, at the

right time, at the right place through the right channels and the right forms of promotion.

Therefore, marketing deal with activities that have to do with the identification and the

creation of consumer needs, the production of the right goods or services and devising

effective strategies for the satisfaction of the identified or created needs and market is used in

referring to a place where sellers and buyers gather for exchange of goods and services. The

scope of market is people and the scope of marketing, are activities in area of consumer

needs, production, pricing, promotion, distribution etc.

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Marketing mix is one of the fundamental effective concepts associated with the marketing

process. According to Needle (1994), marketing mix generally refers to an overall marketing

strategy which involves the manipulation of four key elements. Nwafor (2007) described

marketing mix as the combination of four major ingredients: products, price, place and

distribution. Usman (2008) referred variables of the mixture as marketing mix elements. The

elements, often referred to as the 4ps, are product, pricing, placement and promotion.

Product

The entrepreneur’s first marketing task is to decide on the goods or services that will attract

customers. The key to determine those customers’ needs and wants are translated into

desirable products. Product according to Stanton (1981) is a set of tangible and intangible

activities even packaging, colour, price, manufacturer’s prestige, retailers, service, which the

buyer may accept as offering satisfaction of wants and needs. Kotler (2001), defined products

as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that

might satisfy a need, or want. He stated further that a product can be tangible or intangible.

Pricing

Pricing refers to the process of determining the monetary value of goods or services

produced (Usman 2006), while price is the actual monetary value of goods or services. The

entrepreneur will be very careful here because of the sensitivity of the society’s response.

Usman (2008) said that the following factor should be considered when determining price for

commodities: the demand of the goods or services, competition, cost of production, general

economic climate etc. He stated further that entrepreneurs can determine the price of the

enterprise’s product mainly based on the cost production (cost oriented pricing) or the level

of the demand of the product (demand oriented pricing).

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Placement

The third element in the marketing mix is placement or distribution. Usman (2008), defined

placement or distribution as the process of moving the product or all the actions needed with

doing the business.

Management skills

Basic knowledge in management is needed at initial stage of running an enterprise and

also later during the development stage. At the beginning, the management of an enterprise is

carried out by the entrepreneur who must perform all the actions needed required for the

business Crises occur when the enterprise is successfully expanding and the entrepreneur is

not capable of running it due to lack of needed knowledge and managerial skills.

Potential entrepreneur must have knowledge and skills of management for efficient and

effective in managing enterprises. Aliyu (2008) stated that entrepreneurs that have not

participated in the management of other enterprises before establishing theirs will be lacking

in managerial experience. He stated further that absence of such experience will limit the

problem solving ability of the entrepreneur.

Osuala (2000) defined management as an active process of decision making on the

use of human and material resources of an organization through the coordinated performance

of the primary element of management such as planning, organizing and controlling

activities. Koontz and Weighrich (2005) also defined management as the process of designing

and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups efficiently

accomplish selected aims. Osinem (2008), described management as the co-ordination of all

the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing and

controlling in order to attain organizational objectives. Nwafor (2007) categorized

management into: personnel management, materials management, purchasing management,

money management and machinery management.

21
 Management according to Wikipedia (2010) is the acts of getting people together to

accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. He stated further that

management comprises of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Planning

Planning is the foundation area of management. It is the base upon which all the areas of

management should be built. Planning requires administration to assess; where the company

is presently set, and where it would be in the upcoming. From there an appropriate course of

action is determined and implemented to attain the company’s goals and objectives.

Planning is unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies where companies

have to face. Something they are uncontrollable. You can say that they pessimistically.

Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action in

accomplishing certain goals. This kind of preparation, arrangement is known as strategic

planning. In strategic planning, management is analyzed inside and outside factors that may

affect the company and so objectives and goals. Here they should have a study of strengths

and weakness opportunities and threats. For management to do this efficiently, it has to be

very practical and ample.

Organizing

The second function of the management is getting prepared, getting organized. Management

must organize all its resources well before putting into practice the course of action to decide

that has been planned in the base function. Through this process, management will now

determine the base function. Through this process, management will now determine the

inside directorial configuration; establish and maintain relationships, and also assign required

resources. While determining the inside directorial configuration, management ought to look

at the different divisions or departments. They also see to the harmonization of staff, and try

to find out the best way to handle the important tasks and expenditure of information within

22
the company. Management determines the division of work according to its need. It also has

to decide for suitable departments to hand over authority and responsibilities.

Directing

Directing is the third function of the management. Working under this function helps the

management to control and supervise the action of the staff. This helps them to assist the staff

in achieving the company’s goals and also accomplishing their personal or career goals which

can be powered by motivation, communication, department dynamics, and department

leadership.

Employees those which are highly provoked generally surpass in their job performance and

also play important role in achieving the company’s goal. And here lies the reason why

managers focus on motivating their employees. They come about with prize and incentive

programs based on job performance and geared in the direction of the employees

requirements.

It is very important to maintain a productive working environment, building positive

interpersonal relationships, and problem solving. And this can be done only with effective

communication. Understanding the communication process and working on area that need

improvement, help managers to become more effective communicators. The finest technique

of findings the areas that requires improvement is to ask themselves and others at regular

intervals, how well they are doing. This leads to better relationship and helps the managers

for better directing plans.

Controlling

Control, the last of four functions of management, includes establishing performance

standards which are of course based on the company’s objectives. It also involves evaluating

and reporting of actual job performance. When these points are studied by the management

23
then it is necessary to compare both the things. This study on comparison of both decides

further corrective and preventive actions.

In an effort of solving performance problems, management should higher standards. They

should straightforward speak to the employee or department having problem. On the

contrary, if there are inadequate resources or disallow other external factors standard from

being attained, management had to lower their standard as per requirement. The controlling

processes as in comparison with other three, is unending process or say continuous process.

With this, management can make out any probable problems. It helps them in taking

necessary preventive measures against the consequences. Management can also recognize

any further developing problems that need corrective actions.

Effective and efficient management leads to success, the success where it attains the

objectives and goals of the organizations. Of course for achieving the ultimate goal and aim

management need to work creatively in problem solving in all the four functions.

Management not only has to see the needs of accomplishing the goals but also has to look in

to the process that their way is feasible for the company.

Financial Management Skills

Potential entrepreneur or manager must have knowledge of finance. Agbogidi (2007),

comments that financial as well as non financial managers can benefits from knowledge of

finance. Finance according to Wikipedia (2010) is the science of fund management. He stated

further that finance comprises of business finance, personal finance, and public finance.

Nwafor (2007), classified finance into two parts: namely, the sourcing of funds and the

utilization of funds so sourced, Anugwom (2002) described finance as nothing more that how

money is obtained to finance business and how it should be used to ensure the success of the

enterprise. A potential electrical entrepreneur must have skill in financial managements that

is ability to manage financial aspect of an electrical enterprise.

24
 According to Wikipedia (2010), Financial Management is the process of managing the

financial resources, including accounting and financial reporting, budgeting, collecting

accounts receivable, risk management, and insurance for a business. He stated further that

financial management system for a small business includes both how you are financing it as

well as how you manage the money in the business. Anugwom (2007), defined financial

management as the process of planning, controlling, and co-ordination of the activities of the

organization in the provision and effective utilization of funds. It concerns prudent

appropriation of funds in a manner consistent with the attainment of set objectives. Pandy

(2004), opined that financial management is concerned with the planning and controlling of

firms resources.

In addition, Zedire (2002), suggest that financial management practice is concerned

with analyzing financial performance, identify ways of use of resources efficiently and

finding creative ways to use resources to generate additional resources. Therefore, financial

management is that part of the accounting and finance that has to do with the financial of

organization activities.

