UTS Reviewer_First Discussion

Rich M.
REFERENCES: UTS lectures and Alejandra’s notes JOHN LOCKE

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ON THE SELF Tabula rasa: the mind is

empty when it is born,
Philos andis only filled with
- love or beloved knowledge through
Sophia experiences.
- wisdom It is our consciousness
that gives us an idea
Philosophy about our self. Our memories
- Is a thinking mode or a method which asks and perceptions
questions about the nature and essence of various of who we are makes up our
realities appearing on our earth (Laehy, 2008). consciousness.
- In other words, it is a manner of thinking about the
most basic questions and problems faced by human Comatose: loss of consciousness
beings.
DAVID HUME
SOCRATES
There is no such thing as
First thinker about the “self” the “self.”
Self= physical body + soul The “self” is just bundles
Soul= perfect, immortal, but of different perceptions.
limited inside a body Sensation: when different
things in the environment
PLATO enter our senses.
Perception: when the
Dualism: the idea that the brain
self is composed of two interprets what we
elements, body and soul have sensed
Three Parts of the Soul
Reason Spirit Physical The mind is contains two contents :
Appetite
Impressions: those that are
ST. AUGUSTINE perceived from the environment
Ideas: those that are created
Believed that man, the self, is inside the mind
created in the image and
likeness of God. GILBERT RYLE
The soul seeks God. It is
found through faith and The self is reflected only in
reason. one’s behavior (kilos, galaw)
The self, since it is created Our consistent ways of behaving
by God, is inherently good. forms our uniqueness.
What you do = who you are
RENE DESCARTES
SIGMUND FREUD
The Father of Modern
Philosophy Descartes Conscious Level - Thought
revived the Greeks’ and Perceptions
dualism (self is composed Preconscious Level - Memories
of body and soul) The and Stored Knowlege
very reason we exist is Unconcious Level - Violent
because we think. Motives, Fears, Unnacceptable
We are capable of thinking Sexual Desire, Irrational Wishes,
because of our Immoral Urges.
soul.
(ID EGO and SUPER EGO)
 only be floating bodies without thought, essence,
feelings, emotions, and senses.

