PSYCH 100 REVIEWER Mind and soul is given in perfection with God.

LESSON 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF SELF Psyche or “mind” 3 ELEMENTS

Philosophy RATIONAL SOUL

About finding answer to questions about ourselves Reason and intellect

and about the world we live in. For us to think deeply, make wise choices and
“Questioning existing knowledge and intuitions to achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
get closer to the truth”
Origin of Philosophy SPIRITED SOUL
 Search for truth
Emotion and Passions
 Search to look for something
Basic emotions (love, anger, ambition, empathy and
 Search for meaning
aggressiveness)
 Importance
 Significance APPETITIVE SOUL
 Value
 Relevant Basic needs
Includes our basic biological needs such as hunger,
It allows you to: thirst, and sexual desire.
 Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be
Justify your opinions.
achieves by people who consistently make sure that
Explain to people why you are wrong and they are
their REASON is in control of their Spirits and
right.
Appetites.
Philosophy basically teaches you to think!
ARISTOTLE: FATHER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (384 322 B.C.E)
PYTHAGORAS- He was the one who first to use the term
philosophy. the body and soul are not two separate elements
but are “one thing”.
PHILO – Greek word for love
the soul is simply the Form of the body, and is not
SOPHIA – “ “ “ wisdom capable of existing without the body.
The soul is the essence of the self.
 Love of Wisdom
Aristotle “Kinds of Soul”
The Philosophy of Self – refers to the conditions of IDENTITY VEGETATIVE includes the physical body that can
that make the individual distinct grow.
from all others. SENTIENT includes the sensual desires, feelings, and
emotions
IDENTITY- it is the qualities, characteristics, beliefs etc. beliefs, RATIONAL is what makes man human. It includes
etc. that makes a person or grouped unique from one another. the intellect that makes man know and understand
things.
THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHY OF SELF
EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS
 encompasses all views of the self that
emanated from the European and American RENE DES CARTES (1596-1650)
continent, postulated by thinkers from these
regions. self is a thinking person.
In his writing “Cogito ergo sum”(I think
3 WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS therefore; I am) he stressed that the mind is a
substance within the brain capable of thinking
SOCRATES: THE FIRST MORAL PHILOSOPHER (470 399 B.C.E) (affirming, doubting, judging etc.)

believes that to understand the self is to “know

thyself”.
Everyman is dualistic. It composed Descartes’ two (2) distinct entities:

of body and soul COGITO

Two important aspects of his personhood:  The thing that thinks

 Mind
Body - imperfect and impermanent
Soul - perfect and permanent EXTENZA

PLATO (424 347 BCE)  The extension

 Body
A student of Socrates.
Believed in the existence of mind and soul. The soul JOHN LOCKE: ENGLISH EMPIRICAL PHILOSOPHER (1632 1740)
is immortal.
 the self can be understood by examining one’s mind,
what constitute the mind.
Human mind at birth is Tabula rasa or blank state.
Self is constructed primarily from sense of
Experiences.
He theorized, all babies know absolutely nothing
and ready to learn through experiences.
DAVID HUME: SCOTTISH EMPIRICIST
(1711 6)
the self is nothing more than the mental perceptions
which are available to our memory.
all perceptions of the mind is divided in two distinct
kinds, the “impression” and “ideas”.
SIGMUND FREUD: DRIVE THEORY OF SELF
(1856 9)
believes that the self has three layers:
 ID - pleasure principle (I WANT TO DO THAT NOW!)
 EGO - reality principle (MAYBE WE CAN
COMPROMISE)
 SUPER EGO- “moral principle” ( IT’S NOT RIGHT TO
DO THAT).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
The Philippines also has a homegrown psycho
philosophical view of the self. The view was
developed by Virgilio Enriquez, who is considered as
the Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ (1942 1994)
the self in the Filipino is the unity of the “self” and
“others” expressed in the Filipino word “ kapwa”.
LESSON 4: SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF
PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
It is the scientific study of human behavior and
mental processes.
GREEK WORD – The study of mind or soul.
 PSYCHE – soul/spirit/mind
 LOGOS – Study
1. WILLIAM JAMES (1842- 1910)
An American Philosopher and Psychologist
He is known for his Theory of the Self
He wrote many articles on both philosophy and
psychology and published several books, one of
which is The Principles of Psychology in 1980.
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE SELF
MATERIAL SELF – Relates to the things we considered ours, w/
which we have an emotional attachment and had significantly
invested on.
Example: The person’s body, his family, clothes, books, money.
MATERIAL SELF INVESMENT – These may come in different
forms like time, effort, money and experiences.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP
Physical tangible objects we own, do literally
become a part of who we are.
Psychological ownership of things we own, which
evoke emotion.
THE “ME” & THE “I”
The Me Self can be considered as a separate object
or individual that the person refers to when
discussing or describing their personal experiences.
(Empirical me).
The I Self is the self that knows and recognizes who
they are and what they have done.
Pure Ego or the Thinking Self
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
refers to the self that is more concrete or
permanent when compared to the material and
social selves. It is always engaging in the process of
introspection (self observation).
2. MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990)
American Psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry
Family Therapy and Systemic Therapy
2 FORCES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL
1. Togetherness
2. Individuality
GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF MODELS
A. THE GLOBAL SELF is the product of all experiences
that he had in the society which accounts for the
kind of person he presently is.
B. THE DIFFERENTIATED SELF though still affected by
the presence of others, has the ability to separate
feelings and thoughts.
3. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)
An American Psychologist who proposed the
personality theory known as Person Centered
Theory
He stated that the term self-concept is used to refer
to how a person thinks about or perceives himself.
TWO TYPES OF SELF CONCEPT
a. REAL SELF refers to all information and perception
the person has about himself. This is who he actually
is and answers the question, “Who am I?”.
b. IDEAL SELF is the model version the person has of
himself. This idealized view was borne out of his
experiences,standards and demand of society.
Answers the question of who hewants to become or
“Who do I want to be?”.
4. MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES
A. THE MULTIPLE SELF- suggests that there exists in the
individual different aspects of the self.
.B. UNIFIED SELF- is essentially connected to consciousness,
awareness and agency.
5. DONALD WOODS WINNICOTT (1896-1971)
English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied
child development.
He looked into the significance of play in child
development; it is also through play where he
observed children/people as having true and false
selves.
TRUE AND FALSE SELVES
A. TRUE SELF- one in which the self is seen as creative,
spontaneously experiencing each day of their lives,
appreciating being alive, real, integrated and
connected to the whole of existence.
B. FALSE SELF- may be manifested as a form of
defense. It is the mask that hides the true person
for fear of the pain of rejection and failure.
6. ALBERT BANDURA (1925-PRESENT)
Is the proponent of the personality theory known as
the THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY.
Self as Proactive and Agentic
TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION PARADIGM
Human beings are affected by the interaction among
environmental events, behavior, and personal
factors (Feist & Feist, 2008).
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
A. INTENTIONALITY - actions performed by the person
intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior.
