S. No.

Nobel Prize Winners Category Year

1. Rabindranath Tagore Literature 1913

2. CV Raman Physics 1930

3. Har Govind Khurana Medicine 1968

4. Mother Teresa Peace 1979

5. Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar Physics 1983

6. Amartya Sen Economics 1998

7. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry 2009

8. Kailash Satyarthi Peace 2014

9. Abhijit Banerjee Economics 2019

SHAPES OF AWARDS

1. Bharat Ratna: India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, is typically shaped like a peepal leaf, which is a
sacred tree in Indian culture. The emblem of the award features a lotus flower and a peepal leaf.
2. Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan: These civilian awards, collectively known as the
Padma Awards, are shaped like a lotus flower, symbolizing purity and enlightenment.
3. National Film Awards: The Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) and Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) awards for
excellence in Indian cinema feature lotus motifs, reflecting their connection to the Padma Awards.
4. Dadasaheb Phalke Award: India's highest award in the field of cinema is named after Dadasaheb Phalke,
the father of Indian cinema. The award itself is usually shaped like a trophy with a stylized design.
5. Arjuna Award: This award for excellence in sports typically features a bronze statue of Arjuna, a legendary
archer from the Indian epic Mahabharata, in a traditional archer's stance.
6. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna: India's highest sporting honor is shaped like a bronze medallion with the emblem
of the National Sports Awards on one side and a portrait of Rajiv Gandhi on the other.
7. Jnanpith Award: India's highest literary award, the Jnanpith Award, features a traditional Indian lyre, known
as the "ekatantri veena," on a raised platform.
8. Param Vir Chakra and Other Military Awards: These awards for valor and gallantry in the Indian armed
forces typically take the form of medals with distinctive designs, including a bronze circular medal with a
five-pointed star for the Param Vir Chakra.
9. National Bravery Award: The National Bravery Award for children is usually shaped like a medal with the
emblem of India and an image of Mahatma Gandhi.
C LANGUAGES

1. C: Created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. C laid the foundation for many modern
programming languages and operating systems.
2. C++: Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s as an extension of the C programming language. C+
+ is widely used for system software, game development, and more.
3. Java: James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton at Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle)
created Java in the mid-1990s. It is known for its platform independence.
4. Python: Created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and first released in 1991. Python is known for its
simplicity and readability.
5. JavaScript: Developed by Brendan Eich while at Netscape Communications Corporation in the mid-1990s.
JavaScript is primarily used for web development.
6. Perl: Created by Larry Wall in the late 1980s. Perl is a versatile scripting language used for various purposes,
including text processing and web development.
7. PHP: Rasmus Lerdorf developed PHP in the late 1990s. It is a server-side scripting language widely used for
web development.
8. Go (Golang): Created by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson at Google in the late 2000s. Go is
designed for simplicity and efficiency, making it suitable for systems and web development.

MOUNTAINS

1. Himalayas: Located in Asia, the Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. They span across
several countries, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. Mount Everest, the world's highest
peak, is part of the Himalayas.
2. Rocky Mountains: These mountain ranges run through western North America, primarily in the United
States and Canada. They are known for their stunning landscapes and include famous peaks like the Rocky
Mountain National Park in Colorado.
3. Alps: The Alps are Europe's most famous mountain range, stretching across several countries, including
France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, and Germany. Mont Blanc is the highest peak in the Alps.
4. Andes: As you mentioned, the Andes run along the western edge of South America, spanning multiple
countries, including Chile, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia.
5. Sierra Nevada: Located in the western United States, the Sierra Nevada mountain range runs through
California and Nevada. It includes peaks like Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United
States.
6. Caucasus Mountains: Situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains form a
natural border between Europe and Asia. They span several countries, including Russia, Georgia, Armenia,
and Azerbaijan.
7. Carpathian Mountains: These mountains are found in Central and Eastern Europe, primarily in countries like
Romania, Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia.
8. Southern Alps: This mountain range is located in New Zealand's South Island and includes the famous
peaks of Aoraki/Mount Cook and Mount Aspiring.
9. Japanese Alps: The Japanese Alps are divided into three ranges—the Northern Alps, Central Alps, and
Southern Alps. They run through the main islands of Japan and are known for their scenic beauty.
10. Atlas Mountains: Situated in North Africa, the Atlas Mountains traverse through Morocco, Algeria, and
Tunisia.
11. Urals: The Ural Mountains form a natural boundary between Europe and Asia and are located in Russia and
Kazakhstan.
12. Appalachian Mountains: These mountains run through eastern North America, primarily in the United
States and Canada. They are among the oldest mountain ranges in the world.
13. Southern Andes: This refers to the southern portion of the Andes mountain range, extending into Chile and
Argentina, known for its rugged terrain and stunning landscapes.
FAMOUS INDIAN PERSONALITIES

