Week 4 Different views of Non-Nursing Theory

HANDOUTS/NCM notes/averynotes

LESSON 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Proposed by Abraham Maslow in his work “A Theory of Human Motivation” in 1943

Basic Assumption :
“A person will not feel a higher need,until the needs of lower levels are satisfied.”

His work was used in nursing to guide nursing care prioritization.

Represented by a pyramid with five levels of needs represented below by a

diagram.

1. Self-actualization represents self-fulfillment needs.

2. Esteem , Love and Belongingness represents psychological needs
3. Safety needs and Physiologic needs pertain to Basic needs.

5 hierarchy of need Acronyms made by avery to better understand -

Sa, Es,LoBe,SnPn
 Lesson 2 Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who proposed the theory.

Born on June 15, 1902, in Karlsruhe, Germany Believed in his theory

THEORY : “That the achievements and failures of earlier stages will affect later stages
of development, whereas later stages transform the earlier ones.”

View psychosocial development as occurring in stages.

Expected results in the eight stages could either be: psychological regression or
development of“inherent strength” (virtues).

The diagram below shows the eight stages of psychosocial growth.

1.Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy 0-2 years old)

- The infant is experiencing the world through mouth, eyes, ears, and sense
of touch.
- As infants, trusting the world means a lot to them.
- Inherent Strengths : SENSE OF HOPE
- If infants experience fear, they will develop doubt and mistrust.
- Psychological regression or growth : Psychosis, Addictions, Depression.

Note: The role of the mother is the key to the psychosocial development of the infant.
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood 2 - 4 years old)

- As Erikson said, "At this stage, therefore, becomes decisive for the ratio between
loving goodwill and hateful self-insistence, between cooperation and willfulness,
and between self-expression and compulsive self-restraint or meek compliance."
- In early childhood, a child may experience and discover about themselves.
- If they are allowed to find themselves, the development of self-confidence
occurs.
- Inherent Strengths : WILL
- If they are not allowed to this discovery, they will develop shame and self-doubt.
- Psychological regression or growth: Paranoia, Obsessions,
Compulsions,Impulsivity.

Note: Both parents have a significant role.

3. Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool age 4-5 years old)

- A child in this stage of growth is to develop a sense of initiative. The last

phase of this development is a sense of purpose.
- In preschool, children’s participation in new skills expands when exposed to the
outside world. If the child is encouraged, he will develop a sense of initiative. or, if
a child is held back or if they learn that what they are doing is wrong, they will
develop a sense of guilt.
- Inherent Strengths: VIRTUE
- Psychological regression or growth : Conversion Disorder, Phobia
Psychosomatic disorder, Inhibition
4. Industry vs Inferiority (School age 5-12 years old)

- also known as stage of latency, wherein the child is in school age.

- Discovering one’s interest
- Inherent Strengths : COMPETENCE
- Recognition received from teachers or peers helps you become a hard-working
child (Industrious)
- However, if the child is poured out with negative feedback, they will feel inferior to
other children and begin to lose their motivation.
- Psychological regression or growth : Inferiority complex

Note: Schools and communities influence the child the most.

5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence 13-19 years old)

- The puberty stage, wherein the teenager explores their identity crisis and
struggles within a degree of role confusion
- In the adolescent stage, a person may have different social roles. If the person’s
parents allow him to go out and explore ourselves, the person will find his
identity.
- If the person is pushed to conform by their parents’ view, the person may feel lost
and experience role confusion.
- Inherent Strengths (Virtue):FIDELITY
- Psychological regression or growth :Delinquent Behavior, Gender-related identity
disorder, Borderline psychotic disorder

NOTE: Key to their learning are role models and peers.

6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Early adulthood 20 - 40 years old)

- At this stage, young adults experience the crisis of intimacy versus isolation;
capacity for love is the achievement of this growth.
- If the person is pushed to conform by their parents’ view, the person may feel lost
and experience role confusion.
- Inherent Strengths (Virtue) : LOVE
- However, if we cannot make an intimate relationship, we will end up being
isolated or alone.
- Psychological regression or growth: Schizoid Personality Disorder,Distantiation

NOTE: Our partners and friends are central to the growth of this psychosocial
development.

7. Generativity vs Stagnation (Adulthood 40-65 years old)

- According to Erikson, "Generativity is primarily the concern for establishing and

guiding the next generation."
- If we can lead, especially the next generation, we will be happy.Contributing to
society makes your world a better place.
- Inherent Strengths (Virtue): CARE
- However, failure to contribute to society or resolve conflicts, the person will
feel negativity and stagnation.
- Psychological regression or growth : Middle Crisis

NOTE: People at work and in our homes influence us the most.

8. Ego Integrity vs Despair (Maturity 65 years old to Death)

- This stage reflects one’s life and either experience a feeling of satisfaction
or regret/despair.
- If we look back in our lives and reflect on your experiences, you will begin to feel
a sense of contentment and satisfaction if you did well.
- Inherent Strengths (Virtue) : Wisdom
- If not, you will experience a feeling of despair. You may get angry and bitter with
your life.
- Psychological regression or growth :Extreme alienation

NOTE: You compare yourself with humankind.

 LESSON 3 Systems Theory

- Proposed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy by calling it General Systems Theory

- He is a professor of Biology and the author of Science and Philosophy of

Synthesis.

- Systems theory may be thought of as “specialization of systems thinking and a

generalization of system science.

The general science of ‘wholeness.’

Contribution to nursing research and formulation of nursing theories

What is a System?
- It is any set of distinct parts that form a relationship between them to create a
whole complex.

- An excellent example in the context of our human body is a cell. Our body
comprises tiny cells functioning together to form the complex structure of a
human body as part of wholeness.

2 TYPES OF SYSTEM

OPEN SYSTEM
● Contains inputs that are influenced by the environment being transformed
through a process to create services or products known as outputs.It contains
feedback throughout the process to make sure that the improvement of the
outputs

● EXAMPLE: An example of an open system in the context of nursing is:

Documenting a patient’s temperature of 37.8-degrees Celsius (Input); nurse
process the data and interprets that a patient has a fever (Process); Nursing
intervention is given to lower the fever (Output)
CLOSE SYSTEM

● is not influenced by the environmental factors and focuses only on the internal
functions and provides no feedback.

● EXAMPLE: An example of a closed system is the function of the secure

circulatory system. It focuses only on the human body's internal functions
wherein blood flows within a system of tubes and vessels, thus providing
nutrients for our cells.

LESSON 4 Change Theory

Proposed by Kurt Lewin,born in Germany, also known as the “father of social psychology.

He was known for his writings in group dynamics, group therapy, and social psychology.

Emphasized that group from the simple sum of its parts.

It is expanding the theoretical discipline of Nursing as its goal.

His most influential theory was his model of change in human systems.

Consisting of the 3-stage models known as:

1. Unfreezing - Create the right Environment
2. Change - Support Change to a desired State
3. Refreeze - Reinforce to anchor change (that requires prior learning to be rejected
or replaced.)

Unfreezing
- Process of which involves finding a way for people to let go of patterns that are
not productive

Moving
- Process of change in thoughts, feelings, and behavior (or all three), leading to a
more significant change.

Refreezing
- establishing change as ‘a new habit’, without going back to old ways.
Driving Forces
● are forces that are pushed in a direction in which change is to occur

EQUILIBRIUM
● driving forces are equal, and no change occurs.

Restraining Forces
● opposes the driving Force; hinder change and push the person towards the opposite
direction