UTS REVIEWER: 3.

Spirit/ passion – our emotions,

love, ambition etc. It is the
WHAT IS SELF?
neutral part.
SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
Rational Self
SOCRATES
 Forged by reason and intellect
 Greek philosopher and the father has to govern the affairs of the
of Western philosophy human person.
 “An unexamined life is not worth
Spirited Part
living”
 Which is in charge of emotions
2 REALMS OF REALITY
should be kept at bay.
1. Physical Realm
Appetitive Soul
2. Ideal Realm
 In charge of base desires like
He concluded that every man is
eating, drinking, sleeping, and
composed of body and soul.
having sex are controlled as
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF well.
SOCRATES:
ARISTOTLE
1. Introspection Method
 “Everything in life has a soul
Method of examining one’s thoughts and and the soul is the essence of
emotions to gain self-knowledge: the self. “
REASON.
3 Kinds Soul
2. An unexamined life is not
1. Vegetative – physical body
worth living: distinguish right
that can grow.
from what is wrong because an
2. Sentient – sensual desire,
unexamined life is an animal
feelings and emotion.
life.
3. Rational – makes man human.
PLATO Includes intellect.
 “The rational nature of the
 “The self is an immortal soul.”
self is to lead a good,
3 Components of the Soul flourishing life. “
1. Reason – enables us to think ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
deeply and make wise
 “The self has an immortal
decisions.
soul. He describes humankind
2. Physical/ appetite – it includes
as created in the image and
one’s desires, pleasure,
likeness of God. Everything
physical satisfaction, comfort,
created by God is usually
biological needs (hunger,
good. ”
thirst, sex)
  Two aspects: 1. Imperfect  Tabula Rasa
(earthly)
DAVID HUME
2. Capable of reaching
immortality.  The self is nothing else but a
 Our goal is to attain bundle of impressions.
communion with the divine.  Experiences can be classified into
 The world of materials, the impressions and ideas.
earth is not our final home.  Impressions are the primary
 The real world is where God objects of our experience or
is. sensations.
Man is Composed of 2 Parts SIGMUND FREUD
1. Mater – hyle in Greek which 3 Layers of the Self
refers to the universe of man’s
1. Conscious – reality principle.
body. The common stuff that
2. Unconscious – pleasure
makes up everything.
principle. Basic instincts
2. Form – morphe in Greek which
including sexuality, self-
is the essence of a substance or
destruction, traumatic
thing.
memories and unfilled wishes.
 The body of the human person is
3. Subconscious/ preconscious –
something that he shares even
easily brought to our minds.
with animals.
3 Folds of Self
RENE DESCARTES
1. Id – center of human wants
 Cogito, ergo sum in Latin
and desire.
meaning, “I think therefore I am.”
2. Ego – acts according to reality.
2 Dimensions of Human Self 3. Superego – seat of
consciousness.
1. Thinking Self – nonmaterial
things, very immortal and GILBERT RYLE
independent of the physical
 I act therefore I am.
laws of the universe.
 He believes that the self is best
2. Physical Self – material,
understood as a pattern of
mortal, non-thinking, and fully
behavior, the tendency or
governed by the physical laws.
disposition for a person to behave
JOHN LOCKE in a certain way in certain
circumstances.
 The self is conscious.
 Conscious awareness and MAURICE MERLEU-PONTY
memory of previous experiences
 The mind and body are so
are the keys to understanding the
intertwined that they cannot be
self (thinking, reasoning, and
separated.
reflection).
  The living body, his thoughts,
emotions, and experiences are all
in one.
IMMANUEL KANT
 We construct the Self.
Division of Consciousness
1. Internal Self – combining new
ideas with old ideas with our
mind.
2. External Self – Physical world.
 from their own self as an effect of
 One of the proponents of
Existentialism.
 He emphasized individual
existence, freedom, and choice.
GEORG WILHELM HEGEL
 The rational alone is real.
 Believes that we do not perceive
the world or anything in it directly
and that all our minds have access
to ideals and worlds (images,
perception, concepts.)
KARL MARX
 Social alienation – the social
relationship between individual
and group of people in the
community.
