MOUNT OLIVE LAYMEN’S ACADEMY

“The School that Prepares Students for the Higher Course…”

P-4, Mt. Olive, Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Module 2

Lesson 1 Geological Hazard: Rain-induced Landslides

Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
 Discuss the different geological hazards
 Analyse the causes of geological hazards
 Recognize signs of impending geological hazards;

Integration of Faith and Learning:

This module demonstrates an understanding about the different geological hazards that will
take place in times of calamity. These are natural phenomenon and no one can ever stop this event if
it occurs unpredictably. "Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and biological and
physical systems; disasters are generated as much or more by human actions as by physical events."
(Geographer Gilbert F. White, the “father of floodplain management”).

Below are some facts about disasters:

1. Between 2000 and 2012, natural disasters caused $1.7 trillion in damage and affected 2.9 billion
people.
2. 2012 marked the third consecutive year of worldwide natural disaster damage exceeding $100
billion. 2011 reached a record high of $371 billion.
3. Worldwide in 2011, there were 154 floods, 16 droughts, and 15 cases of extreme temperature.
4. Over 1/2 of the victims of both Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy were senior citizens over
the age of 65. Work with seniors to create an emergency plan in case of a disaster. Sign up for
Seniors Safe and Sound.
5. Floods are the most widespread natural disaster aside from wildfires. 90% of all US natural
disasters declared by the president involve some sort of flooding.
6. “Earthquakes” are disasters that cause associated destruction of man-made structures and instigate
other natural disasters such as tsunamis, avalanches, and landslides.
7. In 2012 there were 905 natural catastrophes worldwide including severe storms, droughts,
tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, hail storms, typhoons, wildfires, and hurricanes.
8. Nearly 50% of the fatalities caused by natural disasters in 2012 were due to hydrological events
like flooding or mass movements.
9. “Hurricanes” are large, spiraling tropical storms that can pack wind speeds of over 160 miles an
hour and unleash more than 2.4 trillion gallons of rain a day. Hurricanes can be coupled with storm
surges and severe flooding.
10. Damage paths of tornadoes can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long.
11. Landslides often accompany earthquakes, floods, storm surges, hurricanes, wildfires, or volcanic
activity. They are often more damaging and deadly than the triggering event.

Geological hazards are a natural phenomenon that causes devastating loss of life and
property all over the world. Equally disastrous geological hazards happen due to human induced
activities like the expansion and development of cities of which are directly or indirectly committed
by humans. Other related geological hazards that commonly strike the Philippines are rain-induced
landslides and sinkholes.

Before the lesson proper, we will first review and get oriented to the words and terminologies
commonly used in this lesson. How do we do this?

Let us Perform Activity 1, below

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What’s New
Find and encircle the words in the cross-word puzzle.

1. HAZARDS - is any object, situation, or behaviour that has the potential to cause injury, ill health,
or damage to property or the environment.
2. GEOLOGY - is the study of the earth (geo means earth, and ology means study of).
3. PHILVOCS - The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIlLVOLCS) is a
service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated
to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related
geotectonic phenomena.
4. RAINFOREST - is simply an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and a high amount of rainfall.
5. HABAGAT - (southwest monsoon) is wind that brings heavy rainfall that results in floods during
the wet season.
6. AMIHAN - is the Filipino term of Northeast monsoon, which is a cool and dry northeast wind
coming from Siberia and China and blows down to Southeast Asia.
7. HUMIDITY - is defined as the amount of wetness or water vapor in the air.
8. LANDSLIDES - the movement downslope of a mass of rock, debris, earth, or soil (soil being a
mixture of earth and debris).
9. TOPPLE - to (cause to) lose balance and fall down.
10. AVALANCHE - a large amount of ice, snow, and rock falling quickly down the side of a
mountain.

What Is It
LANDSLIDE
According to PHILVOCS – landslides frequently occur in the country because of its geologic
and climatic factors. On climatic factor, Philippines has a ‘tropical rainforest climate’ all over the
country due to its strategic location on the planet. Though some rainfall can be expected in every
month, rainfall differs greatly throughout the year. From June-October, heavy rains come that which
the people refer to as ‘it’s raining cats and dogs’. The influence of the southwest monsoon (Habagat)
is very clear. In the period starting December – May there is no monsoon anymore. The wind,
referred to as ‘trade wind’, is coming from the northeast and brings hardly rainfall. The monsoon is a
very rainy wind coming from the southwest. The wind ‘Amihan’ coming from the northeast, is
dominating in the period December-May. It’s rather ‘dry’ wind and brings hardly any rainfall.
Another factor that causes landslides is its Climatic condition. Try to look at the illustrations below
of the actual landslide event in some parts of Cagayan de Oro.
What is a landslide? The word “landslides” describes a wide variety of processes that result
in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial
fill, or a combination of these. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading or
flowing.