1. Mahatma Gandhi: Leader of India's non-violent independence movement.

2. Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister and nation-builder.
3. Indira Gandhi: India's first female Prime Minister.
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Unified India after independence.
5. B.R. Ambedkar: Architect of the Indian Constitution.
6. Subhas Chandra Bose: Leader of the Indian National Army.
7. Rabindranath Tagore: Renowned poet and Nobel laureate.
8. Lata Mangeshkar: Legendary playback singer.
9. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President and scientist.
10. Mother Teresa: Missionary dedicated to the poor.
11. M.S. Dhoni: Former Indian cricket captain.
12. Amitabh Bachchan: Iconic Bollywood actor.
13. Sachin Tendulkar: Cricket legend.
14. Narendra Modi: Current Prime Minister.
15. Ratan Tata: Former Chairman of Tata Sons.
16. Sunita Williams: Astronaut of Indian descent.
17. C.V. Raman: Nobel laureate in physics.
18. Aryabhata: Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer.
19. Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Social reformer.
20. Sardar Ranjit Singh: Founder of the Sikh Empire.
21. Rani Lakshmibai: Warrior queen of Jhansi.
22. R. K. Narayan: Author known for Malgudi.
23. Gulzar: Renowned poet and filmmaker.
24. Vikram Sarabhai: Founder of ISRO.
25. Arun Jaitley: Former Finance Minister.
26. Kapil Dev: Cricket World Cup-winning captain.
27. Milkha Singh: Legendary track and field athlete.
28. Rajinikanth: Iconic Tamil actor.
29. Kamala Harris: Vice President of the United States.
30. Rahul Gandhi: Indian politician.
31. Arvind Kejriwal: Chief Minister of Delhi.
32. Asha Bhosle: Playback singer.
33. Rohit Sharma: Captain of the Indian cricket team.
34. Chandrasekhar Azad: Revolutionary leader.
35. Bhagat Singh: Revolutionary freedom fighter.
36. Rajiv Gandhi: Former Prime Minister.
37. P. V. Sindhu: Olympic silver medalist in badminton.
38. Anand Mahindra: Chairman of Mahindra Group.
39. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: Biotechnology entrepreneur.
40. A.P.J. Kalam: Renowned scientist.
41. Sania Mirza: Tennis player.
42. Sushma Swaraj: Former Minister of External Affairs.
43. Nawazuddin Siddiqui: Versatile Bollywood actor.
44. Raghuram Rajan: Former RBI Governor.
45. Sardar Bhagat Singh: Freedom fighter.
46. Saina Nehwal: Badminton champion.
47. Virat Kohli: Indian cricket team captain.
48. Mangal Pandey: Freedom fighter.
49. Kishore Kumar: Legendary playback singer.
50. P.T. Usha: Track and field athlete.
51. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Former Prime Minister.
52. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula: Last independent Nawab of Bengal.
53. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Freedom fighter and scholar.
54. Vijay Mallya: Businessman and former MP.
55. Shivaji: Founder of the Maratha Empire.
56. Sarojini Naidu: Freedom fighter and poet.
57. Dr. Rajendra Prasad: First President of India.
58. Naseeruddin Shah: Versatile actor.
59. Saina Nehwal: Badminton champion.
60. Har Gobind Khorana: Nobel laureate in medicine.
61. Saroj Khan: Renowned choreographer.
62. Maulana Azad: Freedom fighter and scholar.
63. Raja Ravi Varma: Renowned painter.
64. Gandhi Jayanti: Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.
65. Bhagat Singh: Freedom fighter.
66. Kishore Kumar: Legendary playback singer.
67. P.T. Usha: Track and field athlete.
68. Chetan Bhagat: Author and columnist.
69. Rani Padmini: Legendary queen of Mewar.
70. Pranab Mukherjee: Former President.
71. JRD Tata: Former Chairman of Tata Sons.
72. Nana Patekar: Actor and philanthropist.
73. Kalpana Chawla: Astronaut and space scientist.
74. Dr. Manmohan Singh: Former Prime Minister.
75. Nirupa Roy: Veteran actress.
76. Manohar Parrikar: Former Chief Minister of Goa.
77. Maulana Shaukat Ali: Freedom fighter.
78. Rani Mukerji: Bollywood actress.
79. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah: Last Nawab of Awadh.
80. Gautam Buddha: Founder of Buddhism.
81. Rahul Dravid: Cricketer known as "The Wall."
82. Sachin Pilot: Indian politician.
83. Ashok Kumar: Bollywood's first superstar.
84. Rani Avantibai: Warrior queen of Ramgarh.
85. Kasturba Gandhi: Wife of Mahatma Gandhi.
86. Narayana Murthy: Co-founder of Infosys.
87. Vijender Singh: Olympic boxer.
88. Manohar Malgonkar: Author and historian.
89. Sundar Pichai: CEO of Alphabet Inc. (Google).
90. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Former President.
91. Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy: Music composer trio.
92. Asha Parekh: Veteran actress and dancer.
93. Vijay Kumar: Olympic shooter.
94. Kareena Kapoor Khan: Bollywood actress.
95. Dev Anand: Iconic actor and filmmaker.
96. Kiran Bedi: First female IPS officer.
97. Kalamandalam Hyderali: Kathakali exponent.
98. Dr. Shashi Tharoor: Author and politician.
99. Vandana Shiva: Environmental activist.
100. Ravish Kumar: Journalist and TV anchor.
101. Arunachalam Muruganantham: Inventor of low-cost sanitary napkins.
102. Mani Ratnam: Renowned filmmaker.
103. Farhan Akhtar: Actor, director, and producer.
104. Mallika Sarabhai: Dancer and activist.
105. Kalki Koechlin: Actress and writer.
106. Dr. Kiran Bedi: Former IPS officer and politician.
107. Maneka Gandhi: Politician and animal rights activist.
108. Gopinath Munde: Politician and social leader.
109. Naina Lal Kidwai: Former banker and businesswoman.
110. Azim Premji: Philanthropist and businessman.
111. P.V. Narasimha Rao: Former Prime Minister.
112. Vijay Mallya: Businessman and former MP.
113. Ram Nath Kovind: Former President and politician.
114. Sardar Bhagat Singh: Freedom fighter.
115. Vinod Khanna: Veteran actor and politician.
116. Zubin Mehta: Renowned conductor.
117. Sarvepalli Gopal: Historian and author.
118. Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: Biocon founder and entrepreneur.
119. Raj Kapoor: Legendary actor and filmmaker.
120. Virender Sehwag: Cricketer known for aggressive batting.
121. Saina Nehwal: Badminton champion.
122. Kangana Ranaut: Bollywood actress.
123. Rajat Sharma: Journalist and TV anchor.
124. Hrithik Roshan: Bollywood actor.
125. A.R. Rahman: Renowned composer.
126. Dr. Raghuram Rajan: Economist and former RBI Governor.
 127. Dr. Shriram Lagoo: Veteran actor.
128. Harsha Bhogle: Cricket commentator.
129. Aamir Khan: Bollywood actor and filmmaker.
130. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai: Father of India's space program.
131. Sudha Murthy: Author and philanthropist.
132. Rana Daggubati: Actor and producer.
133. Dr. C.V. Raman: Nobel laureate in physics.
134. Nanaji Deshmukh: Social activist and politician.
135. Sushant Singh Rajput: Late Bollywood actor.
136. Sania Nehwal: Badminton champion.
137. Rani Padmini: Legendary queen of Mewar.
138. Kalki Koechlin: Actress and writer.
139. Dr. B.R. Shetty: Businessman and philanthropist.
140. Ranveer Singh: Bollywood actor.
141. Deepika Padukone: Bollywood actress.
142. Anushka Sharma: Bollywood actress and producer.
143. Sanjay Dutt: Bollywood actor.
144. Dr. N. R. Narayana Murthy: Co-founder of Infosys.
145. Priyanka Chopra Jonas: Actress and global icon.
146. Ranbir Kapoor: Bollywood actor.
147. Swami Vivekananda: Renowned spiritual leader.
148. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister.
149. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President and scientist.
150. Lata Mangeshkar: Legendary playback singer