IMMANUEL KANT John Locke

Man has freedom to choose Some philosophers brand him as an empiricist (just
what he or she wants to like Aristotle). Although he believed in the abstract
become. idea of the mind, he believed that what gives the soul
Together with his freedom, and the body the capability to think is its ability to
man has reason and free accumulate experiences through perception. Locke
will. believed that when we were born, our body was only
capable of sensing its external world. The mind has
PAUL & PATRICIA yet to gain knowledge from the environment. As the
CHURCHLAND self grows older, the experiences he accumulated in
life develop the soul’s knowledge. We are born
Neuro scientist that without knowledge. Only the observable
studies environment supplies us with knowledge as we go
the brain. through a multitude of experiences when we are
exploring this environment.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
David Hume
The self cannot be
divided He further extended Locke’s idea about the influence
into different bits or of the environment in our mind. He emphasized that
parts. the self is a product of all our daily perceptions. In
The self functions as a psychology, we define perception as the process of
whole unit. interpreting and giving meaning to what is
What you feel, think, happening around us. It is different from sensation.
and experience is Sensation is merely spotting a certain thing in the
who you are environment with your senses, but giving
interpretation to what you’ve sensed is perception
MODERN PHILOSOPHERS (e.g. you “saw” or spotted your crush – sensation,
then then your brain told that “ah! That was my
Although the Greek philosophers became influential crush” – perception) Hume emphasized that as we
in building what is philosophy and science today, were born, we began perceiving the environment
their ideas were buried as the Greek Empire around us. Thus, our daily experiences are being
disappeared from history. It was replaced by the perceived, and this forms everything that we know
Roman Empire, with Christianity as its banner. But about ourselves. Self = perception
even the Roman Empire did not escape from the fall
of big civilizations. Both the Greek and the Roman
writings dissipated from history. However, during Gilbert Ryle
the Renaissance Period (around 1400s-1600s), the
arts, sciences, and philosophies of Greek and Roman He extended Hume’s idea. It is not just our
writings were once again brought in the spotlight. perceptions that make up the self, but also our
Several philosophers built on the ideas of the Greek. behaviors. Because we perceive the things around us,
we also react to them. The reactions we have from
Rene Descartes our environment is basically all our behaviors. Think
about it, all your behaviors (kilos) is a reaction
The Father of Modern Philosophy He was a towards something from the environment (e.g. you
rationalist (just like Plato); he believed that the mind, are reading this because your instructor, someone
through reason, is a distinct entity from the body. He from your environment, told you that you have a
called this concept as the mind-body dualism. quiz). Basically, Ryle believed that the self =
behaviors.
His famous quotation, “I think, therefore I am,”
became his support for this. He noted that the “mind”,
which is a distinct entity from the body, is what gives
us existence/life. The mere fact that you are thinking
means you are living. Without the mind, we would
Immanuel Kant
He was a pragmatist – someone who believes that
both rationalism and empiricism can be combined so
that we can gain a deeper understanding of human
nature.
TL; DR: In summary, rationalists like Plato and
Descartes believed our self contains a rational mind
that we are born with, and this mind is a separate
entity from the real (objective) world. However,
empiricists like Aristotle, Locke, Hume, and Ryle
believed that the self does not contain a rational and
separate mind, but rather, this “mind” is the part of
our self that reacts to the environment and is formed
through experiences.
CONTEMPORARY/ 20TH -CENTURY PHILOSOPHERS
Maurice Merlau-Ponty
A French existentialist philosopher.
Existentialism is a philosophy that seeks to know the
nature of human’s existence. Some famous existential
philosophers were Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren
Kierkegaard, Freidrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger,
and Maurice Merleau-Poonty.
Existentialism looks at people as whole. They cannot
be divided into bits (just like what early philosophers
believed that the self is divided into two: body and
soul).
When examining people, we look at them holistically.
When we say wholes, it means we evaluate people
from every angle – his past, his story, his experiences,
his feelings, thoughts, and emotions.
should have a responsibility – and a responsibility to
know what is an informed opinion and an
uninformed opinion.
Paul and Patricia Churchland Canadian
neuro philosophers who built his philosophical ideas
centered on the brain.
The mind is brain, the brain is the mind. All of what
we have discussed about the mind as conceptualized
by early philosophers can be found in one part in our
body – the brain.
Without the brain, your “self” would cease to exist.
You may still be you when some parts of your body
disappear, like having an injured arm, but take away
your brain and you would not be the same person as
you are.
The Case of Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage Became a famous case study in
neuropsychology. What happened to him became one
of the staging points in studying the brain as the seat
of our “self”. Phineas Gage was an outright man, a
good-natured, and a family-oriented man. One time,
when he was doing his construction work, he had an
accident where a metal rod pierced through his head
and went through his brain. Specifically, it hit his
frontal lobe (the part of the brain at the back of your
forehead), which is known to be the seat of your
identity. After this, Gage became the exact opposite of
what he was before the accident. He became
aggressive and easily annoyed. It was as if he became
a different person. His case became monumental in
discovering the brain as being the seat of our “self.

For instance, when we judge people, we should not

just focus on what a person did wrong. But rather, we
must try to understand that person from every point
of view: why did he do a bad thing? What has
happened to him in the past that lead him to do a bad
thing? What challenges is he facing right now?
Etcetera. Existentialists also believed in the idea of
freedom and responsibility.

Humans are born free. We have the freedom to do

what we want, to think, to act, and to live. However,
freedom ALWAYS entails responsibility. We have a
responsibility to exercise this freedom and not waste
it. The “responsibility” part in freedom seems what
people often forget.

For instance, when people say an uninformed

opinion, they would always respond “this is my
opinion! It’s a free country, we can say what we want
to say,” seemingly forgetting that their freedom
UTS Reviewer_Third Discussion (ata) Three steps in the looking-glass self
Rich M. 1.We try to imaginea certain ‘appearance’ we show to
REFERENCES: UTS lectures and Alejandra’s notes other people.
2.We project that imagined appearance to our
SOCIOLOGICAL& SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS behaviors.
ON THE SELF 3.We try to evaluateother people’s reactions to that
‘appearance’.
SOCIOLOGY 4.We re-shapeour behaviors based on what we have
SOCIUS: companion, fellow perceived from other people’s reaction.
LOGOS: study
George Hebert Mead
•It is the systematic study ofhuman societyand social
interaction. extended the idea of the looking-glass self. The
•Individuals and society are assumed to be interactive process introduced.
interconnected by the looking-glass self, when done consistently,
forms a person’s roles. Mead said the roles are
But what is society in the first place? formed by significant others and generalized others