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BASIC TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

A fall begins when soil, or rock, or both starts to

detach from a steep slope along a surface on which little
or no shear displacement has occurred. The material
then descends mainly by falling, bouncing, or rolling
downwards. Rock falls are usually triggered by
earthquakes.

A topple or tumble is recognized as the forward

rotation out of a slope of a mass of soil or rock material
around a point or axis below the center of gravity of the
displaced mass. Toppling is sometimes triggered by
water (rainfall) in a displaced mass.

This is a land slide of which the head of the

displaced material may move almost vertically
downward, and the upper surface of the displaced
material may tilt backwards toward the scarp. If the
slide is rotational and has several parallel curved planes
of movement, it is called a slump.

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 Spreads may result from liquefaction or flow ( and
extrusion) of the softer underlying material.

A Schematic Illustration of a Lateral Spread. Image source: c1325_508.Handbook.pdf

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 A flow is a spatially continuous
movement in which the surfaces of shear
are short lived, closely spaced, and usually not
preserved. The component velocities in the
displacing mass of a flow resemble those in a
viscous liquid. Often,there is a gradation of
change from slides to flows, depending on the
water content, mobility, and evolution of the
land.

Debris avalanches are essentially large,

extremely rapid, often open-slope flows formed
when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting
fragmented debris is rapidly transported away from
the slope. In some cases, snow and ice will
contribute to the movement if sufficient water is
present, and the flow may become a debris flow
and (or) a…

A debris avalanche that buried the village of Guinsaugon, Southern Leyte, Philippines, in
February 2006. (Photograph by University of Tokyo Geotechnical Team.

Earthflows can occur on gentle to

moderate slopes, generally in fine grained
soil, commonly clay or silt, but also in very
weathered, clay-bearing bedrock. These type
of landslides can range from very slow (creep)
to rapid and catastrophic. Triggers include
saturation of soil due to prolonged or intense
rainfall, sudden lowering of adjacent water
surfaces causing rapid drawdown of the
ground-water table, stream erosion at the
bottom of a slope, excavation and
construction activities, excessive loading on a

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slope excavation and construction activities, excessive loading on a slope, earthquakes, or human-
induced.

Creep is the informal name for a slow earthflow and consists of the imperceptibility slow,
steady downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock. Movement is caused by internal shear
stress sufficient to cause deformation but insufficient to cause failure.

What’s More
Activity 2: Scramble It.

Activity 3: Essay: Read each statement carefully and explain your answer. (See attached rubric for
the basis of your score)
1. What is landslide?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. What causes them to occur?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. How do we make a damage control?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

6
 Adopted from: Janelle Cox, Education Expert, February 19, 2020
https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-rubric-2081367

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Fill Me In. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
__________1. It describes a wide variety of processes that result in the downward and outward
movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these.
__________2. These are natural phenomena that causes devastating loss of life and property all over
the world.
__________3.It is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is
principally mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.
_________4. It is the study of the earth (geo means earth, and ology means study of).
_________5. It is wind that brings heavy rainfall that result in floods during the wet season also
known as (southwest monsoon).

Activity 4: Explain to Me:

Briefly discuss your answer below each item.
1. Discuss possible causes of landslides. Provide some examples of areas that have experienced
either recent or frequent landslides.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Compare and contrast debris slides and rock slides. How should a community respond to each
potential slide?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Find the most recent news story about a landslide and explain its causes and effects.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

7
Activity 5: Make a Landslide

To the para-teacher (parent/s) inform your child/children ahead of the needed materials to use before
activity date to ensure continuity of your class. As your child/children conduct the experiment, have
him/her record specific variables, such as amount of water, material type, length of slide, amount of
material involved in the slide, and degree of slope. Encourage him/her to use a timer to determine the
number of seconds it takes for a landslide to occur in different conditions. Once the experiment is
complete, have your child/children combine their results and develop a way to show the data with a graph
and have it printed. After reviewing the graphs, discuss which conditions most influenced the occurrence of
a landslide. Have him/her share the result of the activity.