 Human being must work in order
to survive in any social class.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL SELF
The Self as product of Modern Society
among Others:
-From the limitations imposed by society
before, people nowadays are already free
to seek their own identity. Thus, their
selves get “delocalized”.
 Clifford Geertz (1973)
Believes that the struggle for
individuality can already be
possible.
Having a delocalized self as a product
poses certain problems such as:
a. The authenticity of self is
threatened as a result of the
newfound freedom.
b. According to Marx, human beings
are haunted and get alienated
the images they create.
c. The objectification of the body
removes human qualities in man.
d. Dehumanization of Self.
MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
 Is known for his THEORY OF THE
SOCIAL SELF which stands on the
point that the self is not initially
there at birth.
 Instead, it arises out of one’s
social communication, our
activities such as observing and
interacting with others,
responding to others’ opinions,
and internalizing external
opinions and internal feelings
about oneself.
 According to Mead’s theory, the
self has two sides of phases: the
“I” and “me”.
 The “I” represents the self as the
subject, and the individual’s
impulse
 The “me” is considered to be the
socialized component of the
individual that represents the
learned behaviors, expectations
 and attitudes of others organized
into a social self.
THREE ACTIVITIES ARE IDENTIFIED AS
THE RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE SELF:
 Language
 Play
 Game
LANGUAGE
 At the age of 0 to 2 years old,
children tend to imitate the
language used by people that are
around them.
PLAY
 During ages 2 to 6 years old, play
develops one’s self-consciousness
through role-playing.
GAME
 The game activity that is engaged
by children ages 7 years old
onwards allows the child to
understand and adhere to the
rules of the games which as a
result may lead to the
development of self.
THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF:
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
 American Sociologist
 The concept “looking glass self” as
pertaining to an individual’s
development of self-concept
based on their observation of how
other people see them.
 The social interactions people
have been used as “mirror” to
measure their own worth, values,
and behavior.
LABELLING BIAS
 Occurs when we are labeled, and
others’ views and expectations of
us are affected by that labeling.
SELF-LABELLING
 May occur when one takes into
their self-concept those labels and
evaluations made by others for
them.
ANTHROPOLOGOCAL SELF
 Anthropologically
It is not just limited to legal
association to a country but it
entails a responsibility to live and
protect the country’s cherished
values. To belong and relate to
culture means to adopt, accept,
and treasure its entire way of life
Anthropology
 Is the study of all aspects of the
human condition
 This includes human history, the
present human condition, and
even future possibilities.
 It is also considered “the science
of humanity.” Which studies
human beings in aspects ranging
from the biology and evolutionary
history of Homo sapiens to the
features of society and culture
that decisively distinguish humans
from other animal species.
Nature
 Referring to the genetic
inheritance that sets the
individual’s potential.
Nurture Two Ways in Which the Concept of Self is
viewed in the Different Societies:
 Sociocultural environment
1. Egocentric View
Culture
 The self is seen as an autonomous
 Latin word “cultura” or and distant individual.
“cultus” meaning care or 2. Sociocentric view
cultivation.  The self is contingent on a
situation or social setting.
Cultural context
Forming Cultural Identity
 Personal Identity-
The way he/she sees  Forming a cultural identity
himself/herself as an involves making choices about
individual. cultures one identities with and
 Collective Identity- deciding to join the cultural
The way he/she sees community to which one
himself/herself as a member of belongs. Beliefs and practices
a certain group. of one more communities can
also be adapted.
Identity
 One’s identity is not inborn; it
 Refers to “who the person is” is something people
or the qualities and traits of an continuously develop in life.
individual that makes him/her
Three-phased rite of passage according
different from others.
to Arnold van Gennep:
Cultural Identity
 Separation phase
 Is self-identification, a sense of  People detach from their former
belonging to a group that identity to another.
reaffirms itself. It is dynamic  Liminality phase
and constantly evolving.  A person transitions from one
identity to another.