Financial management, according to Pandy (2004), covers three broad areas which

are:
i) Financial Decision: That is the decision about where the money for running the enterprise

or organization is going to from. It is possible in some instances for funds to have been

generated internally through the initial capital provided for the enterprise together with

retained profits while in some cases it may have to be sourced externally which are

categorized into:

• Short Term sources: Trade creditors facilities, Bank borrowing, trade bills, depreciation

of fixed assets

25
• Medium Term Sources: Hire purchase and leases.

• Long Term Sources: Shares, debentures retained earnings, sale and lease back.
ii) The Investment Decision: This is the decision about what to do with the money that is

obtained from the various sources. This will require a careful analysis of various

investment opportunities that are available to the entrepreneur. David, Staven, Jeff, and

Rick (2004), according to them investment decisions could be made under the

following activities; management working capital, evaluation of new optimal capital

structure and valuation of company for mergers and takeovers.

iii) Dividend Decision: These are decisions about how the profit accruing from the various

investments are going to be utilized. Profits are either reinvested or returned to their

owners or creditors. In general, dividends decisions are not over influenced by;

Government restriction, withholding tax on dividends, need or desire for growth,

industry averages, liquidity position and preference of shareholders.

iv) In another development, Needle (1994), indicted that management accounting

is the application of accounting techniques to provide management with the information

to assist in processes of planning and controls the use of funds in organizations. It

involves such activities as budgeting, costing investment appraisal and management of

cash flows.

v) Budgeting and budgeting control: Aidan and Robin in Agbodigi (2007), said

that budget is a quantitative statement of expectations concerning the allocation of

resources and performance. Budgets are used in many different ways: to allocate funds

and supplies, as a means of delegating management authority, as target to motivate

employees and a means of control of both spending and performance.

26
 vi) Cost accounting; Cost accounting involves the analysis and allocation of costs.

Cost involves papers transactions between different units in an organization which

entrepreneur need to understand.

vii) Investment Appraisal: Capital involvement involves the commitment of funds

with the expectation of acceptable earnings in the future. Needle (1994), explained that

variety of investment appraisal methods have been devised, these include, payback, rate

of return, Net Present Value (NPV) and yield.

Electrical entrepreneur need to know how, when and where to invest for future

financial reward. Pandy (2004), maintained that management of cash flows is concerned with

the movement of cash into and out of the organization. Needle (1994), said that financial

reporting involves the collection and presentation of data for use in financial management and

management accounting. Osuala (2004), emphasized that entrepreneur has to make firm

decision to establish a record keeping and accounting period which has to be one calendar

year ending 31st December or one financial year of 12 months ending on the last day of any

month. He explained that simple, valuable, accurate, consistent procedure should be designed

to provide information on a timely base. He suggested the following as the basic financial

records to be kept by an entrepreneur.

• Journals
• Ledger
• Balance Sheet
• Sales Document
• Other business records

Needle (1994), opined that accounting record and information is particularly useful to

management in the planning, organizing and controlling of organization resources. Financial

management is the vehicle through which success and survival of enterprises is determined.

27
Electrical entrepreneur must understand the complexity surrounding the sources, security and

multiplication of fund invested in electrical enterprise.

Communication Skills

A communication skill is the ability to express oneself and understand others so that ideas

can be shared. According to Rao (2007), communication skill is the ability or skill to transfer

one’s thought, ideas and information from the sender to the receiver with the latter begin

understood the same effectively and efficiently. A communication skill is also defined as set

of skills that enables a person to convey information so that it is received and understood.

Therefore, communication is the transfer of ideas from the sender to the receivers.

Bankin and Aronoff in Nwafor (2007) defined communication as the exchange of messages

between people for the purpose of achieving common meanings. He stated further that unless

meanings are shared, managers find it extremely difficult to influence others. Rao (2007) in

his work defined communication as the process of exchange of information from the sender

to the receiver and vice versa. According to Wikipedia (2010), Communication is a process

whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a

receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a

feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and an intended recipient;

however the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at

the time of communication in order for the act of communication to occur. Communication

requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory

means, such as speech, song and tone of voice, and there are non verbal means, such as body

language, sign language, touch, eye contact, through media, i.e., pictures, graphic and sound,

and writing. Nwachukwu in Ajayi and Ayodele (2002) defined communication as the process

by which meanings are perceived and understanding reached among human beings whether

28
in terms of written or spoken words, silence, use of eyes, smiling or frowning, head shaking

in approval, disapproval, gestures, facial expressions, body posturing etc. Harbison and

Coleman in Agbogidi (2007) said that communication is the transfer of information from a

sender to a receiver, with the information being understood by receiver. Any useful and

meaning definition of communication must contain the sender, transmission of information,

the receiver and the understanding of the information by the receiver.

Communication can be vertical, or horizontal. Vertical communication is communication that

involves a message exchange between two or more levels of the organization hierarchy. Thus

vertical communication can involves a manager and a subordinate or can involve several

layers of the hierarchy. It can flow in a downward or an upward direction. Downward

communication is the communication that flows from a higher level to one or more lower

levels in the organization. Upward communication flows from a lower level to one or more

higher levels in the organization while, horizontal communication flows from a lower level

to one or more higher level in the organization while, horizontal while, horizontal

communication is the lateral or diagonal message exchange either within work unit

boundaries, involving peers who report to the same supervisor, cross work unit boundaries,

involving individuals, who report to different supervisors.

From all the explanation given above, communication can be concluded to be an idea, sign,

feeling, information and message that is transmitted by a sender through a channel to a

receiver. The main objective of any communication act is to exchange information for a

possible reaction. Good communication skills, both oral and written are essential.

Entrepreneur should be able to convince others that their ideas are worthy of support. They

also need to explain to others what their jobs involve and what the goals of the venture are in

order to motivate these people to work effectively.

Types of Communication

29
 Communication can be broadly divided into three: verbal, nonverbal and written

communication. In all the forms, there is always the communicator and receiver.

Verbal Communication

In verbal communication, the flow of communication, which is transferred orally to

level, and it is the most effective one as one can communicate effectively with one’s body

language so as to have profound impact on the receiver. It involves transmission of words and

also involves the interaction between the communicators.

Non Verbal Communication

This involves the use of signs and non verbal expression. It could louder than voice, for

example, a pet at back expresses friendliness and appreciation more that words. In the same

vein, frustration can be indicated immediately by tight fixing of teeth. Other forms of non

verbal communication facial movement, and body movement.

Written Communication

Written communication deals with a written message from an individual or group to

another individual or group. It could be in form of letters, memos, reports, petition, minutes,

notices and so on. If there is a need to record the information in black and white, and then

people go for written communication in which the communication is through mass mailing in

written form.

The communication flow in the organization

In an effective organization, communication flow in various direction: downward, upward

and crosswise.

Down ward Communication

30
Downward communication flows from people at higher level to those at lower levels in an

organization hierarchy. This kind of communication exists especially in an organization with

an authoritarian atmosphere.

The kinds of media used for downward oral communication include instructions, speeches,

meetings, the telephone, loudspeaker, and even the gravevine. Examples of written

downward communication are memoranda, letters, handbooks, pamphlets, policy statements,

procedure, and electronic news displays. It is done to pass on the decisions and policies of the

company to the cadres.

Upwards communication

Upward communication travels from subordinates to superior and continues up to the

organizational hierarchy. It is through this means that ideas, requests, suggestions,

grievances, criticisms, demands on work place problems replies to queries are fed back to the

higher echelon of authority from the lower cadre.

It is more of a feedback device, which supplies information about how people have reacted

or responded to the communication passed to them by their managers. If encouraged, it can

boost the employees’ confidence and morale as well as enhance productivity.

The four major types of information involved in upwards communication are as follows:
• The level of performance and achievement of employees;

• Identification of any unresolved problems and issues faced by employees;

• Ideas and suggestion for improvement in an organization and

• How employees feel about their jobs, fellow employees and the organization

Nwafor (2007) in his work said entrepreneurs should always encourage upward

communication in order to promote good human relations. It is through this means that

31
management monitors the feeling of employees and takes appropriate action to correct what

would otherwise lead to costly labour management’s dispute.