Society is defined as a group of people who interact Significant Others

that shares the same geographical territory, is •Our ‘Significant Others’ include our family members,
subject to particularly our parents and siblings
the same political authority and dominant cultural •It may also include our closest friends.
expectations. •Gave us our first and basic roles in life

In summary, a society has Generalized Others

•People •‘Generalized Others’ include society and the
•Shared geography institutions formed within it.
•Shared government •As we grow older, society expects something from
•Shared cultural experiences us, therefore we incorporate these societal
Institutions in Society expectations into our own attitudes.
•Family (the basic unit)
•Education The “I” & “Me”“I”
•Economy •The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested
•Religion component of personality.
•Law •Very large role in children“Me”
•Political Systems •The part of our self that is aware of the expectations
ALL OF THESE AFFECT THE SELF and attitudes of society.
•Very large role in adults
The definition of sociology gives us an idea that who
we are as individuals (SELF) are by-products of What are Roles?
the society and societal institutions we belong. •It is a set of expectations about how a person should
behave in certain situations.
Looking Glass Self •Roles form a big part of one’s identity.

•A theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley and
was later used by George Herbert Mead.
•The looking-glass self refers to the interactive
process by which we develop an image of ourselves
based on how we imagine we appear to others.
•Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the
image we project through their reactions to our
behavior.
When our roles give us stress.
•Role conflictoccurs when two or more incompatible
roles demand something from the individual
•Role overload happens when individuals fulfill
multiple roles and finds it hard to satisfy them
•Role confusion happens when expectations of
behavior are vague and unclear to the person.
Having a role is a form of social behavior, an act which
affects others and causes a response among
people.
Let us examine some common forms of social
behavior.
Conformity
•It isis the process of changing behavior to fit in a
certain role or societal norm.
•Experiments tend to show that people would rather
conform to groups even if they were wrong
Stanford Prison Experiment
One of the most controversial and brutal
experiments in psychology. It showcased how people
take on their perceived roles seriously even if it is
just make-believe.
Obedience
•Obedience is a behavior wherein a person yields to
an instruction of another, usually of an authority
figure.
•We usually obey people who are:
•Similar to us
•Physically present
Milgram Experiment
Stanley Milgram’sexperiment showcased how people
would automatically obey in the presence of an
authority figure
Self-Presentation
•Refers to the process by which individuals attempt
to control the impression that others form of them
in social interaction.
•It can be conscious or unconscious.
Types of Self-Presentation
•Authentic Self-Presentation:the goal is to create an
image of ourselves in the eyes of others that is
consistent on how we view ourselves.
•Ideal Self-Presentation: creating a public image
consistent with what we wish we were.
•Tactical Self-Presentation: creating a public image
consistent with what others wish or expects us
to be.
Anthropology and Me?
Etymology of Anthropology From the Greek
➢`anthropos human beings'
➢`logos originally meaning word,reason,speech or
account and laterdoctrine,theory or science.
Definition of Anthropology
Anthropology
- can be defined as the study of human beingsand
their ancestorsthrough time and space and in
relation to physical character, environmental and
social relations, and culture.
- is a unique discipline because it employs a holistic,
or multifaceted, approach to the
study of human beings. (Like Biology, Sociology,
Psychology and History).
Main Facts of Anthropology
 Biological/Physical Anthropology
 Human Paleontology Human Variation Cultural
 Anthropology Archaeology
Linguistics Ethnology
Biological (physical) Anthropology
Two Primary Focuses of Study:
Human Paleontology
❖Looks at the emergence of humans and their later
evolution
❖Reconstruct human evolution through fossils
Human Variation
❖Investigates how and why human populations
differ in biological or physical characteristics.
Evolution and Variation
Darwin and Human Evolution Jean Lamarck posed
the hypothesis about our relation to apes before
Darwin Charles Darwin published “Descent of Man”
in 1871 Survival of the Fittest“
The strong will live and the weak shall die”Man came
from lower forms and his current status is the
fruit of his drive for survival
AUSTRONESIAN
Came from the Out-of-Taiwan Theory Our ancestors
came from mainland China who migrated to
Taiwan, then to the Philippines
From the Philippines, Austronesians dispersed to the
west as far as Madagascar, and to the East as
far as Hawaii.We did not come from Malays and
Indonesians. They came from us.
Cultural Anthropology
Study of Mankind in relation to his culture.
Understanding sense of humanity through gleaning
to the concepts, rationale and distinction of its
culture.
Archaeology (Balangay, Kabaong,Manunggul Jar)
Archaeologists try to reconstruct history from the
remains of human cultures.
Focused on material objects.
Anthropological Linguistics
The anthropological study of language.
Narinig mona ba ang mga katagang ito?
“Aakyat Ako Ng ligaw”
“Babagsak ka sakangkungan”
“Wala kang budhi” Symbols
“Makapal Ang Mukha Mo”  These are verbal or nonverbal, written or
“Para kanamang nagtampo sa bigas niyan” unwritten representations that conveys a
meaning that reflects the culture of a certain
Ethnology group, It can be in the form of clothing, homes,
 is concerned with patterns of thought and gestures and the like.
behavior by comparing cultures with another.  There are symbols that can imply a certain level
of social status.
Therefore, anthropologists focus on our Humanity in
terms of: Language
 the history of the area in which they live  A system of conventional spoken, manual, or
 the physical Development, the organization of written symbols by means of which human
family life beings, as members of asocial group and
 the general features of their language, their participants in its culture, express themselves.
political and economic systems The key to cultural transmission, the process by
 their religion, their diet, or their styles of art and which one generation passes culture to the next.
dress.
● Functions of a Language
Culture - Communication Expression of cultural identity Play
● The ways we live our lives that separates us from Imaginative expression Emotional release.
other organisms.
● A society’s (group’s)system of shared, learned
values and norms; these are the society’s (group’s)
design for living.
● Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior and
material objects that, together, form a
people's way of life.Culture determines how we view
the world around us.