INDIAN STRUGGLE

1. Mahatma Gandhi: Leader of the non-violent civil disobedience movement against British colonial rule.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister and a key figure in the freedom struggle.
3. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Unified princely states and played a crucial role in India's integration.
4. Subhas Chandra Bose: Led the Indian National Army (INA) to fight for India's independence.
5. B.R. Ambedkar: Drafted the Indian Constitution and championed social justice.
6. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Freedom fighter, scholar, and the first Education Minister of India.
7. Rani Lakshmibai: Warrior queen of Jhansi, known for her bravery.
8. Bhagat Singh: Revolutionary freedom fighter who sacrificed his life for the nation.
9. Rajendra Prasad: First President of India and a leader in the freedom movement.
10. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Prominent nationalist leader and social reformer.
11. Sarojini Naidu: Freedom fighter, poet, and the first Indian woman to become President of the Indian
National Congress.
12. Lala Lajpat Rai: Fought against colonial rule and advocated for Indian independence.
13. Sardar Bhagat Singh: Revolutionary and martyr who sought to oust British rule.
14. Chandrasekhar Azad: Leading figure in the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
15. Dadabhai Naoroji: Prominent leader and the "Grand Old Man of India."
16. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Freedom fighter and writer who coined the term "Hindutva."
17. Annie Besant: British socialist, theosophist, and supporter of Indian self-rule.
18. Khudiram Bose: Young revolutionary who participated in the freedom struggle.
19. Durga Bai Deshmukh: Social reformer and independence activist.
20. Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali: Prominent leaders of the Khilafat Movement.
21. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: Freedom fighter and India's first Health Minister.
22. C. Rajagopalachari: Freedom fighter, statesman, and the last Governor-General of India.
23. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Leader of the Khilafat Movement in the North-West Frontier Province.
 24. Lala Hansraj: Educationist and freedom fighter who founded DAV College in Lahore.
25. Annie Mascarene: Freedom fighter and nurse who served during the Quit India Movement.
26. Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Social reformer and founder of the Brahmo Samaj.
27. Surya Sen: Leader of the Chittagong Armoury Raid, a daring act against British rule.
28. Mangal Pandey: Sepoy who played a pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
29. Kanaklata Barua: Freedom fighter from Assam, martyred during a protest.
30. Kunjahammed Haji: A prominent leader in the Malabar Rebellion against the British.