Crosswise Communication

In crosswise communication, the flow of information is from one level to any other level

which is either diagonal or corrosive without any reporting relationship. Crosswise

communication is a strategic management and communication consulting practice focused on

meeting organizational goals through effective communication.

Relevance of Communication to an Organization

Communication lays the keystone to every organization for upbringing and

grooming the environment of that particular organization. In the business world, effective

communication enables people to realize the goals of the organization. It enables people in

this complex world work together, exchange products and services; share and achieve goals

profitably. The profit motive in the business world is strong. Profit is earned through

understanding and understanding requires communication. It is the means by which behavior

is modified, changed is affected, information is made productive, and goals are achieved.

Chester (2001), for example, viewed communication as the means by which people are linked

together in an organization to achieve a common purpose. Group activities are impossible

without communication, because co-ordination and change cannot be affected.

Communication is also one of the basic functions of management in any organization and its

importance can hardly be over emphasized. It is a process of transmitting information, ideas,

thought, opinions and plans between various parts of an organization.

It is not possible to have human relations without communication. However, good and

effective communication is required not only for good human relations but also for good and

successful business.

Channels of Communication available to entrepreneurs

32
 An entrepreneur is a social animal, who must collaborate with others to achieve his

organization objectives. There must be a two-way process to make communication effective.

An entrepreneur is, therefore, faced with some available channels of communication within

and outside his organization environment.

Nwafor (2007) classified channels of communication into ten major parts which
are:
• Memoranda (memo): this is the internal written means of communication in an

organization.

• Oral method: this is the process of communication through the word of mouth.

• Reports: this is the process of passing information through organized write-ups from

one person or group to other.

• Letters: communication can be equally be passed from one person to the other by

means of written information Symbols: this is the process of communication by

means of signs.

• Mass media: many people are being communicated to daily through mass

communication.

• Seminar/Conferences and Workshops: entrepreneur can communicate or be

communicated to through the organization of seminars/conferences and workshops.

• Meetings: this is one of the most effective means of communication, because it brings

all the participant face to face to agree and disagree.

• Suggestion box: suggestion box is normally kept inside or outside organization for

people to drop in their suggestion, criticism, observations etc.

33
 • Bulleting/Board: information is normally passed to the staff in organization by pasting

on the notice board or writing in the bulletin.

Electrical installation and maintenance works in the technical college

Electrical installation and maintenance works is one of the electrical engineering trades

offered in the technical colleges in Nigeria. The goal of electrical installation and

maintenance works in Nigeria technical colleges according to National Business and

Technical Examination Board (NABTEB, 1995) is to produce competent electrical craftsmen

and technician with sound practical and theoretical knowledge who should be able to install,

operate, maintain, and repair electrically energized systems such as D.C. motors, AC motors,

generators, controls and electrical distribution panels. Electrical installation and maintenance

work also equipped individuals with skills and attitudes to test equipment and use meters to

diagnose all kinds of faults.

A national curriculum is adopted in all the technical colleges accredited by the National

Board for Technical Education (NBTE). The programmes are offered at two levels leading to

the award of National Technical Certificate (NTC) and Advanced National Technical

Certificates (ANTC) for craftsmen and master craftsmen. The trainee on completion of the

programme in electrical installation and maintenance work trade like other vocational trades

in the technical colleges shall have three options:-

• Secure employment either at the end of the whole course or after completion one or

more modules of employable skill;

• Set up own business and become self employed and be able to employ others;

• To pursue further education in advance craft or technical programme and in post-

secondary (tertiary) technical such as science and technical colleges, polytechnics or

colleges of education (technical) and universities.

34
 In the pursuance of the goals of technical colleges, the National Policy on Education

(2004) pointed out the main feature of the curricular activities for technical college shall be

structured in foundation and trade modules

Therefore, modules according to National Board for Technical Education (NBTE,

2001) is a body of knowledge and capable of being utilized on its own or as a fountain or pre-

requisite knowledge for more advanced work in the same or other fields of study. A module

in the opinion of Olaitan (2003) is a unit of curriculum base on the development of entry level

competencies of students. Each module when successfully completed can be used for

employment purpose. Electrical installation and maintenance work comprising of modules:-

Domestic installation, Industrial installation, Cable jointing, Battery charging and Winding of

electrical machines.

Domestic installation

According to NBTE (2001), domestic installation programme is designed to provide the

trainee with the knowledge and skill to enable him carry out complete electrical installation in

a building and its associated equipment. Eta (2000), viewed domestic installation as the

definitive guide to home wiring to professional standard and stated further that installation

deals with an assemblage of electric equipment in a given location designed for co-ordinate

operation, properly erected and wired, this may be in domestic or house hold and industrial

premises. Ogbuanya (2004) stated that electricity service to households is a major leap in

technology development. Most households’ chores that use to be time consuming, energy

sapping and dreadful becomes easier, faster and interesting with the use of electrical

appliances. Electricity is the choice energy resource for everybody. Electricity is essential for

light, power, air conditioning and refrigeration.

Specifically, on completion of this module, trainee should be able to:

• Understand electrical working diagrams.

35
 • Know different types of domestic surface wiring.

• Know different types of domestic conduit wiring.

• Understand the principle of protecting electrical devices and install them.

• Understand sequence for inspecting and testing domestic installations.

Industrial Installation

Industrial installation is a type of installation carried out by a trained craftsmen and

technicians in an industry or firm or factory. The goal of industrial installation according to

NBTE (2001), is to provide the trainee with the knowledge and skill to enable him carry out

all types of industrial/factory electrical installation and maintenance.

The trainee is expected to:

• Know different types of industrial installations.

• Understand the installation of different types of ducts and trunking applying all

relevant regulations and safety precautions.

• Understand the principles of operation of alternating current and direct current

machines and their applications.

• Know the installation of all types of electrical machines and equipment.

• Understand various methods of controlling electrical.

• Know methods of maintaining electrical machines and equipment.

• Diagnose faults in machines, equipment and installation.

• Know the installation of mineral insulated copper covered cable (MICC)

Cable Jointing and Repairs

36
 Cable jointing and repairs as stated by NBTE (2004) is to provide the trainee with the

knowledge and skill to enable him undertake with proficiency various method of cable

jointing and termination. The trainee expected to:

• Know how to make simple joints and terminations.

Know various types of armoured cables, their applications, jointing and terminations.

• Know the installation of underground cables.

• Understand the installation of overhead wires and cable for distribution and

transmission system.

• Know the various types of data and communication cabling methods.

Cable jointers are trained craftsmen and technician that deal with cable jointing. They make

and repair joints in overhead installation, underground installation, laying cables for both

distribution and transmission.

Battery charging and repairs

Battery charging and repairs is another module in electrical installation and maintenance

work which prepare the trainee with knowledge and skill to maintain, repair and charge

battery efficiently. It deals with primary and secondary cells or battery which is alternative

source of supply electricity called direct current (D.C).

Battery charging skills according to National Board for Technical Examination Board
NABTEB (1995) are as follows:
• Identification of parts of cells.

• Constructing simple cell or battery.

• Knowing the working principles of primary and secondary cells.

• Identification of materials, equipment and tools used for battery charging and usage

• Repairing and replacing faulty cells in battery.

37
 Operating machines to charge battery.
• Method of charging.

• Detecting of faults in cells or battery using voltage tester.

• Preparation of electrolyte and precautions needed.

Winding of Electrical Machine

This module is designed to provide the trainee with knowledge and skill to enable him wind

or rewind A.C and D.C rotating and static machines up to 10Kilovoltampere.

The trainee is expected to:

• Understand and apply all statutory regulations during electrical winding work.

• Identify and select appropriate tools and equipment used for winding jobs.

• Acquire skills for preparation and interpretation of winding drawing.

• Acquire skills for dismantling machines for rewinding them.