Here’s how you do it!

Step 1 •if it can be done through group, invite classmate/s following the IATF protocol;
have them describe how they will simulate different types of landslides.
• they should test only one variable at a time
• they should carefully record the variable each time for example, the angle of the
slope, the amount of each material added, or the exact amount of water added).
• they will need to repeat their experiment three times, then average the results of
each to obtain more accurate data;
Step 2 •to construct their stream tables, students should begin by filling their container halfway
with material (soil, rocks, etc.)
• to vary the angle of the slope, have students raise one end of their stream table with a
book or two. (they may need to place another book at the opposite end of the stream table
to keep it from sliding.)
• students should measure this angle using a protractor;
Step 3 • next, have students slowly pour a measured amount of water on the higher end of
the stream table until all the material is soaked;
• the water should be added gently with a sprinkling can or small rubber hose. have
learners observe and
illustrate the patterns formed in the stream table;
Step 4  once the material has been soaked with water—without the material moving—
students can create a "landslide" in their stream table. to do this, they need to
slowly add a measured amount of water over a period of time.
 learners should be carefully measuring the total amount of water they add to the
stream table—and observing the exact amount that has been added to instigate the
landslide.
 once the landslide has occurred, they should measure the amount of material
involved in the slide by volume or weight;
Step 5 students should repeat their experiment twice and average their results between
the three trials. Encourage them to experiment with increased water
amounts, materials, or slope angles;

Answer the following questions based on your experiences during the experiment.
1. What are your reactions towards the experiment made earlier?

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2. Was it helpful to you? If yes, how?

3. Have learner/s write an essay about their findings in the experience in a three (3) paragraph form
following this template:
Part 1 Describe the activity conducted
Part 2 – How is it related to your life- situation
3 How are you going to advocate for emergency preparedness.

Lesson 2 Geological Hazard: Sinkholes

What’s In
Before we will continue with the next lesson for this module, let us first review the previous
lesson we had. We learned that Geological hazards are a natural phenomenon that causes devastating
loss of life and property all over the world. Equally disastrous geological hazards happen due to
human-induced activities like the expansion and development of cities of which are directly or
indirectly committed by humans. Other related geological hazards that commonly strike the
Philippines are rain-induced landslides and sinkholes.

What’s New
In this lesson we need to discuss and identify the causes of sinkholes as part as one of the
geological hazards.
Activity 1: Read Me Trivia
The Bohol Sinkholes

Out of 100 sinkholes in the Philippines, 20 are found in Southwestern Bohol, as confirmed
by the Mines and Geo-Science Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources. Each of them measures about 4m x 5m with a depth of 2m. These sinkholes appeared
after 7.2 magnitude earthquake, which killed more than 200 persons and damaged Php 5 billion
worth of infrastructures. These sinkholes are located in Tagbilaran City and in the towns of
Baclayon, Corella, Alburquerque, Panglao, Davis, Biliran, Loon and Carmen.

Bohol is made up of limestone, causing natural depressions like sinkholes to cave in as

limestone deposits underneath erode.

What Is It
What are sinkholes? A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse
of the surface layer. The ground caves in all of a sudden, creating large holes in the ground and sometimes
devouring whole buildings. This type of geologic feature, sinkholes are common where the rock below the
land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater
circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground backyard.

Sinkholes can be separated into two categories, even though most factors involved in their
occurrence are the same. These categories are defined as "induced" and "natural." Induced sinkholes
are those caused or accelerated by man's activities whereas natural ones are not (Newton, 1976a).
Scientific reasons for the appearance of big holes or craters

Geologists have offered various theories for the natural causes of sinkholes such as the type
of soil / rock giving way to rainwater and underground water. Other natural causes submitted by
experts include meteorite strikes, heavy rainfall, global warming, underground gas explosions, etc.
Sinkholes can also be exacerbated by artificial means such as mining activity. They can also occur
from the over-pumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids.

Most Common Types of Sinkholes

1. Solution or dissolution sinkholes

Occur in areas where limestone is exposed at the surface or is covered by thin layers of soil
or sand. Results in a gradual downward movement of the land surface and the development of a
depression that collects increasing amounts of surface runoff.