Individuals who have made significant contributions to various fields

1. Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance polymath known for art, science, and inventions.
2. Albert Einstein: Theoretical physicist known for the theory of relativity.
3. William Shakespeare: Renowned playwright and poet.
4. Nelson Mandela: South African anti-apartheid leader and president.
5. Marie Curie: Pioneering physicist and chemist, Nobel laureate.
6. Mahatma Gandhi: Leader of India's non-violent independence movement.
7. Winston Churchill: British Prime Minister during World War II.
8. Martin Luther King Jr.: Leader of the American Civil Rights Movement.
9. Mother Teresa: Missionary and humanitarian.
10. Charles Darwin: Naturalist and author of "On the Origin of Species."
11. Isaac Newton: Mathematician and physicist, known for laws of motion.
12. George Washington: Founding Father and first President of the United States.
13. Abraham Lincoln: U.S. President who abolished slavery.
14. Pablo Picasso: Influential artist and co-founder of Cubism.
15. Rosa Parks: Icon of the American Civil Rights Movement.
16. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Renowned composer.
17. Marlon Brando: Influential actor in film history.
18. Marilyn Monroe: Iconic actress and cultural symbol.
19. Muhammad Ali: Legendary boxer and cultural figure.
20. Michael Jackson: "King of Pop" and music icon.
21. Mikhail Gorbachev: Former Soviet leader who played a key role in ending the Cold War.
22. Charles Dickens: Celebrated novelist and social critic.
23. Jane Austen: Renowned author of classic novels.
24. Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalysis.
25. Frida Kahlo: Influential Mexican artist.
26. John F. Kennedy: U.S. President known for the space race and civil rights.
27. Elvis Presley: "The King of Rock and Roll."
28. Malala Yousafzai: Advocate for girls' education and Nobel laureate.
29. Vladimir Putin: President of Russia and influential world leader.
30. Oprah Winfrey: Media mogul and philanthropist.
31. Stephen Hawking: Theoretical physicist and author.
32. Dalai Lama: Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
33. Aristotle: Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
34. Galileo Galilei: Astronomer, physicist, and inventor.
35. Cleopatra: Ancient Egyptian queen.
36. Benjamin Franklin: Founding Father and inventor.
37. Thomas Edison: Inventor and businessman.
38. Leon Trotsky: Marxist revolutionary.
39. Anne Frank: Holocaust diarist and symbol of resilience.
40. Nikola Tesla: Inventor and electrical engineer.
41. Fidel Castro: Revolutionary leader of Cuba.
42. Vikram Sarabhai: Pioneer of India's space program.
43. Pope Francis: Current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
44. Angelina Jolie: Actress and humanitarian.
45. Queen Elizabeth II: Longest-reigning British monarch.
46. Leo Tolstoy: Russian author of "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina."
47. Rabindranath Tagore: Nobel laureate and poet of India.
48. Bruce Lee: Martial artist and actor.
49. Karl Marx: Philosopher and author of "The Communist Manifesto."
50. Eleanor Roosevelt: Former First Lady and human rights advocate.
INDIAN MONUMENTS
1. Taj Mahal, Agra: Iconic white marble mausoleum and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2. Red Fort, Delhi: Majestic fort complex and a symbol of India's independence.
3. Qutub Minar, Delhi: The world's tallest brick minaret, dating back to the 12th century.
4. Hampi, Karnataka: Ruins of the historic Vijayanagara Empire and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
5. Jaipur City Palace, Rajasthan: Former royal residence with a blend of Rajput and Mughal architecture.
6. Amber Fort, Rajasthan: A grand fort-palace complex overlooking Jaipur.
7. Khajuraho Temples, Madhya Pradesh: Group of stunning Hindu and Jain temples known for intricate erotic
sculptures.
8. Meenakshi Temple, Madurai: Impressive Dravidian-style temple dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi.
9. Golden Temple, Amritsar: Sikh pilgrimage site known for its golden architecture and serene surroundings.
10. Ajanta and Ellora Caves, Maharashtra: Ancient rock-cut caves with exquisite Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain
sculptures.
11. Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh: Mughal city with stunning architecture, including the Buland Darwaza.
12. Konark Sun Temple, Odisha: UNESCO-listed temple shaped like a chariot with intricate stone carvings.
13. Victoria Memorial, Kolkata: An iconic marble museum dedicated to Queen Victoria.
14. Mysore Palace, Karnataka: Lavish royal palace showcasing Indo-Saracenic architecture.
15. Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan: Vast fort complex with historic significance.
16. Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh: Buddhist stupa with ornate gateways and relics.
17. Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan: A "Golden Fort" in the heart of the Thar Desert.
18. Ranakpur Temple, Rajasthan: Exquisite marble Jain temple with intricate carvings.
19. Humayun's Tomb, Delhi: Mughal garden tomb and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
20. Aurangabad Caves, Maharashtra: Rock-cut Buddhist caves with beautiful sculptures.
21. Mehrangarh Fort, Rajasthan: Majestic fort overlooking Jodhpur.
22. Golconda Fort, Hyderabad: Historic fort known for its acoustics.
23. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat: UNESCO World Heritage Site with historic structures.
24. Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) Monuments, Tamil Nadu: Ancient rock-cut temples and carvings.
25. Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh: Magnificent hill fort with historical importance.
26. Jama Masjid, Delhi: One of India's largest mosques.
27. Rashtrapati Bhavan, Delhi: Official residence of the President of India.
28. Charminar, Hyderabad: Iconic mosque and monument.
29. Jantar Mantar, Jaipur: Astronomical observatory and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
30. Hawa Mahal, Jaipur: Palace known for its unique architecture.
31. Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram: Hindu temple overlooking the Bay of Bengal.
32. Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad: Art and antique museum with a vast collection.
33. Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur: UNESCO-listed temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
34. Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh: Buddhist stupa with a rich history.
35. Chola Temples, Tamil Nadu: Group of historic temples showcasing Chola architecture.
36. Elephanta Caves, Maharashtra: Rock-cut caves with Hindu sculptures.
37. Rani ki Vav, Gujarat: UNESCO World Heritage Site, stepwell known for its intricate carvings.
38. Sheesh Mahal, Jaipur: Part of the Amber Fort, known for its mirrored mosaics.
39. Basilica of Bom Jesus, Goa: Historic church housing the remains of St. Francis Xavier.
40. Gateway of India, Mumbai: Iconic arch overlooking Mumbai Harbor.
 41. Lotus Temple, Delhi: Bahá'í House of Worship known for its lotus-like design.
42. Akshardham Temple, Delhi: Intricately carved temple complex.
43. Bhimbetka Rock Shelters, Madhya Pradesh: UNESCO-listed prehistoric rock art.
44. Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu: Temple and town built by the Chola dynasty.
45. Rani Padmini's Palace, Chittorgarh: Scenic palace overlooking a lake.
46. Kailasa Temple, Ellora Caves: Magnificent monolithic temple carved from a single rock.
47. Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajasthan: Historic fort with the world's second-longest wall.
48. Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Kerala: Richly adorned temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
49. Pattadakal Monuments, Karnataka: Group of temples and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
50. Chunar Fort, Uttar Pradesh: Fort with a rich history along the Ganges River.