• Understand the rewinding of built static and rotating machines.

• Know the skimming and undercutting of armature, commutators and slip rings.

• Inspect rewound electrical machines and equipments ands test for continuity,

insulation, correct rotating voltage.

The National Policy on Education NPE (2004) emphasized that the curriculum for each trade

in Nigeria technical colleges shall consists of five components:-

• General education

• Theory and related course

Workshop practice
• Industrial training/production work

38
 • Small business management entrepreneurial training.

The technical colleges in Nigeria are expected to provide the trainee with requisite skill

needed to enter into the world of work in all the vocational programmes including electrical

installation and maintenance work trade. Graduates of these colleges are neither employed

nor self employed because they did not acquire skills that will make them fit to the world of

work in the school.

However, Olaitan (1996), observed that in Nigeria today products of technical colleges and

other vocational technical institutions are found in the streets of town and cities without job

because their training is inadequate and irrelevant to the need of industries and society.

Supporting this view Okoli (1991) identified lack of relevance as one of the factors militating

against cooperation between industry and technical institutions; he explained further that the

industries blamed the institutions for lack of relevance because the product of technical

institution lack the skill needed to work in the changing world of work occasioned by

technology advancement. Okoro (2006) in his own point of view noted there is high rate of

unemployment in Nigeria because the products of technical institutions do not have the

knowledge and skills that will enable them take up the available jobs; he remarked that while

there are no jobs for the unskilled, there are many jobs for highly skilled. In essence, if

technical institutions provide trainees with require skills needed in the world of work, such

trainees after graduation will posses the requisite skills require to be self reliant in the

absence of paid employment in the industries. Okorie (2001), posited that if the technical

institutions are to provide their trainee with the skills relevant to the need of the industry, the

products have to be trained for jobs in the changing world of work.

Technical colleges offering electrical installation and maintenance works are charged with

the responsibility of equipping students with the skills needed by the students to be competent

in handling any piece of work pertaining to electrical installation, maintenance and repairs.

39
 Schema for the Study

TechnicalColleges

Technical College Programmes

Entrepreneurial Skills

Technical Marketing Management Financial Communication

Skills Skills Skills manage. skills Skills

Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works

Self Employment

Figure 1

Entrepreneurial skills are identified to incorporate into deficient curriculum of technical

colleges. This incorporation will therefore lead to training of students with

entrepreneurial skills for future employments.

40
Theoretical Framework

A theory as stated by Beauchamp in Olaitan (2003) is a set of related statements that

are arranged systematically so as to give functional meaning to a set series of events. He

maintained that statement may take the form of descriptive or functional definition,

occupational construct, assumption, postulations, hypothesis, and generalization, laws or

theorem. Kerlinger in Obi (2003) defined theory as a set of interrelated concepts, definitions

and proportions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among

variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. This study was hinged on

the occupational and training theories.

Occupational Theory

Occupation is defined by Hornby (2001) as a job area or profession with status where one

works or earns a living. Olaitan and Ali (1997) defined occupation as a number of related

jobs that an individual does to earn a living. With reference to the study, occupations in

electrical installation and maintenance works are domestic installation, industrial installation,

battery charging and repairs, cable joining and maintenance, winding of electrical motor and

construction of electrical panels.

Occupational theory of Value

The occupation theory of value according to Olaitan et al (1999) states that occupation must

have value that attracts individual into it. This value they added may be economic, social or

prestige. They equally stated that the value of occupation is rooted in worthwhile living in the

world of work. Value in the opinion of Robinson (1999) is the quality of being useful or

desirable, the degree of usefulness or desirability of a thing, electrical occupation has

41
economic values, because those engaged in it could earn money or income from it to meet

their needs.

Occupational Skill Element theory

According to Ogwo and Oranu (2006), occupation must have job cluster and with specific

skill elements within it to prevent unemployment. Skills in the opinion of Osinem and Nworji

(2005) are the ability to perform an activity expertly. They further added that skills are well

established habit of doing things and that it involves the acquisition of capability through

repetitive performance of an operation. In the case of this study, occupation contains

entrepreneurial skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance work in

the technical colleges for gainful employment.

Occupational Theory of body of Knowledge

In the opinion of Olaitan (2001), occupational theory of body of knowledge will be relevant

on condition that the knowledge to be learnt is arranged logically during training for the

purpose of mastery. More so occupation must have a level of proficiency in training without

which a professional certificate or recognition cannot be guaranteed. Smith (2000) stated that

body of knowledge is a particular test to be analyzed, broken down into competencies

elements and list of competencies drawn up. He stated further that learning is planned and

guided therefore what is to be learnt must be specified in advance and how it should be

implemented and evacuated.

According to Eneogwe (1996) body of knowledge could be viewed as the content or subject

matter to be studied, the syllabus to be studied. The “what” of the study or of any

achievement. With reference to this body, body of knowledge is the content that consists of

all the knowledge and skills to be learnt in all the occupational areas of electrical installation

42
and maintenance works. For which certain level of proficiency must be attained by the

learner during training without which a recognizable certified cannot be issued either for

seeking admission, for further training or for employment in the electrical industry.

Review of Related Empirical Studies

This part of literature review contains research studies that are concerned with

entrepreneurial skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in

the technical colleges in Ondo State.

Sarkin-Gohir (1994), carryout a studies on pre-service skill needs for increasing

employability of technical colleges graduates. The purpose of the study was to identify and

determine relevant entry level employment skills acquire by graduates having gone through

the technical colleges programme and to examine other curriculum factors associated with

acquisition of entry level employment skills in technical courses. The study adopted the

survey research method. The population of the study consisted of 572 graduates of technical

colleges, and 339 supervisors. The instrument for data collection was a 50 item questionnaire

administered through a random sampling of 552 technical college graduates and 319

supervisors drawn from industries and 29 government establishments in Kaduna, Kebbi,

Niger, and Sokoto State. Data collected were analyzed using mean, one-way analysis

variance (ANOVA), correlation ratio, scheff’s test of multiple comparison and Pearson

Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The result of data analyzed revealed that technical

colleges graduates in industries and government establishment were equipped with basic

academic skills and jobs searches skills essential for entry level employment in the four trade

courses under investigation. The study recommended an update or replacement with an

appropriate type of, facilities, such as workshop equipment, tools and expendable materials

for use in student workshop practice. Hence for graduates of electrical installation and

43
maintenance works to acquire saleable entrepreneurial skills require functional workshop

equipment, tools and expendable materials for use in student workshop practice.

Akinduro (2006), conducted a study on electrical installation and maintenance works skills

needed by technical colleges graduates to enhance their employability in Ondo State. Five

research questions were developed in consonance with what the study sought to find out, five

null hypotheses were formulated and tested at probability of 0.05 level of significance. A

structured questionnaire was developed and used for the study while 3 experts were engaged

for the validation of the instrument. The five areas of the electrical installation maintenance

works skills were tested for reliability with Cronbach Alpha Ώ internal consistency of 1.01,

0.97, 0.95, 0.86, 0.93. while the average reliability was 0.94. The questionnaire from 375

respondents made up of 350 technical colleges graduates of 2002 to 2005 and technical

teachers. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the

research questions, and t-test statistics for testing the hypotheses. The result of the five null

hypothesis tested showed the respondents do differ significantly in some of their opinion to

their items. The study found out that all the key skills in each area of electrical installation

maintenance works skills should be emphasized by the technical teacher while government

should provide all the tools, equipment and materials needed to enable the technical college

graduates to be practically sound and fit into the world of work. Some recommendations were

made based on the findings of the study.