Society: Creator of Culture

Society: the structure of relationships within which
culture is created and shared through regularized
patterns of social interaction.

Aspects of Culture ( Values,Customs,Symbols,and

Language)

Values
 represent personal or socially preferable modes
of conduct or states of existence that are
enduring.
Composed of abstract ideas about the good, the right,
the desirable
Customs
 These are social rules and guidelines :Guide us to
do appropriate behavior for specific situations
within cultures Sanctions are a central
mechanism of social control by which society
encourages conformity to customs.

Types of Customs

Folkways: norms of little moral significance dress

code; table manners; timeliness.
Mores: norms central to functioning of social life
bring serious retribution: thievery, adultery, alcohol.
UTS Reviewer_Second Discussion (ata)
Rich M.
REFERENCES: UTS lectures and Alejandra’s notes
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian neurologist that became
instrumental in the field of psychology. His works
however, are tagged as
philosophical because of its non-scientific value.
He believed that the mind is divided into
three parts:
That is why the ego should balance the id and
the superego.
 When the ego is overwhelmed by the demands
of the id and the superego, it experiences a
feeling that is calledas anxiety. As a result, the
ego undergoes several defense mechanisms to
protect itself from embarrassment, guilt, or
generally anxiety.
These are some of the defense mechanisms listed
by Freud and her daughter Anna:

o Conscious: the part of the mind that processes Defense Definition Example
what we are aware of Mechanism
o Preconscious: the part of the mind that stores our Repression Automatically - Forgetting the
memories shutting memories that
o Unconscious: the part of the mind that is unknown down/forgetti you shared with a
to us, and contains our instincts, sexual desires, ng memories person when you
that are undergo a
pleasures, and wishes. Freud believed that most of
undesired heartbreak .
our conscious behavior is influenced by an -Memories - Being unable to
underlying content from the unconscious. For are pushed remember the
instance, when teasing a person, Freud would believe down into the events of a
that the motivation for teasing that person is unconscious. traumatizing
something unconscious – and in his words, mostly experience.
sexual. Denial Declaring  Saying “hindi
something pa siya patay”
Our self can also be divided into three parts: that is not during
true funerals
o Id: the part of the self that tells us what we desire. despite
It seeks pleasure immediately. Freud believed that being true
we are all born with an id. That is why during our Projection Attributing  Teasing your
infant years, we would always cry immediately when an urge, crush with
our wants are not delivered (e.g. we would cry when wish, or “crush mo ko
hungry). But as we grow older, we learn to tame feelings to no?” despite
this id – although we still feel desires because of the others the fact that
id, we are now able to control it through the ego. you are the
o Ego: the realistic and rational part of the self. It is one having a
crush on
the part of the self that is in contact with the outside
him/her
world. We are also born with an ego, but it only
 A bully
matures as we gain experiences from the outside
teasing
world.
o Superego: the part of the self that contains our others ugly
conscience and moral ideals. It is the part of the self when in fact,
that he feels that
tells us what is right from wrong. This part of the self way about
is developed during 4-5 years of age as a result of himself deep
learning from our parents what is right or wrong. inside
However, it is often unrealistic in a sense that it is a Reaction Showing a  Being hateful
perfectionist – always wanting to do what is right. Formation behavior despite
that is the actually
exact having
 Freud believed that a “healthy” self is an ego that
opposite of secret
can balance the wants of the id, and the what oneself affections for
perfectionistic and oftentimes righteous feels a person
tendencies of the superego. If the superego  A person
dominates your personality and suppresses the
who hates
id, then you would feel guilty all the time for not
the opposite
getting what you want. However, when the id
gender
dominates the self, then we would be getting all
despite
our wants without thinking of the consequences.
 having more urge to
issues with socially punch
his own acceptable  A nanny who
behavior cannot have
sexuality
Displacement Redirecting  Being children who
one’s scolded by chose to take
feelings onto your parents care of
other people, when they others’
objects, or are stressed offspring
animals with work
 Punching a
 Freud believes that the id, the ego, and the
wall when
superego – the three parts of the self – undergo
frustrated
different stages and develops with every stage. He
Rationalization Trying to  Blaming the
called this as the psychosexual stages of
justify why a teacher development. However, when there is a failure in
certain event when development, Freud believed that the person would
happened receiving a develop a fixation, where an unhealthy personality
failing grade is developed in that person during his adulthood
Regression Reverting  Sucking a stage. These are the four stages that Freud
back to thumb or a conceptualized
behaviors ballpen Oral stage (0-2 years old): a stage where the id is
that are when prominent, and the dominant part of the body is the
observed problems mouth – you would observe babies putting everything
during arise
childhood they pick up in their mouth, and crying when their
 Playing
hunger is not satisfied. When oral urges are not satisfied,
when games/crying
stressed Freud believed that a person may develop an oral-
Intellectualization Being  Being aggressive personality as an adult, characterized by
emotionless being rude, sarcastic, etc. However, when a person is
“intellectual”
when a orally overly satisfied, a person may develop oral-
and “stoic”
group faces a dependent personality, in which this person grows up
when a
heavy to be clingy, needy, and dependent on other people.
problem
conflict
arises, and Anal Stage (2-4 years old): a stage characterized by
trying to toilet training. Here, autonomy is being taught by parents.
shut out If parents are too strict with their toilet training, a person
emotions may develop an anal-retentive personality,
Undoing In Filipino  Being overly characterized by being obsessive-compulsive,
terms, romantic perfectionist, and rigid personality. If a child was toilet
“bumabawi” after fighting trained by careless parents, the child may grow up to
– trying to with your have anal-expulsive personality, characterized as being
undo a bad girlfriend/bo disorganized and impulsive.
thing with a yfriend
good thing Phallic Stage (4-5 years old): characterized by Oedipus
Compartmentaliza Sorting Complex: being attracted to the opposite sex parent, and
Having a
wanting to kill the same sex parent. Because of the fear
tion out “crying”
developed brought by the same sex parent, it is in this
problems schedule
stage where children develop an image of what they
and whenever
want and don’t want to become as adults, and it here
dealing stressful where their sexuality is developed.
with each event
one happens – Latency Stage (6-Puberty): characterized by a
separatel they deal with repression of sexual feelings. Here, the child is focused on
y stressor first developing relationship with peers through play.
 then cry in a
private place Genital Stage (Puberty onwards): the stage where adults
after try to become sexually, and now romantically attracted.
Sublimation Redirecting  Being a Here, certain fixations that were not resolved in the
an boxer earlier stages may manifest.
unacceptabl because of a
e urge to a person’s
Psychological Views on the Self
Principles of Behaviorism
Psychology
Classical Conditioning
✓ Psyche: Soul or Spirit
❖ Learning through Association
✓ Logos : Study
Operant Conditioning
What is Psychology?
❖ Learning through rewards and
It is the study of ABCs
punishment.
✓ Affect: emotions, emotional processes,
moods, feelings
Vicarious Learning
✓ Behaviors: observable and non-
❖ Learning through observing others;
observable behavior
behaviors
✓ Cognition: thinking, memory, decision-
making, judgement, insights, language,
etc.
• Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers)
Psychology is the scientific study of human
- People are motivated to grow
behavior and mental processes such as
thinking and emotions.