INDIAN MYTHOLOGY

1. Ramayana: An epic narrative that tells the story of Lord Rama, an avatar of the god Vishnu, and his quest to
rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. The most famous version is the Valmiki Ramayana, but
there are several other regional versions and adaptations.
2. Mahabharata: Another epic narrative, the Mahabharata, revolves around the Kurukshetra War between the
Pandavas and Kauravas. It includes stories of Krishna, the Bhagavad Gita, and various other tales. Vyasa is
traditionally credited with its composition.
3. Bhagavad Gita: A 700-verse scripture within the Mahabharata, where Lord Krishna imparts spiritual wisdom
and guidance to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra.
4. Puranas: These are a genre of ancient texts that contain a vast collection of mythological stories, legends,
and religious teachings. Some famous Puranas include the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Bhagavata
Purana.
5. Vedas: The oldest sacred texts of India, the Vedas, contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings. The
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda are the main Vedas.
6. Upanishads: Philosophical texts that explore the nature of reality, the self (Atman), and the ultimate reality
(Brahman). They are often considered the culmination of Vedic thought.
7. The Creation Myths: India has several creation myths, including the story of Brahma, the creator god,
emerging from a lotus flower and the churning of the cosmic ocean (Samudra Manthan).
8. Krishna Leela: Stories and legends related to Lord Krishna's childhood and adventures, including his playful
antics (Bal Leela) and his love for Radha.
9. Shiva Puranas: These texts narrate stories of Lord Shiva, his family, and his various forms and
manifestations. They include the Rudra Samhita, Linga Purana, and Shiva Purana.
10. Ganesha Myths: Stories about Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and obstacles. One
famous story is his creation by Parvati and his role as the remover of obstacles.
11. Navagraha Myths: Legends associated with the nine celestial bodies in Hindu astrology, including the Sun,
Moon, and various planets.
12. Sati and Shakti Peethas: Stories of the goddess Shakti and the creation of sacred shrines (Shakti Peethas)
where body parts of the goddess are said to have fallen.