Agbogidi (2007), conducted a study on entrepreneurial skills required by Auto mechanics

technology students in the technical colleges for establishing small and medium scale

enterprise in Delta State. A survey design was adopted, the respondents for the study

consisted of 57 bank managers and 27 automobile industry managers making a total

population of 84 respondents. A structured questionnaire with five sections was used for the

study after being subjected to face calculated to be .94 using Cronbach Alpha reliability

44
method. Four research questions and four hypotheses tested at 5% level of significance,

guided the study. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while ttest statistic was

employed to test the hypotheses. The study revealed 24 managerial skills, 13 financial

management skills, 12 marketing skills and communication skills required of auto mechanics

technology students for stabling and medium scale enterprise in Delta State. Therefore,

students and graduates of electrical installation maintenance works in Ondo State technical

colleges needs to acquire various types of relevant marketable entrepreneurial skills needed to

function effectively in the world of work and for them to be self employed and even

employed others thereby reducing the rate of unemployment and dependant on white collar

job.

Prominent among these skills is the use of computer for word processing, databases and use

of internet for business transactions. Consequently, the study into the curriculum of technical

colleges and in addition government and administrators of technical colleges should make

available computer laboratory that will facilitate effective teaching of computers skills in the

technical colleges. These studies are related to the present research work on entrepreneurial

skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in the technical

colleges in Ondo-State.

Summary of Review of Related Literature

In Nigeria Technical Colleges, electrical installation and maintenance works is taught with

emphasis geared toward training the students on acquisition of appropriate knowledge and the

necessary practical skills in electrical trades through qualified and high skilled electrical

technology teachers. Electrical technology teacher at technical college level is regarded as a

skilled person who has the ability to impact knowledge and useful skill to the students in the

classroom, laboratory, or workshop to make them self reliance after graduation. Electrical

installation and maintenance work students needed entrepreneurial skills for self employment

45
so that they can join the pool of entrepreneurs for industrial development of their states and

country at large.

It was reviewed from the literature that despite the teaching of electrical installation and

maintenance work trade in technical colleges, the students of the programme is yet to be well

equipped with entrepreneurial skills needed for self employment and self reliant. Therefore,

the aims and objective of electrical installation and maintenance work trade could be

achieved if the students are equipped with saleable and marketable entrepreneurial skills such

as; technical skills, marketing skills, management skills, financial management skills, and

communication skills.

Finally, in favourable national disposition in which technical colleges is not properly funded

and that of qualified manpower which has hindered her products to acquire the needed

saleable and marketable entrepreneurial skills for self-reliant and industrial needs must be

accorded recognition and provision made to eradicate the problem. A lot of empirical studies

were reviewed but none was conducted directly to determine entrepreneurial skills needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance work in technical colleges in Ondo State.

This is the gap to be filled by the study.

46
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedures for the study and is arranged under the following sub-

heading: Design of the study, Area of the study, Population for the study,

Instrument for data collection, Validation of the Instrument, Reliability of the Instrument,
Method of data collection and Method of data analysis.
Design of the Study

The study adopted descriptive survey research design. A survey research according to

Olaitan and Nwoke (1999) is one in which the entire population or representative sample is

studied by collecting and analyzing data from the group through the use of questionnaire or

interview. The design therefore is appropriate for the study since it will obtain data from the

electrical technology teachers and graduates of electrical installation and maintenance works

on the entrepreneurial skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance

works in the technical colleges in Ondo State.

Area of the Study

The study was carried out in Ondo State in the south western zone of Nigeria. This state was

chosen due to concentration of technical colleges offering electrical installation and

maintenance works in the zone. There are nine technical colleges in Ondo State which offer

electrical installation and maintenance works as follows: six government technical colleges,

two private technical colleges and one federal science and technical college. The technical

colleges are those in Owo, Okitipupa, Oka-Akoko, Oke-Igbo, Idanre, Ikare-Akoko, Akure,

and Ondo.

Population for the Study

The population for the study was 275 made up 25 electrical technology teachers and 250

electrical graduates that registered with ministry of commerce and industries in Ondo State.

47
The population of the study covers five government technical colleges, two private technical

colleges and one federal science and technical college offering electrical installation and

maintenance works.

Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The

questionnaire items were developed by the research from review of related literature. The

questionnaire was divided into six sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. Section A solicited for

information on personal data of the respondents: the questionnaire have options and blank

spaces to enable the respondents tick or complete as appropriate. Section B contained 20

items developed to find out technical skills needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works in the technical colleges. Section C considered 20 items designed to find

out the management skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance

works in the technical colleges. Section D dwelled into 20 items developed to find out the

marketing skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in the

technical colleges. Section E consisted of 20 items designed to find out the financial

management skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in the

technical colleges: while Section F contained 20 items designed to find out the

communication skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance work in

the technical colleges.

The questionnaire response options were formulated based on 5-point Likert Scale.
The response categories for sections B, C, D, E, and F were Strongly Needed (SA), Needed

(N), Undecided (U), Slightly Needed, (SN), Not Needed (NN). These response categories

were assigned numerical values of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. The respondents were

required to check ( ) against the response category that best satisfies their opinion.

48
Validation of the Instrument

The questionnaire was subjected to face validation by three experts, two from
Department of Vocational Teacher Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka and one from

Ministry of Adult, Technical and Vocational Education, Akure, Ondo state. Each of these

validators was served with a copy of the instrument for validation. Based on their corrections

and suggestions, amendments were made on the instrument before a final version was

produced and used for this study.

Reliability of the Instrument

The internal consistency of the instrument was established by using Cronbach alpha (α)

method. The instrument was administered to 10 electrical technology teachers and 10

electrical graduates of electrical installation and maintenance works in Ekiti State.

Their responses were computed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16

versions. The reliability coefficient value for section A; technical skills needed by students of

electrical installation and maintenance works was 0.72, coefficient value for section B;

marketing skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works was

0.81, coefficient value for section C; management skills needed by students of electrical

installation and maintenance works was 0.78, coefficient value for section D; financial

management skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works was

0.76 while reliability coefficient value for section E; communication skills needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance works was 0.74. The overall reliability

coefficient of 0.82 was obtained for the total sections.

49
Method of Data Collection

Copies of the questionnaire for the study were administered to the respondents at their

various locations with the help of three research assistants These RAs were instructed by

researcher on how to administer the questionnaire so as to ensure safe handling and return of

the instrument.

Method of Data Analysis

The data collected from the respondents were analyzed by using Mean to answer five

research questions. The five null hypotheses were tested using the t-test at 0.05 level of

significance. Based on the five point Likert scales, items with Mean of 3.50 or above were

regarded as needed while items with Mean below 3.50 were regarded as not needed.

A null hypothesis was accepted when a t-calculated value is less than the table t-value.
Also the null hypotheses were rejected if the table t value is less than t calculated value.

50
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the results of the data analysis for the study. The presentation

was organized according to the research questions and null hypotheses that guided the study.

Research Question 1
What are the technical skills needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works?

The data for answering research question 1 are presented in Table 1

51
Table 1
Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Technical Skills needed by Students of
Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works N = 275

S/N Item statements X SD Remarks

1 Posses depth of knowledge and skills in maintaining electrical Needed machines.
4.12 0.84

2 Repairing of electrical machines 4.11 0.93 Needed

3 Install and wiring of domestic installation. 4.01 1.01 Needed
4 Licensed to install overhand installation. 4.19 0.99 Needed
5 Connect and test electrical transformers 4.08 0.94 Needed
6 Assembles switchboards, circuit breaker etc. 3.85 0.87 Needed
7 Installation of electrical generators and motors 3.88 0.98 Needed
8 Designing and fittings lighting system. 3.93 0.97 Needed
9 Install and assemble of electrical panels. 3.57 0.96 Needed
10 Diagnose and repair faults in electrical machines and domestic Needed
3.81 1.02
installations.
11 Design electrical system layout 3.93 1.04 Needed
12 Conduct test on electrical machines 3.98 0.80 Needed
13 Repair and install complex electrical equipment. 4.09 0.87 Needed
14 Coordinate the installation of industrial machines. 3.93 0.93 Needed
15 Rewind alternate current (AC).electric motors and generators. 3.55 0.89
Needed
16 Rewind direct current (DC) electric motors and generators. 3.56 0.81 Needed
17 Diagnose and repair of AC electric motors. 3.78 0.89 Needed 18 Diagnose
and repair of DC electric motors. 3.56 0.91 Needed

19 Install and test of transformers. 3.62 0.82 Needed

20 Maintain, repair and charge batteries. 3.66 0.87 Needed

X = Mean
SD = Standard deviation
N = Number of Respondents

52
 The data presented in Table 1 revealed that all the 20 technical skills have their

mean value ranged from 3.56 to 4.12. This showed that the Mean value of each item was

above the cut-off point of 3.50, indicating that all the 20 technical skills were needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance works. The table also showed that the

standard deviations (SD) of the items are within the range of 0.80 to 1.02, this indicated that

the mean values of the respondents were not far from one another in their responses.