Two topics in Psychology Central to Our “Self”

• Personality
• Intelligence

Words associated with “Personality”

1. Traits
2. Characteristics
3. Ugali (Attitude)
4. Katangian
Two Aspects of the Self
5. PAGKATAO
Self-Concept – It is an idea of who we
Personality is defined as a person’s consistent
are. It is the perception of our selves.
pattern of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.
Ideal Self- It is what we want to become
Your personality is you.
in the future.

Different Theories about Personality

A healthy personality has a congruent
self-concept and ideal self.
• Psychoanalytic Theory ( Sigmund
Freud)
- Personality is a product of unconscious
Traits
mind, motivated by sex.
➢ It is generally how we describe people.
➢ Traits are the building blocks of
• Behavioral Theory (John B. Watson) personality.
- Personality is learned. ➢ It gives personality consistency.
Psychologist in the 20th Century wanted to see
which traits can explain all traits.
If we can find the traits that can explain all
traits, then these traits are the traits that can
describe all people regardless of culture.
Big 5 Traits
➢ In decades of research, it was found out
that people in every culture tends to
show the five (5) basic traits.
➢ These traits become the basis of their
consistent personality.
OCEAN:
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
“Traits” of traits
➢ Traits exist as a continuum or
dimension, which means each person
has a “level” of a particular trait. A
person may be high, low, or average in a
particular trait.
➢ Traits are relatively consistent over time
➢ Behaviors that are inconsistent which a
trait does not disprove the existence of
the trait.
➢ Traits are amoral.
Extraversion
➢ Extraverts are those who enjoys
socializing with others. They prefer
being in the presence of other people
and are often energetic.
➢ An introvert is a person who prefers
being alone or with smaller groups of
people. They are not usually expressive
when it comes to being energetic.
➢ Our culture tends to put more value on
being extraverted.
- Friendliness
- Being energetic
- Cheerfulness
- Loquaciousness (Talkativeness)
Openness to Experience
➢ This trait describes people who are thrill
seekers, open minded and
unconventional. They prefer thinking
outside the box and not on traditional
ideas.
➢ People low in this trait prefer routines.
They may also highly conform to
tradition and express dissatisfaction with
liberal ideas.
- Unconventional thinking
- Intellectual Curiosity
- Aesthetic Sensitivity
- Imaginativeness
Conscientiousness
➢ This describes people who are very
organized, hardworking and detail
oriented.
➢ People who score low on consciousness
prefer careless and impulsive decision
making and are disorganized.
- Achievement striving
- Diligence
- Responsibleness
- Carefulness
Agreeableness
➢ Agreeable people are those that are
described as good natured, helpful,
trusting, but also gullible.
➢ People who are on the opposite
spectrum of this trait are
antagonistic, critical, and
uncooperative.
- Modesty/ Humility
- High Capacity for trusting
- High Capacity for Understanding
- Obligingness (Pagkamapagparaya)
Neuroticism
➢ Neurotic people are often described as
worriers, anxious, unhappy and easily
get annoyed.
➢ Those who score low on neuroticism are
emotionally stable, resilient, and are
usually calm.
Disadvantage of IQ
- It ignores specific forms of intelligence
- It is the dependent on the standards and
cultural background of the test
developer.
Howard Gardner

- Emotional Vulnerability (Especially to ✓ He believed that each of

stress)
- Emotional Sensitiveness
- Fearfulness & Anxiousness
- Moodiness
Intelligence is defines as..
▪ The capacity to learn from experience,
and;
▪ The ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.
Related concepts to intelligence:
▪ Aptitude: The readiness and
potential of a person to learn.
▪ Achievement: The accumulated
knowledge and skills of a person.
Charles Spearman
us has different strengths
and weaknesses.
✓ He listed different forms
of intelligence.
✓ Each of us has a preferable
mode of showing our
intelligence, which he
called as multiple
intelligence.
Advantage of Multiple Intelligence
- It acknowledges the diversity in human
capacity.
- It is inclusive
Disadvantages of Multiple Intelligence
- There is a scarcity in tests that can
measure multiple intelligence, most of
which only measure a person’s interest
or preference, rather than actual ability.

✓ One of the first to study

intelligence.
✓ He claimed that intelligence
cam be represented by a score.
✓ This score known today called
as the IQ
✓ Everything that reflects your
adaptation, skills, abilities can
be represented by your overall
IQ.

Advantage of IQ
- It is a reliable and valid measure of
intelligence
- It is currently the only available
numerical representation for
intelligence.