Social Anthropology
 Incorporation phase
 The concept of identity was  The change in one’s status is
used mostly in the context of officially incorporated
“ethnic identity” pointing out
Properties of Cultural Identity according
the self with others, that is to a
to Jane Collier and Milt Thomas:
consciousness of sharing
certain characteristics ( e.g. 1. Avowal and Ascription
language, culture etc.) within  Avowal
a group.  Is how one articulates or expresses
his/her views about group identity.
It is how one presents oneself to
another.
 Ascriptions
 Is how others perceive an
individual. It is how one refers to
others.
2. Models of Expression
 The use of core symbols
(expressions of a group’s cultural
beliefs and theories about the
world around them), names, labels
and norms (expected standard of
behavior) that a cultural
community share and follow in
order to show that they belong to
a particular group, demonstrates
shared identity.
3. Individuals, Relational, Communal
Identity
Three components to cultural
identity:
 Individual
 Refers to how an individual
interprets his cultural identity
based on his experiences.
 Relational
 Refers to how individuals interact
with one another (what is the
appropriate behavior).
 Communal Identity
 Is the use of communication in the
creation, affirmation and
negotiation of shared identity.
4. Enduring and Changing Aspects of
Identity
 The cultural identity changes due
to several factors which are social,
political, economic and contextual.
5. Affective, Cognitive and
Behavioral Aspects of Identity
 This refers to emotions fully
attached to cultural identity in
particular situations.
6. Content and Relationship Levels
 This refers to the interaction
between two or more individuals.
The message exchange carries
information/content.
 The participants of the
conversation interpret the choice
and meanings of the words based
on their experiences.
7. Salience or Prominence
 This is the degree to which an
identity is demonstrated in a
situation and refers to how much a
person’s cultural identity stands
out and attracts attention.
The Self Embedded in Culture
CLIFFORD GEERTZ
 American Anthropologist
 Offers the reformulation of the
concept of culture which favors a
symbolic interpretative model of
culture.
 Geertz suggests two important
ideas:
1) Culture should not be perceived
only as “complexes of concrete
behavior patterns – customs,
usages, traditions, habit clusters-
for the governing behavior.
2) Man is precisely the animal most
desperately dependent upon such
extra genetic, outside-the-skin
control mechanisms, such cultural
programs, for ordering his
behavior.”
Geertz also emphasizes that human
nature is interdependent with culture,
“Without men, no culture certainly; but
equally, and more significantly, without
culture, no men.”
PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF
  The psychology of the self is the creating idealized self and actual
study of the cognitive or affective self.
representation of one's identity.
Idealized Self
 In modern psychology, the
earliest formulation of the self-  Is an imaginary picture having
derived from the distinction unlimited power or qualifies on.
between the self as “I,” the
Actual Self
subjective knower, and the self as
“me,” the object that is known.  Who we really are failed to fulfill.
 The "Me" corresponds to the self  Underlying both the idealized and
as an object of experience or the actual self is the real self which is
self as known. revealed only when a person starts
 While the "I" refers to the subject to find ways to deal and resolve
of experience or the self as anxiety and conflicts.
knower that is pure ego and
CARL ROGERS
consciousness itself.
 Believes that human basic motive
Three Components of the “Me” Self:
is to be self-actualized.
A. The Material Self  Real Self (actual behavior)
 According to James, this is the  Ideal Self (who you would like to
component of self that we tend to become)
be most affected with, as we
DONALD W. WINNICOTT
invest ourselves with things like
clothes, family, and home.  Explained the theory about the
B. The Social Self True Self (the unshaped) and the
 It is based on our interactions False Self.
with society and the reactions of
Self as Proactive and Agentic
others that are analyzed in order
to contribute to our idea of social  As viewed by the Social Cognitive
self. Theory, people are capable of
C. The Spiritual Self controlling their own lives.
 It is said to be the most intimate  People are proactive and
self. It is who we are at our core reflective meaning the agent self-
and something permanent like resides over everything that
personality, core values, involves decision making, self-
conscience etc. control, taking charge of
Real and Ideal Self situations, and actively
responding.
KAREN HORNEY  Our capacity to distinguish those
 Believed that people experiences that we are capable of
anxiety and be able to develop accomplishing, and those that are
strategies to cope with it. Thus not describes the quality of self-
efficacy.