Research Question 2
What are the marketing skills needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works?

The data for answering research question 2 are presented in Table 2

53
Table 2
Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Marketing Skills needed by Students of
Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works N = 275

S/N Item statements X SD Remarks

1 Recognize and analyze marketing opportunities 4.01 0.80 Needed
2 Promote and sell organization products 3.91 0.86 Needed
3 Communicate effectively with customers 4.06 0.78 Needed 4 Discuss
and persuade customers 3.87 0.88 Needed
5 Establish stockholderslinkages with other business person and
0.83 Needed 3.96
6 Capture and retain the attention of the customers 4.03 0.80 Needed 7 Identify and
use market opportunities 4.01 0.84 Needed
8 Understand leasing etc business laws for example licensing, insurance 3.68
0.80 Needed

9 Analyze demand and supply 3.79 0.84 Needed

10 Acquire effective sale habit 4.02 0.85 Needed
11 Understand and use banking facilities 3.91 0.88 Needed
12 Interpret financial statement 3.96 0.79 Needed
13 Use advertisement effectively 3.91 0.84 Needed
14 Keep appropriate use of records and inventories 3.88 0.80 Needed
15 Make decision on marketing mix 4.10 0.81 Needed
16 Promote and sell organization products 3.96 0.87 Needed
17 Carrying out effective marketing and research 4.02 0.81 Needed
18 Conduct marketing survey to determine customers’ needs 4.05 0.79 Needed
19 Understand the concept of marketing 3.93 0.83 Needed
20 Demonstrate knowledge of forecasting and analyze of sale 3.90 0.88 Needed

The data presented in Table 2 revealed that all the 20 marketing skills have their

Mean value ranged from 3.68 to 4.06. This showed that the Mean value of each item was

above the cut-off point of 3.50, indicating that all the 20 marketing skills were needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance works. The table also showed that the

standard deviations (SD) of the items are within the range of 0.78 to 0.88, this indicated that

the mean values of the respondents were not far from one another in their responses.

54
Research Question 3
What are the management skills needed by students of electrical installation and
maintenance works?

The data for answering research question 3 are presented in Table 3

Table 3
Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Management Skills needed by Students of
Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works N = 275

S/N Item Statements X SD Remarks

1 Ability to manage time and job schedules 4.00 0.79 Needed
2 Set appropriate business goals 3.98 0.84 Needed
3 Organize resource for goal attainment 3.80 0.83 Needed
4 Implement plan for goal attainment 3.86 0.81 Needed
5 Evaluate all activities and operations in the process of goal attainment 4.03
0.78 Needed
6 Create an environment that support organization change 4.07 0.84 Needed
7 Develop business plan with strategic planning tools 3.96 0.83 Needed
8 Develop, interpret and explain budget to accomplish organization Needed
3.95
0.83 programs
9 Evaluate the impact of personnel in the organization 4.01 0.79 Needed
10 Develop, interpret and implement policies for the accomplishment of Needed
3.56
0.85 goals
11 Demonstrate empathy for social problem 4.03 0.83 Needed
12 Implement and adjust organizational budgets to accomplish organization Needed
3.87
0.78 programs
13 Foster relationship among member of the organization 3.95 0.89 Needed
14 Demonstrate respect for others within the organization and customers 3.98
0.84 Needed
15 Create an environment in which team members are willing to share ideas 4.00
0.82 Needed
16 Communicate the organization’s vision to others 4.00 0.79 Needed
17 Think creatively and critically in decision making 4.10 0.81 Needed
18 Delegating tasks or responsibilities 3.97 0.85 Needed 19 Coordinating
activities or events 4.01 0.77 Needed
20 Create environment where leader is approachable and open to new ideas 3.89
0.81 Needed

55
 The data presented in Table 3 revealed that all the 20 management skills have their

Mean value ranged from 3.56 to 4.10. This showed that the Mean value of each item was

above the cut-off point of 3.50, indicating that all the 20 management skills were needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance works. The table also showed that the

standard deviations (SD) of the items are within the range of 0.77 to 0.89, this indicated that

the mean values of the respondents were not far from one another in their responses.

Research Question 4
What are financial management skills needed by students of electrical installation
and maintenance works?

The data for answering research question 4 are presented in Table 4

Table 4
Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Financial Skills needed by Students of
Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works N = 275

S/N Item Statements X SD Remarks

1 Oversees the inflow and outflow of money 3.91 0.80 Needed
2 Understand financial matter 3.78 0.82 Needed
3 Keep effective financial record 4.02 0.78 Needed
4 Make important financial decision 4.08 0.82 Needed
5 Prepare a trading, profit and loss account 3.96 0.81 Needed
6 Operate petty cash book 4.10 0.70 Needed
7 Prepare a ledger account 3.83 0.81 Needed
8 Utilize balance sheet for business financial transaction 4.01 0.78 Needed
9 Prepare book journals for the business financial transaction 3.98 0.80 Needed
10 Prepare estimation 4.01 0.84 Needed
11 Pricing of materials 4.07 0.78 Needed
12 Keep accounting records 4.02 0.82 Needed
13 Operate various account books such as cash book, ledger account 4.00 0.79
Needed
14 Make financial decision 3.91 0.82 Needed 15 Make business investment decision 4.06
0.78 Needed
15 Make going to be utilizedbusiness on how the profit accruing from investments are
3.95 0.83 Needed

16 Determine projects cost analysis and allocation of cost to item and 3.98
0.80 Needed

56
17 Foresee future financial need 4.00 0.82 Needed
18 Know about where to find capital 3.89 0.79 Needed
19 Plan cash flow 3.91 0.80 Needed

The data presented in Table 4 revealed that all the 20 financial management skills

have their Mean value ranged from 3.56 to 4.10. This showed that the Mean value of each

item was above the cut-off point of 3.50, indicating that all the 20 financial management

skills were needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works. The table

also showed that the standard deviations (SD) of the items are within the range of 0.77 to

0.89, this indicated that the mean values of the respondents were not far from one another in

their responses.

Research Question 5
What are the communication skills needed by students of electrical installation and
maintenance works?