AUTHORS

1. William Shakespeare (England): Renowned playwright and poet, considered one of the greatest
writers in the English language.
2. Leo Tolstoy (Russia): Known for epic novels like "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina."
3. Charles Dickens (England): Celebrated for classics such as "Great Expectations" and "A Tale of Two Cities."
4. Homer (Ancient Greece): Author of epic poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey."
5. Jane Austen (England): Known for novels like "Pride and Prejudice" and "Sense and Sensibility."
6. Fyodor Dostoevsky (Russia): Notable for works like "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers
Karamazov."
7. Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia): Pioneer of magical realism, author of "One Hundred Years of
Solitude."
8. George Orwell (England): Famous for "1984" and "Animal Farm," known for social and political
commentary.
9. Miguel de Cervantes (Spain): Author of the classic "Don Quixote."
10. Virginia Woolf (England): A key figure in modernist literature, known for "To the Lighthouse" and "Mrs.
Dalloway."
11. Hermann Hesse (Germany/Switzerland): Notable for "Siddhartha" and "Steppenwolf."
12. Toni Morrison (United States): Nobel laureate and author of "Beloved" and "Song of Solomon."
13. Franz Kafka (Austria-Hungary): Known for surreal works like "The Metamorphosis."
14. Chinua Achebe (Nigeria): Author of "Things Fall Apart," a seminal work in African literature.
15. Mark Twain (United States): Famous for "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn."
16. Albert Camus (France/Algeria): Notable for existentialist works like "The Stranger."
17. Emily Brontë (England): Author of the gothic classic "Wuthering Heights."
18. Haruki Murakami (Japan): Contemporary author known for novels like "Kafka on the Shore."
19. Rabindranath Tagore (India): Nobel laureate and poet, known for "Gitanjali."
20. James Joyce (Ireland): Renowned for "Ulysses" and "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man."
21. J.K. Rowling (United Kingdom): Creator of the Harry Potter series, beloved by readers worldwide.
22. Albert Einstein (Germany/United States): Physicist and author of groundbreaking scientific papers.
23. Louisa May Alcott (United States): Author of "Little Women."
24. Isabel Allende (Chile): Known for novels like "The House of the Spirits."
25. Walt Whitman (United States): Influential poet known for "Leaves of Grass."
26. Rumi (Persia): Persian poet and mystic known for his spiritual poetry.
27. Dante Alighieri (Italy): Author of "Divine Comedy," a foundational work of Italian literature.
28. Octavio Paz (Mexico): Nobel laureate and poet known for his extensive body of work.
29. Virginia Woolf (United Kingdom): Renowned for her stream-of-consciousness style in works like "Mrs.
Dalloway" and "To the Lighthouse."
30. Zora Neale Hurston (United States): Author of "Their Eyes Were Watching God."

TOP 20 INDIAN AUTHORS

1. Rabindranath Tagore: Nobel laureate, poet, and author of "Gitanjali."

2. R.K. Narayan: Known for novels like "Malgudi Days" and "Swami and Friends."
3. Ruskin Bond: Renowned for his stories set in the Indian Himalayas.
4. Arundhati Roy: Author of "The God of Small Things," a Booker Prize winner.
5. Jhumpa Lahiri: Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "Interpreter of Maladies."
6. Vikram Seth: Known for "A Suitable Boy" and "The Golden Gate."
7. Chetan Bhagat: Popular for contemporary novels like "Five Point Someone" and "2 States."
8. Kamala Das (Madhavikutty): Noted poet and author of "My Story."
9. Salman Rushdie: Known for "Midnight's Children," winner of the Booker Prize.
10. Khushwant Singh: Celebrated for works like "Train to Pakistan" and "Delhi: A Novel."
11. Raja Rao: Author of "Kanthapura" and a prominent figure in Indian English literature.
12. Mulk Raj Anand: Known for socially and politically relevant novels like "Untouchable."
13. V.S. Naipaul: Nobel laureate of Indian descent, known for "A House for Mr. Biswas."
14. Anita Desai: Author of novels like "Clear Light of Day" and "Fire on the Mountain."
15. Vikram Chandra: Known for "Sacred Games" and "Red Earth and Pouring Rain."
16. Shashi Tharoor: Author of "The Great Indian Novel" and "Inglorious Empire."
17. Jhumpa Lahiri: Pulitzer Prize-winning author of "The Namesake."
18. Amitav Ghosh: Noted for historical novels like "The Glass Palace" and "The Ibis Trilogy."
19. Kiran Desai: Booker Prize-winning author of "The Inheritance of Loss."
20. Anurag Mathur: Author of "The Inscrutable Americans," known for his humor.
MOVIES THAT HAVE HISTORIC IMPORTANCE
1. "Raja Harishchandra" (1913): India's first full-length feature film, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, is a
landmark in the history of Indian cinema.
2. "Alam Ara" (1931): Widely regarded as India's first sound film, it marked a pivotal moment in the evolution
of Indian movies.
3. "Achhut Kanya" (1936): This film, directed by Franz Osten, addressed the issue of untouchability in India
and was a significant social commentary for its time.
4. "Kismet" (1943): Directed by Gyan Mukherjee, it was one of the earliest films to achieve major commercial
success in Indian cinema.
5. "Do Bigha Zamin" (1953): Directed by Bimal Roy, this film is considered a classic of Indian parallel cinema
and addressed issues of rural poverty and exploitation.
6. "Mother India" (1957): Directed by Mehboob Khan, it was India's first submission for the Academy Awards
and remains a powerful portrayal of a rural woman's struggle.
7. "Mughal-e-Azam" (1960): Known for its grandeur and opulence, it's considered a classic of Indian cinema
and is remembered for its lavish sets and timeless songs.
8. "Gandhi" (1982): Though not an Indian production, Richard Attenborough's film about Mahatma Gandhi is
a significant historical biopic with a global impact.
9. "Lagaan" (2001): Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, this film is famous for its unique storyline about a cricket
match during British rule and was India's official entry to the Academy Awards.
10. "Rang De Basanti" (2006): Directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, it made a strong impact for its social
and political commentary, inspiring a generation of young Indians.
11. "My Name Is Khan" (2010): Directed by Karan Johar, this film tackled themes of prejudice and
discrimination, especially against Muslims, in post-9/11 America.