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND
ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHTS
Individualistic Self
 Prioritizes the self-interest,
independence, and rights of
individuals.
Collective Self
 A worldview that places high
importance on the group or
community as a whole.
The Self according to Buddhism
 Buddhism philosophy believes that
religion is a way of life and to live a
moral life, to be mindful and
aware of thoughts and actions,
and to develop wisdom and
understanding.
 The Four Noble Truth and Eight
Fold Paths as thought by the
religion reminds people that life
should not be focused on pleasure,
but instead should be lived in
contemplation.
The Four Noble Truths
1. Life is suffering.
2. Suffering is caused by craving and
aversion.
3. Suffering can be overcome and
happiness can be attained.
4. The eightfold path leads to the
end of suffering
The Self according to Confucianism
 Confucius’s philosophy of life
stands with the idea that life is a
living reality, a blessing, a natural
priceless right, and an
opportunity to be with others to
work together for the common
good to attain happiness.
 Thus, the threat to social order is
selfishness.
 In the Confucian philosophy, the
principle of ren characterized the
self-possessing compassion for
others. The self for Confucius is
the person within the society who
exhibits refinement and
compassion.
PHYSICAL SELF
 Refers to the body, this marvelous
container and complex, finely
tuned, machine with which we
interface with our environment
and fellow beings.
 The concrete dimension, the
tangible aspect of the person that
can be directly observed and
examined.
 Defined by the physical
characteristics that are visible.
WILLIAM JAMES
 Renowned psychologist and a
pioneer of American Sociology.
 The body is the initial source of
sensation and necessary for the
origin and maintenance of
personality.
 “the self is the sum total of all
that man can call his, which
includes his body, family and
reputation, also his clothes and
his house…”
RUSSELL W. BELK
 Such body, family, clothes, and the
like are parts of the extended
body.
ERIK ERICKSON
  Experience is anchored in the
ground-plan of the body.
SIGMUND FREUD
 Physical body is the core of human
experience.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
 Placed the body at the center of
human existence, as a way of
experiencing the world.
CULTURE
 Shared patterns of thought,
beliefs, behaviors, and habits in
both material and symbolic
realms. Includes language,
technology, economic, political
and educational systems, religious
and aesthetic patterns, social
structures and so on.
Self-definition

THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY  Refers to the way a person sees

IMAGE AND BEAUTY: himself.

BODY IMAGE THE CONCEPT OF BEAUTY IN DIFFERENT

CULTURES:
 It refers to the person’s perception
of the level of attractiveness of Face Tattoos
his/her body or it can be
 This tradition has been around for
somebody’s own impression of
centuries, and consists of patterns
how his/her body looks.
called Ta-Mako in black or dark
 Internal(personal) and external
blue ink on the woman’s face.
(social)
Decorated Skin
BEAUTY
 Instead of accessorizing with
 INNER BEAUTY-
extravagant jewelry, women in
Refers to the inner qualities of the
India turn to nose rings, bindis and
person
henna to make themselves more
 EXTERNAL BEAUTY-
attractive for festivals and
Refers to the physical
celebrations, like weddings.
characteristics of the person
 “BODY BEAUTIFUL” – Long Earlobes
Admired muscular “Adonis” body
 To the Masai tribe of Kenya, long,
built for men.
stretched earlobes are the ideal
 The “COCA-COLA BODY”-
for both men and women.
contoured figure for women.
 “AESTHETIC CAPITAL”- Long Necks
Covers the privileges and wealth
 Long, giraffe-like necks are the
people receive from aesthetic
ultimate sign of beauty and female
traits.
elegance to the Kayan tribe
THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN OUR
Pale Skin
UNDERSTANDING OF “BODY IMAGE”
AND “SELF-ESTEEM”
  Women in many Asian countries
avoid the sun at all costs simply
because pale skin is the ultimate
sign of beauty and desirability.
Full Figures
 In Mauritania, females with full
figures are considered incredibly
beautiful, and think women are
considered physically undesirable.