B. FORETHOUGHT- the person’s anticipation of likely
outcomes of his behavior.
C. SELF- REACTIVENESS - the process in which the person is
motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes his
progress in achieving his goals.
D. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS - the person looking inward and
evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other
people’s effect on him. An important aspect of it is self efficacy
(person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will produce
the desired positive results).
WESTERN AND ORIENTAL THOUGHT
INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF
The development of an individualistic self begins
after birth and is observed in the child –rearing
practices of parents in the West.
In the US, off-springs who reach the age of eighteen
years are expected to move out of the house,
support himself and make his own decisions.
Individual freedom and the ability to stand on his
own is expected.
Although a person is aware that he is not alone and
that he exists with others in society, he sees himself
as being capable of living his own life, making his
own mistakes and learning from his experiences.
COLLECTIVE SELF
In the cultures of the East, the development of a
collective self is ingrained into the individual.
The family and the society control how the group
members should think, act and generally conduct
themselves in society.
Collectivistic cultures give birth to individuals who
develop collective selves. Such individuals establish
strong bonds particularly with their families.
THE SELF IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
CONFUCIUS grew up poor even though
he descended from a scholarly family.
Confucius’ family made sure that he
received proper education.
Through scholarly study, he came to be
known as ‘Master Kong’ and as ‘Great
Sage and Teacher’ (Koller, 2007).
REN
Can be understood as human goodness.
It is this which makes human beings
different from beasts.
Ren guides human actions and to go
against the ren means abandoning what
is truly human, for it is the ren that
makes life worth living ( Stangroom ,
1984).
3 ASPECTS OF REN
a. Li (propriety)- in order to guide human actions, rules of
propriety should be followed. Such rules involve adherence to
the rituals of the community.
b. Xiao (filiality)- it is the virtue and reverence and respect for
family. Parents should be revered for the life they had given.
Children show respect to their parents by exerting efforts to
take care of themselves.
c. Yi (rightness)- it is the right way of behaving. It is
unconditional and absolute. Right is right and what is not right
is wrong; there are no gray areas.
LESSON 5: THE SCIENTIFIC SELF
FERTILIZATION:
The union of the sperm and egg cells.
The union of male sperm and female egg cell
signals the beginning of human life. This results to
fertilized egg called the “zygote” that contains
equal number of chromosomes from each parent.
Human fertilization begins with a woman’s
menstrual cycle. This cycle prepares a woman’s
body for fertilization.
It is at this point that an egg cell is released, or
ovulated, into the Fallopian tube.
FALLOPIAN TUBE- fertilization will take place.
There are up to 150 million sperm in a single
ejaculation.
The sperm travel to the fallopian tube to meet the
egg.
The sperm have to complete within 12-48 hours of
the egg being ovulated, or else they will die.
 About 85% of the sperm are not properly
structured for travel.
The UTERUS is also known as the WOMB and is
where the baby will develop after fertilization.
About 1000 sperm are left.
There are TWO FALLOPIAN TUBES, and only one contains egg.
The sperm that choose the correct Fallopian tube will finally
reach the egg.
 The CHROMOSOMES contain chemical packets
called “genes”.
 GENES- carries heredity traits.
 In MITOSIS, the cell divides by duplicating a
chemically-thought genes known as the
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) forming new cells.
 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES, a total of 46
chromosomes contribute to the mixture of
hereditary traits.
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
It happens when in the process, a pair of
chromosomes exchange places causing individual
differences and biologic variations among the off
springs of given parents.
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Development of humans occurs through a series of
cell divisions: “mitosis and meiosis”
BIOLOGY OF SEX
In the process of reproduction, both the mother and
father contribute equal number of chromosomes.
Normal individual has 23 pairs, a total of 46
chromosomes.
SEX DETERMINATION
A normal female has XX sex cells
A normal male has XY sex cells
Combination/Pairing:
XX sex cells from parents – Baby girl
XY sex cells – Baby Boy
 There are common causes of birth defects that can
affect the brain and other parts of the body caused
by chromosomal abnormalities.
 These occur when part of chromosome is:
 missing
 switches in pairing with another
chromosomes
 extra chromosome is added.
 Mutation may lead to death of the embryo or
characteristic disease syndrome.
GREGOR MENDEL: FATHER OF GENETICS (1822-1884)
The idea of particulate inheritance of genes can be
attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel
who published his work on pea plants in 1865.
MECHANICS OF HEREDITY
 HEREDITY is the transmission of genetic traits or
characteristics from parents up to the third line of
ancestry.
 process begins from the moment of conception
 Dominant and Recessive Traits
 DOMINANT: traits that are
phenotypically observable or which can
be seen.
 RECESSIVE : express less frequently
FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE UNBORN CHILD
 Maternal size, weight, and nutritional state.
 Anemia (iron deficiency).
 Cigarette smoking and substance abuse.
 early miscarriage
 placenta abruption
 placenta previa
 preterm birth
 low birth weight
Uterine blood flow.
HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR
biology affects behavior also through mechanism of
heredity regulated by genetic principles.
the nature vs. nurture controversy
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
it exist, but they can be categorized as either
numerical or structural.
it can occur as an accident when the egg or the
sperm is formed or during early developmental
stages of fetus.
it can have many different effects, depending on the
specific abnormality. (an extra copy of chromosome
21 causes Down syndrome “trisomy 21”.
structural chromosomal abnormalities result from
breakage and incorrect rejoining chromosomal
segments.
FAMILY COPING TECHNIQUES FOR GENETIC AND BIRTH
ABNORMALITIES
acknowledge yourself – It is quite natural to feel
devastated and sad but you have to move forward.
talk to your self – Talk to your self and accept what
is bestowed on you by the Almighty above.
do some research – It is advisable to do some
research.
 talk to your partner – your partner is the only
person in the entire world who can relate to your
condition
know about your baby’s condition – knowing your
baby’s condition is very important for the parents.
try to get local support – coping with congenital
defects can be very annoying and stressful. The
correct way to handle the changes in your
aspirations and expectations is to learn with other
parents facing similar or like circumstances.
discuss freely about the birth defects with your
family members and friends - prepare yourself
mentally to live with birth defect in a child.
prepare yourself financially – Having a child with
birth defects is quite challenging both
psychologically as well as financially.
ask the doctor about helping aids your child might
need in order to be safe and healthy.
LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF
SEXUAL SELF CONCEPT
is a characterized as a person’s evaluation of his or
her own sexual feelings and actions.
a. Information or event
b. Sexual esteem
c. Sexual affect/feelings
d. Sexual behavior and function
SEX AND SEXUALITY IN ADOLESCENT
Sex is a primary category of human social
perception. Judging a person as a male or female
has been described as an automatic social cognitive
process that is effortless, unintended, and
involuntary.
Characteristics that differentiate males and females
has been defined as sex.
a. Chromosomes - XX or YX
b. Gonads - ovaries/testes
c. Gonadal hormones - estrogens or
androgens/testosterone
d. Internal accessory organs -fallopian
tubes
e. External genitalia - clitoris, labia minora,
vaginal orifice or penis, scrotum
SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY
 on the other hand, refers to the intimate
knowledge and experience of the
individual’s own gender.
 is perceived as subjective and based on
self
 identification as cited in Social
Psychology in the Philippine Context.
 it is a personal conception of oneself as
male Of female blend of both or neither
how individuals perceive themselves and
what they call themselves.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION is an “enduring emotional,
romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction to another
person.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION, as one of the aspects within
the broad umbrella of sexuality, is defined by the sex
of the person to whom one is sexually attracted to
and has potential of loving.
a. Heterosexual
b. Homosexual
c. Bisexual
d. Asexual
ASPECTS OF SEXUALITY
there are several researches today that focus on
the aspects of sexuality.
a. sexual pleasure
b. sexual satisfaction
c. sexual desire
d. sexual agency
SEXUAL SEX CONCEPT
is also referred as “sexual self view”.
it perceives how you view yourself sexually.
is considered a multi- dimensional construct that
refers to an individual’s positive and negative
perceptions about him or herself as a sexual being.
SEXUAL SELF-ESTEEM
is a feeling of self worth in sexual situations.
Confidence in the capacity to experience one’s
sexuality has a sexual self esteem.
it tends to positively evaluate one’s own capacity to
engage in healthy sexual behaviors and to
experience one’s sexuality in satisfying and
enjoyable way.
a. sexual behavior
b. sexual conduct
c. sexual attractiveness
SEXUAL ANXIETY
it tends to feel tension, discomfort, and anxiety
about the sexual aspects of one’s life.
SEXUAL SELF-EXPLORATION
scientific studies are replete with data suggesting
that most teenagers admit that they are too young
To engage in sexual intercourse.
EROTIC SELF- EXPLORATION
the first step towards realizing a healthy sex life in
the 21st century is erotic self-exploration: Providing
a pleasurable sexual experience to a partner is much
more likely if one has had first-hand experience with
providing sexual pleasure to oneself.
SEXUAL SELF-EFFICACY
Is incredibly important for sexual health.
Sex and Relationships
concomitant to the discussion on sexual self is the
views of the individuals on sexual relationship and
conduct.
EMERGING SEXUAL TREND
PARTNER SWAPPING - swinging, sometimes called
wife swapping or partner, is a non -monogamous
behavior in which both singles and partners in a
committed relationship engage in sexual activities
with others as recreational or social.
ORGIES- these are parties where people engage in
unrestrained intimacy with each other. It happens
both strangers and know people.