12. "Bajrangi Bhaijaan" (2015): Directed by Kabir Khan, the film explores the theme of cross-border unity and
has been significant in fostering India-Pakistan relations.

13. Gangaavataran" (1913): "Gangaavataran" is often considered the first Indian documentary film. It was
directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, who is widely regarded as the father of Indian cinema. The film documented
the annual flooding of the Ganges River (Ganga) and showcased Phalke's early experimentation with
filmmaking techniques.

14. Shree Pundalik" (1912): "Shree Pundalik" is significant as one of the earliest feature-length films in Indian
cinema. Directed by Dadasaheb Torne, it tells the story of Pundalik, a devout son who cares for his aging
parents. This film is considered one of the pioneering works that laid the foundation for narrative storytelling
in Indian films.
Global Apps
1. WhatsApp - Founded by Brian Acton and Jan Koum. It is a messaging app known for secure, end-to-end
encrypted communication.
2. Facebook - Founded by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris
Hughes. It's a social media platform for connecting with friends and sharing updates.
3. YouTube - Founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, later acquired by Google. It's the world's
largest video-sharing platform.
4. Instagram - Co-founded by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and acquired by Facebook. It's a photo and
video-sharing social networking app.
5. TikTok (merged with Douyin) - Owned by ByteDance, founded by Zhang Yiming. It's a short-form video
app for user-generated content.
6. Snapchat - Created by Evan Spiegel, Bobby Murphy, and Reggie Brown. It's known for disappearing photo
and video messages, as well as Stories.
7. Twitter - Founded by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams. It's a microblogging platform
for sharing thoughts and updates.
8. Zoom - Founded by Eric Yuan. It's a video conferencing app widely used for remote work and virtual
meetings.
9. Netflix - Co-founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. It's a subscription-based streaming platform for
movies and TV shows.
10. Spotify - Founded by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. It's a music streaming service with a vast library of
songs and podcasts.
11. Amazon - Founded by Jeff Bezos. The app provides access to Amazon's e-commerce platform and various
services.
12. Uber - Founded by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp. It's a ride-sharing and food delivery service app
available in many countries.
13. Google Maps - Developed by Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. It's a mapping and navigation app for
finding locations and directions.
14. Telegram - Founded by Pavel Durov. It's a messaging app known for its focus on privacy and security.
15. Microsoft Office 365 - Developed by Microsoft. It offers a suite of productivity apps, including Word, Excel,
and PowerPoint.
16. Gmail - Developed by Google. It's Google's email service, accessible through the Gmail app.
17. Pinterest - Co-founded by Ben Silbermann, Evan Sharp, and Paul Sciarra. It's a visual discovery and
bookmarking platform.
18. LinkedIn - Founded by Reid Hoffman, Allen Blue, Konstantin Guericke, Eric Ly, and Jean-Luc Vaillant. It's a
professional networking app for job seekers and professionals.
19. Waze - Founded by Ehud Shabtai, Amir Shinar, and Uri Levine. It's a GPS navigation app that provides real-
time traffic and road information.
20. MyFitnessPal (Under Armour) - Founded by Mike Lee and Albert Lee. It's a fitness and nutrition app for
tracking exercise and meals.
21. Threads is a new app, built by the Instagram team, for sharing text updates and joining public
conversations.
22. software Sound Control, users can covertly hide and lock their images, videos, and sounds, protecting their
privacy
SCIENTIST

