Psychological Views on the Self

Principles of Behaviorism
Psychology
Classical Conditioning
✓ Psyche: Soul or Spirit
❖ Learning through Association
✓ Logos : Study
Operant Conditioning
What is Psychology?
❖ Learning through rewards and
It is the study of ABCs
punishment.
✓ Affect: emotions, emotional processes,
moods, feelings
Vicarious Learning
✓ Behaviors: observable and non-
❖ Learning through observing others;
observable behavior
behaviors
✓ Cognition: thinking, memory, decision-
making, judgement, insights, language,
etc.
• Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers)
Psychology is the scientific study of human
- People are motivated to grow
behavior and mental processes such as
thinking and emotions.

Two topics in Psychology Central to Our “Self”

• Personality
• Intelligence

Words associated with “Personality”

1. Traits
2. Characteristics
3. Ugali (Attitude)
4. Katangian
Two Aspects of the Self
5. PAGKATAO
Self-Concept – It is an idea of who we
Personality is defined as a person’s consistent
are. It is the perception of our selves.
pattern of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings.
Ideal Self- It is what we want to become
Your personality is you.
in the future.

Different Theories about Personality

A healthy personality has a congruent
self-concept and ideal self.
• Psychoanalytic Theory ( Sigmund
Freud)
- Personality is a product of unconscious
Traits
mind, motivated by sex.
➢ It is generally how we describe people.
➢ Traits are the building blocks of
• Behavioral Theory (John B. Watson) personality.
- Personality is learned. ➢ It gives personality consistency.
Psychologist in the 20th Century wanted to see
which traits can explain all traits.
If we can find the traits that can explain all
traits, then these traits are the traits that can
describe all people regardless of culture.
Big 5 Traits
➢ In decades of research, it was found out
that people in every culture tends to
show the five (5) basic traits.
➢ These traits become the basis of their
consistent personality.
OCEAN:
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
“Traits” of traits
➢ Traits exist as a continuum or
dimension, which means each person
has a “level” of a particular trait. A
person may be high, low, or average in a
particular trait.
➢ Traits are relatively consistent over time
➢ Behaviors that are inconsistent which a
trait does not disprove the existence of
the trait.
➢ Traits are amoral.
Extraversion
➢ Extraverts are those who enjoys
socializing with others. They prefer
being in the presence of other people
and are often energetic.
➢ An introvert is a person who prefers
being alone or with smaller groups of
people. They are not usually expressive
when it comes to being energetic.
➢ Our culture tends to put more value on
being extraverted.
- Friendliness
- Being energetic
- Cheerfulness
- Loquaciousness (Talkativeness)
Openness to Experience
➢ This trait describes people who are thrill
seekers, open minded and
unconventional. They prefer thinking
outside the box and not on traditional
ideas.
➢ People low in this trait prefer routines.
They may also highly conform to
tradition and express dissatisfaction with
liberal ideas.
- Unconventional thinking
- Intellectual Curiosity
- Aesthetic Sensitivity
- Imaginativeness
Conscientiousness
➢ This describes people who are very
organized, hardworking and detail
oriented.
➢ People who score low on consciousness
prefer careless and impulsive decision
making and are disorganized.
- Achievement striving
- Diligence
- Responsibleness
- Carefulness
Agreeableness
➢ Agreeable people are those that are
described as good natured, helpful,
trusting, but also gullible.
➢ People who are on the opposite
spectrum of this trait are
antagonistic, critical, and
uncooperative.
- Modesty/ Humility
- High Capacity for trusting
- High Capacity for Understanding
- Obligingness (Pagkamapagparaya)
Neuroticism
➢ Neurotic people are often described as
worriers, anxious, unhappy and easily
get annoyed.
➢ Those who score low on neuroticism are
emotionally stable, resilient, and are
usually calm.
Disadvantage of IQ
- It ignores specific forms of intelligence
- It is the dependent on the standards and
cultural background of the test
developer.
Howard Gardner

- Emotional Vulnerability (Especially to ✓ He believed that each of

stress)
- Emotional Sensitiveness
- Fearfulness & Anxiousness
- Moodiness
Intelligence is defines as..
▪ The capacity to learn from experience,
and;
▪ The ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.
Related concepts to intelligence:
▪ Aptitude: The readiness and
potential of a person to learn.
▪ Achievement: The accumulated
knowledge and skills of a person.
Charles Spearman
us has different strengths
and weaknesses.
✓ He listed different forms
of intelligence.
✓ Each of us has a preferable
mode of showing our
intelligence, which he
called as multiple
intelligence.
Advantage of Multiple Intelligence
- It acknowledges the diversity in human
capacity.
- It is inclusive
Disadvantages of Multiple Intelligence
- There is a scarcity in tests that can
measure multiple intelligence, most of
which only measure a person’s interest
or preference, rather than actual ability.

✓ One of the first to study

intelligence.
✓ He claimed that intelligence
cam be represented by a score.
✓ This score known today called
as the IQ
✓ Everything that reflects your
adaptation, skills, abilities can
be represented by your overall
IQ.

Advantage of IQ
- It is a reliable and valid measure of
intelligence
- It is currently the only available
numerical representation for
intelligence.