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 2. Cover Collapse Sinkholes

Occur where a solution cavity develops in the limestone to such a size that the overflying
cover material can no longer support its own weight. When a collapse occurs, it is generally very
abrupt and can be catastrophic.

3. Cover Subsidence Sinkholes

Occur where the cover material is relatively in cohesive and permeable, and individual grains
of sand move downward in sequence to replace grains that have already moved downward to replace
dissolved limestone.

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 Don’t you know that Sinkholes can be repaired?
A sinkhole is best repaired by excavating to rock and then building an aggregate filter in the hole.

Procedures:
Step 1: Excavate the sinkhole down to rock if possible.
Step 2: Put a layer of large stones in the hole (cabbage size).
Step 3: Put a layer of smaller stones on top (fist size).
Step 4: Put a layer of gravel on top of the small stones.
Step 5: Cover the gravel with a geotextile fabric. This prevents the next layer (sand) from being lost
through the gravel.
Step 6: Cover the geotextile fabric with a layer of coarse sand.
Step 7: Fill the remainder of the hole with soil. This can be layered to match the existing soil profile.

Ideally each layer is six inches to two feet thick. When solid rock is encountered near the
surface, drop off the bottom layers (that is start with smaller stone size) or use thinner layers.
It is important that the bottom layer be larger than the solution channel opening in the bedrock. The
objective is to provide an open path for percolating water so that it can’t carry away soil and cause
another sinkhole. The repair, as described, also provides good filtration of infiltrating water.

What’s More
Activity 2: Enumerate the procedures in repairing the sinkholes.
1. _______________________________________________________________________.
2. _______________________________________________________________________.
3. _______________________________________________________________________.
4. _______________________________________________________________________.
5. _______________________________________________________________________.
6. _______________________________________________________________________.
7. _______________________________________________________________________.

Activity 3: Essay – Read each statement and provide answers based from the lesson you have
learned.
1. What are sinkholes?
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the two categories of sinkholes? Explain each.

___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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 3. Explain in your own words the types of sinkholes.
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

You have learned that sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of
collapse of the surface layer. The ground caves in all of a sudden, creating large holes in the ground
and sometimes devouring whole buildings. Sinkholes can also be exacerbated by artificial means
such as mining activity. They can also occur from the over pumping and extraction of groundwater
and subsurface fluids. The two categories of sinkholes are induced and natural. The types of
sinkholes are dissolution, cover subsidence and cover-collapse sinkholes.

What I Can Do
From the lesson you have learned, you are now ready to make a sinkhole model.
The aim of this activity is to further understand the concept and theories of sinkholes and by that you
can you make your own ways to repair it. Visit this link
https://science4inquiry.com/LessonPlans/EarthScience/Sinkhole/S4ISinkholeLessonFinal.pdf and
perform the SINKHOLE MODEL on page 5 of this article. Evaluation is provided.
Write your insights and implications in a separate sheet of paper. Rubric is provided in the link.

Lesson 3 Interpreting Geologic Maps

What’s In
Before we will continue with the next lesson for this module, let us first review the previous
lesson we had. We learned that Geological hazards are a natural phenomenon that causes devastating
loss of life and property all over the world. Sinkholes can be separated into two categories, even
though most factors involved in their occurrence are the same. These categories are defined as
"induced" and "natural." Induced sinkholes are those caused or accelerated by man's activities
whereas natural ones are not (Newton, 1976a).

What’s New
In this lesson we need to learn how to interpret geological maps in order to have an idea how
to deal with natural and human calamities in terms of accident prone and other signs of map.
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Activity 1: Read Me Brief History of Geological Mapping
 The map indicating the gold field in Egypt on the 13th century, is the first recorded attempt
in providing graphical geological information
 In the 16th century D. Owen showed the carboniferous out crop in the form of narrow beds.
 First geological map is known to have been complied M. Lister at the end of the 17th
century.
 The first stratigraphic layer by layer geological map is started appearing at the beginning of
the 18th century.
 In India the first geological map was prepared by Dr. Henry Westly Voysey
 Capt. JD the 1825 and this Herbest prepared the first geological map of the Himalayan was
published in 1842 for the area between the river Sutt ej and Kali.