THE ONLINE SPACE
PORNOGRAPHY is the portrayal of sexual subject
matter for the purpose of sexual arousal.
It may be presented in a variety of media, including
books, magazines, postcards, photographs etc.
THE SEXUAL SELF
EROGENOUS ZONES
These are areas of the body (mouth, breast, neck,
thigh, genitals) that have increased sensitivity
especially when stimulated.
Touching them may create a sexual arousal that
could lead to sexual response.
SEXUAL RESPONSE
When a sexual activity is continued, it proceeds to four
sequential phases. Here are the stages.
1. EXCITED PHASE- Characterized by increase in pulse
and blood pressure, skin temperature, muscle
tensions, more rapid breathing and secretion of
genital fluids.
2. PLATEAU PHASE- Consistent stimulation until
orgasm occurs
3. SEXUAL CLIMAX- intense pleasure with a rapid
increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and
possibility of spasms and muscular contractions.
4. RESOLUTION PHASE- A slow return to the normal
state.
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
It is an activity done in solitude between two adults.
What factors determine human sexual behavior?
INHERITED SEXUAL RESPONSE PATTERNS –
physiological factors ensuring reproduction.
OTHER SEXUAL INFLUENCE – external factors from
society.
SOLIDARITY BEHAVIOR- self-stimulation, can be
more common among the unmarried.
SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR- two individuals sexually
engaged with each other.
o HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR- 2 individuals
of the opposite sex engage in sexual
behavior.
o BISEXUAL BEHAVIOR- 2 individuals of the
same sex engage in sexual behavior.
o TRANSSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – 2 people,
with one or any of them whose gender
identity is different from their assigned
sex, engage in sexual behavior.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
NATURAL METHODS
TYPES:
 ABSTINENCE- Using this method means
not engaging in any sexual activity at all.
 CALENDAR METHOD- known as rhythm
method which means not engaging in
any sexual activity during the days in a
month that the female is fertile.
 WITHDRAWAL METHOD- entails the man
withdrawing from the sexual activity just
before he releases.
ARTIFICIAL METHODS
 SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS- Rod-like
implants inserted under a female’s skin,
made with etonogestrel, desogestrel and
progestin, which are hormones that
make sure the female doesn’t produce
eggs for reproduction.
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES- a.k.a PILL,
contains synthetic estrogen and
progesterone that prevent ovulation,
must be taken in strict scheds. As
prescribed by doctor.
 MALE CONDOMS- a latex or synthetic
rubber sheath placed on the male organ,
also proven to prevent sexually
transmitted infections (STIs).
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
NATURE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
 commonly called STD’s, are disease that are spread
by having sex with someone who has an STD. You
can get a sexually transmitted disease from sexual
activity that involves the mouth, anus, vagina, or
penis.
COMMON TYPES OF STDS AND THEIR TREATMENTS
 STDs are infections that are passed from one person
to another during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They’re
really common, and lots of people who have them
don’t have any symptoms.
 it can be dangerous, but the good news is that
getting tested is no big deal, and most STDs are easy
to treat.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)- causes
damage in the immune system and interferes with
the body’s ability to fight and protect disease-
causing organisms.
SYPHILIS (SPIROCHETE BACTERIA TREPONEMA
PALLIDUM)- A.K.A the great imitator, because
symptoms are like other diseases; causes major
complications if not detected and treated properly.
HPV ( HUMAM PAPILLOMA VIRUS)- infections are
characterized by anogenital and oropharyngeal
disease.
CHLAMYDIA
is a bacterial infection that’s easily cured with
antibiotic medicine.
 it is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The
infection is carried in semen (cum), pre cum, and
vaginal fluids.

GENITAL WARTS

are common and are caused by certain types of

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus).
it can be annoying, but they’re treatable and aren’t
dangerous.
it shows up on skin around your genitals and anus.
it can be passed on having skin
around your genitals and anus.

GONORRHEA

is a very common sexually transmitted infection,

especially for teens and people in their 20s.
it is sometimes called “the clap” or “the drip”.

HEPATITIS B

is a liver infection caused by a virus (hepatitis B virus

or HBV).
it can be serious and there’s no cure, but the good
news is it’s easy to prevent.

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

it’s a virus that breaks down certain cells in the

immune system.
is the virus that causes AIDS.
can affect anybody.it is carried in a semen (cum),
vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk.
it can also be passed to babies during pregnancy,
birth, or breastfeeding.
it isn’t spread through saliva (spit), so a person
CAN’T get HIV from kissing, sharing food or drinks,
or using the same fork or spoon.

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

it’s the most common sexually transmitted infection.

is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but
some types can lead to cancer or genital warts.
genital HPV infections are very, very common.
it is easily spread from sexual skin to skin contact
with someone who has it.
it is the most common STD, but most of the time it
isn’t a big deal.