The data for answering research question 5 are presented in Table 5

Table 5
Mean Responses of the Respondents on the Communication Skills needed by
Students of Electrical Installation and Maintenance Works N = 275
S/N Item statements X SD Remarks
1 Explain to other what their jobs involve 4.10 0.81 Needed
2 Understand the needs of customers 3.86 0.84 Needed
3 Actively listen to people and identify barriers to listening 3.76 0.79 Needed
4 Communicate orally with group of various 3.80 0.82 Needed
5 Conduct quality oral presentation 3.88 0.78 Needed
6 Read and comprehend wide range of publication 3.82 0.80 Needed
7 Effective communicate with others using electronic communication 3.71
0.84 Needed
8 Acknowledging difference of opinion 3.70 0.83 Needed
9 Being open minded 3.89 0.70 Needed
10 Project oneself into the audience’s point of view 3.94 0.84 Needed
11 Explain objectively without evaluation 3.85 0.81 Needed
12 Provide specific details supported by concrete examples 3.82 0.81 Needed
13 Encourage the speaker to speak more 3.86 0.78 Needed
14 Sharing ones feeling 3.91 0.84 Needed

57
15 Sharing ones thought 3.86 0.80 Needed
16 Interpret electrical wiring diagram verbally 4.10 0.81 Needed
17 Conveying to others a message without commanding 3.67 0.87 Needed
18 Interact and communicate with individuals with various depths of 3.68 0.86 Needed
knowledge capabilities
19 Communicate orally with group of various sizes 3.88 0.82 Needed
20 Accepting feedback from 3.82 0.85 Needed

The data presented in Table 5 revealed that all the 20 communication skills have

their Mean value ranged from 3.67 to 4.10. This showed that the Mean value of each item

was above the cut-off point of 3.50, indicating that all the 20 communication skills were

needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works. The table also showed

that the standard deviations (SD) of the items are within the range of 0.70 to 0.89, this

indicated that the mean values of the respondents were not far from one another in their

responses.

Discussion of findings

The findings of this study reveal that 20 technical skills were needed by students of

electrical installation and maintenance works. These technical skills include: posses depth

of knowledge and skills in maintaining electrical machines, repairing of electrical machines,

install and wiring of domestic installation, licensed to install overhand installation, connect

and test electrical transformers, assembles switchboards, circuit breaker etc. installation of

electrical generators and motors, designing and fittings lighting system, install and

assemble of electrical panels, diagnose and repair faults in electrical machines and domestic

installations, design electrical system layout, conduct test on electrical machines, repair and

install complex electrical equipment, coordinate the installation of industrial machines,

rewind alternate current (AC) electric motors and generators, Rewind direct current (DC)

58
electric motors and generators, diagnose and repair of AC electric motors, diagnose and

repair of DC electric motors, install and test of transformers, maintain, repair and charge

batteries.

The findings of this study reveal that 20 marketing skills were needed by students of

electrical installation and maintenance works. These marketing skills include: recognize and

analyze marketing opportunities, promote and sell organization products, communicate

effectively with customers, discuss and persuade customers, establish linkages with other

business person and stockholders, capture and retain the attention of the customers, identify

and use market opportunities, understand business laws for example licensing, insurance

leasing etc, analyze demand and supply, acquire effective sale habit, understand and use

banking facilities and interpret financial statement. These findings were in agreement with

the opinion of Osinem (2008) that acquisition of marketing skills is essential for an

individual to keep a job.

The findings of this study reveal that 20 management skills were needed by students

of electrical installation and maintenance works. These management skills include: ability

to manage time and job schedules, set appropriate business goals, organize resource for goal

attainment, implement plan for goal attainment, evaluate all activities and operations in the

process of goal attainment, create an environment that support organization change, develop

business plan with strategic planning tools, develop, interpret and explain budget to

accomplish organization programs, evaluate the impact of personnel in the organization,

develop, interpret and implement policies for the accomplishment of goals and demonstrate

empathy for social problem. These findings were in agreement with the opinion of Zedire

(2002) that ability to manage time and job schedules, set appropriate business goals and

ability to organize resource for goal attainment are parts management skills needed for

success in enterprises.

59
 The findings of this study reveal that 20 financial management skills were needed

by students of electrical installation and maintenance works. These skills include: oversees

the inflow and outflow of money, understand financial matter, keep effective financial

record, make important financial decision, prepare a trading, profit and loss account,

operate petty cash book, prepare a ledger account, utilize balance sheet for business

financial transaction, prepare book journals for the business financial transaction, prepare

estimation, pricing of materials, keep accounting records and operate various account books

such as cash book, ledger account. These findings were in agreement with the opinion of

Zedire (2002) that entrepreneur should be knowledgeable in financial management practice

which is concern with analyzing financial performance, identify ways of using resources

efficiently and finding creative ways to use resources to generate additional resources.

The findings of this study reveal that 20 communication skills were needed by students of

electrical installation and maintenance works. These skills include: explain to other what

their jobs involve, understand the needs of customers, actively listen to people and identify

barriers to listening, communicate orally with group of individuals, conduct quality oral

presentation, read and comprehend wide range of publication, effective communicate with

others using electronic communication, acknowledging difference of opinion, being open

minded, project oneself into the audience’s point of view, explain objectively without

evaluation and provide specific details supported by concrete examples. These findings

were in agreement with the opinion of Harbison and Coleman in Agbogidi (2007) that

Entrepreneur should be able to convince others that their ideas are worthy of support. They

also added that entrepreneurs need to explain to others what their jobs involve and what the

goals of the venture are. Also the findings were in line with opinion of Rao (2007) that

entrepreneurs need to actively listen to people and identify barriers to listening,

communicate orally with group of individuals, conduct quality oral presentation, read and

comprehend wide range of publication.

60
 There was no significant difference between the mean response of electrical

technology teachers and electrical graduate on the technical skills needed by students of

electrical installation and maintenance work. The implication of the finding is that the

profession of the respondents did not significantly affect their opinions on each item.

There was no significant different between the mean responses of electrical technology

teachers and electrical graduate on the marketing skill needed by students of electrical

installation and maintenance work. The implication of the finding is that the profession of

the respondents did not significantly affect their opinions on each item.

There was no significant difference between the mean responses of electrical

technology teachers and electrical graduates on the management skills needed by students

of electrical installation and maintenance work. The implication of the finding is that the

experiences of the respondents did not significantly affect their opinions on each item.

There was no significant difference between the mean responses of electrical

technology teachers and electrical graduates on the financial management skills needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance work. The implication of the finding is

that the qualifications of the respondents did not significantly affect their opinions on each

item.

There was no significant difference between the mean responses of electrical

technology teachers and electrical graduates on the communication skills needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance work. The implication of the finding is

that the profession of the respondents did not significantly affect their opinions on each

item.

61
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the re-statement of the problem, summary of procedure used,

the principal findings of the study, implications of the study, conclusion, recommendations

and the suggestions further study.

Re-statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem

It appears that most of the graduates of higher institutions lack the necessary skills

and competencies that would enable them to becomeself-reliant. The evidence is the

high rate of unemployment among the graduates of tertiary institutions,

electrical/electronic technology education inclusive (Igbojionu, 2018). This showed that

such graduate lacks relevant skills and competencies for self-employmentand job creation.

Therefore, it is against this backdrop that the researchersset out to assess entrepreneurship

skills required by electrical/electronic technology students of technical education for self-

reliance in Rivers State.

Summary of Procedures Used

The study adopted survey research design. The population for the study was 275

which comprised of 25 electrical technology teachers and 250 electrical graduates of

technical colleges in Ondo State. The entire population was used for the study because of its

manageable size. A questionnaire consisting of 100 items was developed and used for data

collection. The questionnaire was face validated by three experts. Two from Department of

Vocational Teacher Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and one from the Ministry of

Adult, Technical and Vocational Education Akure, Ondo State. Each of the experts was

served with a copy of the questionnaires and requested to identify any likely ambiguities and

proffer suggestions for improving the instrument as to meet the objectives of the study. The

final draft of the questionnaires was produced in line with the corrections from experts.

62
Cronbach alpha method was used to determine the internal Consistency of the instrument. A

total of 275 copies of the questionnaire were administered to the respondents by the

researcher and with the aid of three research assistants. The completed questionnaires were

collected after the interval of one week. The data collected were analyzed using Mean for

answering the five research questions while t-test statistic was used to test the four null

hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

Major Findings

Based on the data analyzed, it was found out from the study that the following

entrepreneurial skills were needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance

works in the technical colleges in Ondo State.

A. Twenty technical skills were needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works.

B. Twenty marketing skills were needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works.

C. Twenty management skills were needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works.

D. Twenty financial management skills were needed by students of electrical installation

and maintenance works.