What Is It
Geologic maps display the arrangement of geologic features of a particular area. These
features can include such things as types of rocks, faults, minerals, and groundwater. From studying
a geologic map the user can better understand possible dangers like the potential for floods or
earthquakes, and help locate important deposits of energy resources, such as water, oil, natural gas,
and minerals. Through the use of letters, colors, lines, and symbols, geologic maps help the user gain
a better understanding of Earth's makeup.
Geologic maps are not like other maps. While all other maps are designed to show where
things are or is known best to show the distribution of roads or rivers or boundaries, a geologic map
shows the distribution of geologic features, including different kinds of rocks and faults. The
geology is represented by colors, I.

Features of Geological Map

1. Color Scheme
The most striking features of geologic maps are its colors.
Each color represents a different geologic unit. A geologic unit is a volume of a certain kind of rock
of a given age range.

2. Letter Symbols
Usually the symbol is the combination of an initial capital letter followed by one or more
small letters. The capital letter represents the age of the geologic unit. Geologists have divided the
history of the Earth into Eons (the largest division), Eras, Periods, and Epochs, mostly based on the
fossils found in rocks.

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3. Lines on the map
3.1 Contact lines
The place where two different geologic units are found next to each other is called a contact,
and that is represented by different kinds of lines on the geologic map. The two main types of
contacts shown on most geologic maps are depositional contacts and faults.
Lava from a volcano flows over the landscape, and when the lava hardens into rock, the place
where the lava-rock rests on the rock’s underneath is a depositional contact. Contact lines are shown
on the map as a thin line.

3.2 Faults
However, in geologically active areas, geologic units tend to be broken up and moved along
faults (it is fault movements that cause earthquakes!).
When different geologic units have been moved next to one another after they were formed, the
contact is a fault contact, which is shown on the map by a thick line (location 5).
Faults can cut through a single geologic unit. These faults are shown with the same thick line on the
map, but have the same geologic unit on both sides. Remember, just because the map shows a fault
doesn’t mean that fault is still active and is likely to cause an earthquake. Rocks can preserve records
of faults that have been inactive for many millions of years. But knowing where the faults are is the
first step toward finding the ones that can move.

4. Lines
4.1 Folds
Another kind of line shown on most geologic maps is a fold axis. In addition to being moved
by faults, geologic units can also be bent and warped by the same forces into rounded wavelike
shapes called folds. A line that follows the crest or trough of the fold is called the fold axis. This is
marked on a geologic map with a line a little thicker than a depositional contact, but thinner than a
fault (location 6).

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 4.2 Strikes and dips

Tilted beds are shown on a geological map with a strike and dip symbol (location 10). The
symbol consists of three parts: a long line, a short line, and a number. The long line is called the
strike line, and shows the direction in the bed that is still horizontal. The strike line shows that
horizontal direction in the beds. The short line is called the dip line, and shows which way the bed is
tilted. The number is called the dip, and shows how much the bed is tilted, in degrees, from flat. The
higher the number, the steeper the tilting of the bed, all the way up to 90 degrees if the bed is tilted
all the way onto its side.

5. Map Key
All geologic maps come with a table called a map key. In the map key, all the colors and
symbols are shown and explained. The map key usually starts with a list showing the color and letter
symbol of every geologic unit, starting with the youngest or most recently formed units.
Then, a short description of the kinds of rocks in that unit and their age (in the key, the age is
described by Epochs, subdivisions of the Periods shown in the letter symbol). After the list of
geologic units, all the different types of lines on the map are explained, and then all the different
strike and dip symbols. The map key will also include explanations of any other kinds of geologic
symbols used on a map (locations where fossils were found, locations of deposits of precious metals,
location of faults known to be active, and any other geologic feature that might be important in the
area shown by the geologic map).

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What’s More
Activity 2: Enumerate the Features of a Geological Map and explain its function.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________.
2. ______________________________________________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________________________________________________.
4. ______________________________________________________________________________.
5. ______________________________________________________________________________.

Activity 3: Essay – Read each statement and provide answers based from the lesson you have
learned.
1. Define Geological Map.
2. Explain this line “The geology is represented by colors, lines, and special symbols unique to
geologic maps.”