1. C.V. Raman (1888-1970): Nobel laureate in Physics for the discovery of the Raman Effect.
2. Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974): Known for his work in theoretical physics and collaboration with Albert
Einstein on Bose-Einstein statistics.
3. Homi J. Bhabha (1909-1966): Pioneering nuclear physicist and founder of India's atomic energy program.
4. Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1971): Space scientist and founding figure of the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO).
5. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015): Missile scientist and India's 11th President.
6. C.N.R. Rao (b. 1934): Renowned chemist with significant contributions to solid-state and structural
chemistry.
7. A.P. Balachandran (b. 1938): Physicist known for his work in theoretical physics and particle physics.
8. Raghunath Anant Mashelkar (b. 1943): Renowned chemical engineer and former Director General of the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
9. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952): Nobel laureate in Chemistry for his work on ribosome structure.
10. E. Sreedharan (b. 1932): Known as the "Metro Man" of India for his role in developing the Delhi Metro.
11. M.S. Swaminathan (b. 1925): Geneticist and agricultural scientist known as the "Father of the Green
Revolution in India."
12. Vijay Bhatkar (b. 1946): Computer scientist and architect of India's first supercomputer, PARAM.
13. N. R. Narayana Murthy (b. 1946): Co-founder of Infosys and a prominent figure in the Indian IT industry.
14. Roddam Narasimha (1933-2020): Aerospace scientist and fluid dynamicist.
 15. Raja Ramanna (1925-2004): Noted nuclear scientist and former Chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission.
16. Kalpana Chawla (1961-2003): Astronaut and the first woman of Indian origin in space.
17. Arun Netravali (b. 1946): Electrical engineer known for his work in digital video compression.
18. E.C. George Sudarshan (1931-2018): Theoretical physicist known for contributions to quantum optics.
19. Vasant Gowarikar (1933-2020): Renowned scientist and meteorologist known for his work on monsoons.
20. Yash Pal (1926-2017): Physicist and educator known for popularizing science through television.
21. Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Theoretical physicist known for the theory of relativity (E=mc^2).
22. Isaac Newton (1643-1727): Physicist and mathematician, known for the laws of motion and universal
gravitation.
23. Charles Darwin (1809-1882): Naturalist known for the theory of evolution by natural selection.
24. Marie Curie (1867-1934): Physicist and chemist, famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity.
25. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, known for advancements in
observational astronomy.
26. Stephen Hawking (1942-2018): Theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes and cosmology.
27. Niels Bohr (1885-1962): Physicist who made significant contributions to atomic theory and quantum
mechanics.
28. Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958): Chemist known for her contributions to the understanding of DNA's
structure.
29. Alan Turing (1912-1954): Mathematician and computer scientist, known for the Turing machine and
contributions to computer science.
30. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Polymath known for advancements in art, science, and engineering.
31. Max Planck (1858-1947): Physicist who originated quantum theory.
32. Richard Feynman (1918-1988): Theoretical physicist known for his contributions to quantum mechanics
and electrodynamics.
33. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Microbiologist and chemist, famous for pasteurization and vaccines.
34. Carl Sagan (1934-1996): Astronomer, astrophysicist, and science communicator.
35. Jane Goodall (b. 1934): Ethologist known for her pioneering work with chimpanzees.
36. Barbara McClintock (1902-1992): Geneticist known for her discovery of transposons.
37. Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961): Physicist who developed the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics.
38. Richard Dawkins (b. 1941): Ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author of "The Selfish Gene."
39. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794): Known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry" for his work on the
conservation of mass.
40. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founder of psychoanalysis, known for his work in psychology

INDIAN NGO’s

1. Rural Development Foundation (RDF):

 Founder: K. Anji Reddy.
 Mission: RDF focuses on rural development, education, and healthcare in India.
2. Pratham:
 Founder: Madhav Chavan.
 Mission: Pratham is India's largest education-focused NGO, working to improve the quality of
education for underprivileged children.
3. CRY (Child Rights and You):
 Founder: Rippan Kapur.
 Mission: CRY works to protect and promote the rights of children in India.
4. HelpAge India:
 Founder: Jackson Cole.
 Mission: HelpAge India focuses on improving the lives of elderly citizens through various programs
and services.
5. Nanhi Kali:
 Founder: Anand Mahindra (Mahindra Group) and Naandi Foundation.
 Mission: Nanhi Kali aims to provide quality education to underprivileged girl children.
6. Akshaya Patra Foundation:
 Founders: Madhu Pandit Dasa and Charu Das.
 Mission: Akshaya Patra provides mid-day meals to schoolchildren, aiming to end classroom
hunger.
7. Sewa Bharati:
 Founder: Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh.
 Mission: Sewa Bharati engages in various social service and development activities.
8. Make-A-Wish Foundation India:
 Founder: Sharad Sanghi.
 Mission: Make-A-Wish fulfills the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions.
9. Goonj:
 Founder: Anshu Gupta.
 Mission: Goonj focuses on issues related to clothing, sanitation, and disaster relief.
10. Mann Deshi Foundation:
 Founder: Chetna Sinha.
 Mission: Mann Deshi empowers rural women through financial inclusion and entrepreneurship
programs.