Body Scars
 Scarification of the body is a
practice, specifically among
populations with dark skin too
dark to show tattoos.
Lip Plates
 Suri people of Ethiopia find beauty
represented in women’s lip plates.
Foot Binding
 The result was small and petite
feet which is considered highly
attractive in China.
Monobrows
 The women of Tajikistan embrace
their natural eyebrows, and will
even draw on them to make it
appear that they have a
monobrow.
The Influence of Media on the
Adolescent’s Understanding of Beauty
 The media has increasingly
become a platform that reinforces
cultural beliefs and projects
strong views on how we should
look, that we as individuals often
unknowingly or knowingly
validate and perpetuate.
 Body dissatisfaction and
perceptions of beauty are
inextricably linked. Body
dissatisfaction is the number one
risk factor for a number of
unhealthy behaviors, including
eating disorders and chronic
dieting.
 Body image is a multidimensional
construct that refers to one’s
perception of and attitudes about
the size and shape of one’s body.
BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM
 Self-esteem
How much you are valued and
respected by yourself and by
others.
 Body image
How you view your physical self —
including whether you feel you are
attractive and whether others like
your looks.
 Body image and self-esteem
directly influence one another.
When you have healthy body
image, you feel comfortable
about your body and know how
to care for it.
How do I know if I have a healthy body
image and self-esteem?
 You see and think of yourself as a
whole person, not a collection of
specific body parts.
 You accept and celebrate the
uniqueness of your natural body
shape and size.
 You understand that a person’s
physical appearance says very little
about their character and value as
a person.
 You feel comfortable and
confident in your body, and avoid
worrying about food, weight, and
counting calories.
DEVELOPING SELF-ESTEEM
a) Understanding that healthy,
attractive bodies come in many
shapes and sizes;
b) Physical appearance says very little
about our character or value of a
person;
c) How we get to this point of
acceptance often depends on our
individual development and self-
acceptance.
Here are a few other things that you can
try to increase your self-esteem:
1. Make a list of the stuff you’re good
at.
2. Give yourself three compliments
every day.
3. Remember that your body is your
own, no matter what shape, size,
or color it is.
4. Remember that there are things
about yourself you can’t change.
5. When you hear negative
comments in your head, tell
yourself to stop.
THE SEXUAL SELF
SEXUALITY
 Essential component of healthy
development for young people.
 ‘‘sexuality is an integral part of
human life,’’ and ‘‘sexual health is
inextricably bound to both
physical and mental health.’’
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX
CHARACTERISTICS:
Primary Sexual Characteristics
 Primary sexual characteristics refer
to the reproductive organs
themselves.
 For females, the most significant
primary sexual characteristic is
the first menarche, or first
menstrual period.
 For males, the primary sexual
characteristics include an
enlargement of the penis and
testes, and the first spermarche.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
 Change in height
 Sweat and Sebaceous glands
 Hair growth
FEMALE
 Enlargement of breasts and
erection of nipples.
 Growth of body hair, most
prominently underarm and pubic
hair.
 Labia minora, the inner lips of the
vulva, may grow more prominent
and undergo changes in color with
the increased stimulation related
to higher levels of estrogen.
MALE
 Enlargement of larynx (Adam's
apple) and deepening of voice.
THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
 Excitement Phase
 Plateau Phase
 Orgasm Phase
 Resolution Phase
THE CHEMISTRY OF ATTRACTION, LOVE
AND ATTACHMENT
 Lust
  Attraction
 Attachment
Diversity of Human
Sexuality

 Diversity
It includes things like race, religion,
culture, physical ability, mental
ability, family make-up, socio-
economic status and sexual and
gender diversity.
 Sexuality
refers to the sexual feelings and
attractions we have towards other
people.
When we talk about sexual and gender
diversity, it’s important to understand
these terms:

 Sex
Which people are typically
assigned at birth based on physical
characteristics.
 Sexual Orientation
A person’s emotional and sexual
attraction to others
 Gender/Gender Identity
A person’s internal sense of
identity as female, male, both or
neither, regardless of the sex.
 Gender expression
How a person expresses their
gender.