What I Have Learned

You have learned that geologic maps display the arrangement of geologic features of a
particular area. These features can include such things as types of rocks, faults, minerals, and
groundwater. From studying a geologic map the user can better understand possible dangers like the
potential for floods or earthquakes, and help locate important deposits of energy resources, such as
water, oil, natural gas, and minerals. Through the use of letters, colors, lines, and symbols, geologic
maps help the user gain a better understanding of Earth's makeup.
Geologic maps have features and these includes color schemes, letter symbols, lines on the
map, other lines and map key. These features help the readers to interpret map.

What I Can Do

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Activity 3: Sketch Me Up:
1. Sketch a Map of your school. You design your own map. Use pencil and a clean sheet of paper.
You may want to use a ruler or make a folded paper as your ruler. Apply the basic concepts in
making a map based from the lesson you have learned. Rubric is provided below for your evaluation.

Adopted from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=Geology+mapping+rubric&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjepoKbyaz
qAhWWzYsBHSvIAEkQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=Geology+mapping+rubric&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoCCAA6BQgAELED
OgUIABCDAToHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQCBAeOgQIABAYOgQIABAeUOmlAliu5QJge0CaABwAHgAgAHAAYgBrx6SAQQ
wLjIymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&\
sclient=img&ei=_cb8Xp60Opabr7wPq5CDyAQ&bih=657&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=jGC5He1yTK2VoM

Summary
1. Rain-induced landslides are frequent incidents happening in the locality of Cagayan de Oro and
the rest of the country due to its climatic and geologic factors;
2. Sinkholes, on the other hand, may be very dangerous and fatal but there are other types of these
that comes in shallow depths and are therefore manageable by man. Whether incurred by humans or
by natural causes, sinkholes are safe for most human especially since they mostly happen in less
populated areas. Those with devastating fatalities are of an isolated case. A sample mitigation is
provided in this module and any one for that matter, at an adult age range, can understand how the
process of filling-in the open wide hole with rock materials and soil to cover the loosened part of the
hole;
3. Geology of every area is different, all geologic maps have several features in common: colored
areas and letter symbols to represent the kind of rock unit at the surface in any given area, lines to
show the type and location of contacts and faults, and strike and dip symbols to show which way
layers are tilted.
4. Interpreting geological maps has always been relatively important in our survival practically
because of these factors: The geology of an area has a profound effect on many things, from the
likelihood of landslides, to the availability of groundwater in wells, from the amount of shaking
suffered in an earthquake, to the presence of desirable minerals, from the way the landscape is
shaped to the kinds of plants that grow best there.
5. The need to know about map symbols, scale, direction and distance is very much important in
reading any kind of maps.

Assessment
This is a test to determine the knowledge you gained from this module. Directions: Read each item
very well and choose the best answer. Write your answers on your activity notebook. Time set for
this activity is 10 minutes.

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1. Landslides are often associated with ____ ?
A) El Niño
B) El Niña
C) Periods of Humidity
D) Periods of Intense Rainfall

2. All items below are kept for your emergency kit except one __?
A) Whistle
B) Medicine Kit
C) Spare Batteries
D) Ball

3. Minimization of risks – is a term which means?

A) Geological Processes
B) Hazard control
C) Creation of TWG
D) Create a small group

4. It is important to know the following when reading the map.

A) Symbols and Scale
B) Distance
C) Direction
D) All of the above

5. Typhoon “Sendong” was known internationally as ____ ?

A) Typhoon ‘Haiyan’
B) Typhoon ‘Bopha’
C) Typhoon ‘Yolanda’
D) Typhoon ‘Washi’

6. Geologic hazards includes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and __?

A) Sinkholes
B) Wildfires
C) Rain-induced landslides
D) Both A and C

7. A geological phenomenon that leaves a big hole on the ground.

A) Sinkholes
B) Earthquakes
C) Mudslides
D) Landslides

8. How many typhoons in a year pass through the PAR?

A) 20
B) 28
C) 30
D) 38

9. Which of the factors below allows the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of earth material
to landslide?
A) Saturation by water
B) Loosened stones
C) steepening of slopes by erosion
D) Both A and B

10.When you are caught in a landslide, you should?

A) Stay in place
B) Lay on the ground
C) Rescue someone
B) Lay on the ground

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D) Move out from the path of the flow

References

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog30/node/378 (Introductory part)

https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-disasters (Introductory part)

https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/152/hazard (Activity 1)

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-geology-definition-history-facts-topics.html

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