E. Twenty communication skills were needed by students of electrical installation and

maintenance works.

Implication of the Study

63
 The findings of the study had implication for administrators of technical colleges,

governments, electrical technology teachers. Teachers will write textbooks on technical,

marketing, management, financial management and communication skills needed by students

of electrical installation and maintenance work. The government or technical college

administrators will organize workshops, seminars, conferences and short time courses for

electrical technology teachers.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
It is concluded that the identified entrepreneurial skills should be included into the

curriculum of technical colleges for the students of electrical installation and maintenance

work for self employment after graduation. Inclusion of the identified skills into the

curriculum will benefit the students in many ways. It will prepare them for self employment

after graduation and therefore reduce their unemployment.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made:
1. Identified entrepreneurial skills should be integrated into the curriculum of electrical

installation and maintenance work of technical colleges

2. Qualified teachers should be employed to teach electrical installation and maintenance

work to students in technical colleges.

3. Relevant tools and equipment should be supply to various technical colleges for

teaching electrical installation and maintenance work.

4. All the technical teachers in technical colleges should be retrained or sent for further

study.

64
5. Government and administrators of technical colleges should organize seminar and

workshop for electrical technology teachers on entrepreneurial skills needed by

students of electrical installation and maintenance work in technical colleges

Suggestion for further Study

The following are suggested for further studies:

1. Similar studies should be conducted in other States.

2. Entrepreneurial skills improvement need of graduates of electrical installation and

maintenance works in Ondo State.

3. A similar study should be conducted in other technical and vocational areas such as

woodwork, building technology, automobile technology, agriculture, home

economics, computer education and business education.

4. Capacity building needs of teachers for effective teaching of electrical installation and

maintenance works in technical colleges in Ondo State.

65
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Aina. O. (1998). Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria Through Vocational and Technical Education
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Ajayi I. A. and Ayodele Y. B. (2002). Fundamentals of Educational Management. Ado –

Ekiti Greenline Publishers.

Akinduro. I.R. (2004); Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work Skills needed by
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 Appendix A

Letter to the Respondents

Department of Vocational Teacher

Education,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
14th April, 2011.

Dear Respondent,
I am carrying out a study on assessment of entrepreneurship skills required by electrical /

electronic technology students of technical education for Self – reliance in Kaduna State.

Kindly assist me by carefully completing this questionnaire. Any information provided by

you will held confidential and will be used for the research purpose only.

Yours faithfully,

Adeoti Aderotimi Oluwasesan

71
Appendix B

QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASSESSMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

REQUIRED BY ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR SELF – RELIANCE IN KADUNA STATE

SECTION A: PERSONAL DATA

INSTRUCTION: please tick ( ) as appropriate in the boxes provided

Position:

a. Electrical technology teachers ( )

b. Electrical graduates ( )

Please indicate the degree to which the following technical, marketing, management,

financial management and communication skills are important for students of electrical

installation and maintenance works.

Strongly Needed - SA
Needed - N
Undecided - U
Slightly Needed - SN
Not Needed - NN
SECTION B
Technical skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance work in the
technical colleges in Kaduna State
Item Item statement SA N U SN NN
No
1 Posses depth of knowledge and skills in
.maintaining electrical machines

2 Repairing of electrical machines

3 .Install and wiring of domestic installation

72
 4 .Licensed to install overhand installation
5 Connect and test electrical transformers
6 .Assembles switchboards, circuit breaker etc
7 Installation of electrical generators and motors

8 .Designing and fittings lighting system

9 .Install and assemble of electrical panels
10 Diagnose and repair faults in electrical machines
.and domestic installations

11 Design electrical system layout

12 Conduct test on electrical machines
13 .Repair and install complex electrical equipment

14 Coordinate the installation of industrial

.machines

15 Rewind alternate current (AC).electric motors

.and generators

16 Rewind direct current (DC) electric motors

.and generators
17 .Diagnose and repair of AC electric motors
18 .Diagnose and repair of DC electric motors
19 .Install and test of transformers
20 .Maintain, repair and charge batteries

73
SECTION C.
Marketing skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance work in the
technical colleges in Kaduna State.
Item Item statement SA N U SN NN
No

21 . Recognize and analyze market opportunities

22 Communicate effectively with customers

23 .Promote and sell organization products
24 .Persuade and discuss with customers
25 Establish linkages with others business person
.and stockholders

26 Capture and retain the attention of the

.customers

27 .Identify and use market opportunities

28 Understand business laws for example licensing,
.insurance, leasing etc

29 .Analyze demand and supply

30 .Acquire effective sale habit
31 . Understand and use banking facilities
32 .Interpret financial statement
33 .Use advertisement effectively
34 .Keep appropriate use of records and inventories

35 .Make decision on marketing mix

36 Promote and sell organization products
37 Carrying market survey for determine
.customer’s needs

38 Conduct market survey for determine customers

.need

39 ..Understand the concept of marketing

74
 40 Demonstration knowledge of forecasting and
.analyze of sale

SECTION D:
Management skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in the
technical colleges in Kaduna State.
Item Item statement SA N U SN NN
No
41 .Ability to manage time and job schedules
42 .Set appropriate business goals
43 Organize resources (human and materials) or
,.goal attainment

44 .Implement plan for goal attainment

45 Evaluate all activities and operation in the
.process of goals attainment

46 support that environment an Create

.organization change
47 with plan business Develop
.strategic planning tools

48 Develop, interpret and explain budget to

.accomplish organization programs

49 Evaluate the impact of personnel in the

.organization

50 Develop, interpret and implement policies for

.the accomplishment of goals

51 .Demonstrate empathy for social problem

52 Implement and adjust organizational budgets to
accomplish organization program

53 Foster relationship among member of the

.organization

75
 54 Demonstrate respect for others with in the
.organizations and customers

55 Create an environment in which team members

.are willing to share ideas

56 Communicate the organization’s vision to

.others

57 Think creatively and critically in decision

.making

58 Delegating tasks or responsibilities activities or

.events

59 .Coordinating activities or event

60 Create environment where leader is
.approachable ideas

SECTION E:
Financial management skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance
works in the technical colleges in Kaduna State.
Item Item statement SA N U SN NN
No
61 .Oversees the inflow and outflow of money
62 .Understand financial matter
63 .Keep effective financial record
64 .Make important financial decision
65 .Prepare a trading, profit and loss account
66 .Operate petty cash book
67 .Prepare a ledger account
68 Utilize balance sheet for business financial
.transaction

69 Prepare book journals for the business financial

.transaction

70 .Prepare estimation

76
 71 .Pricing of materials
72 .Keep accounting records
73 Operate various account books such as cash
.book, ledger account

74 .Make financial decision

75 .Make business investment decision
76 Make business on how the profit accruing from
.investments are going to be utilized

77 Determine cost analysis and allocation of cost to

.item and projects

78 .Foresee future financial need

79 .Know about where to find capital
80 .Plan cash flow

SECTION F:
Communication skills needed by students of electrical installation and maintenance works in
the technical colleges in Kaduna State.

Item Item statement SA N U SN NN

.No

81 .Explain to others what their jobs involve

82 .Understand the needs of customers
83 Actively listen to people and identify barriers to
.listening

84 .Communicate orally with group of various sizes

85 .Conduct quality oral presentation

86 Read and comprehend wide range of
.publication

77
 87 Effective communicate with others using
.electronics communication

88 .Acknowledging difference of opinion

89 .Being open minded
90 Project oneself into the audience’s point of
.view

91 .Explain objectively without evaluation

92 Provide specific details supported by concrete
.examples

93 .Encourage the speaker to speak more

94 .Sharing ones feeling
95 .Sharing ones thought
96 .Interpret electrical wiring diagram
97 Conveying to others a message without
.commanding

98 Interact and communicate with individuals with

.various depths of knowledge capabilities

99 .Communicate orally with group of various sizes

100 .Accept feedback from others

78