PRELIM QUIZ 1 TIRAZONA

Alertness – It involves being aware of what is happening in the vicinity in order

to understand how the information, events and one’s own actions will impact
goals and objectives both immediately and near future.
Group planning – it is process of getting things done by combining all the
elements of organization.
Organization leader – Who is a person, due to his capabilities, is personal
qualities, is able to lead people and influence their behavior?
Verbal, Non-Verbal and Written – Identity the three subcategories of
communication.
Self- awareness – Which statement means, the vehicle by which meaning and
conveyed, identify, composed and reinforced, and feelings are expressed?
Maximum Safe Manning – it is the level of manning that will ensure that ship
is sufficient, effectively and efficiently manned to provide; safety and security of
the ship, safe navigation and operation at sea.
Lack of Cultural Awareness – it is the ability to foster cultural competence
among members of the crew onboard.
Fatigue – Which human factor contribute 16% of the vessel casualties and
33% of the injuries?
Problem-solving teams – it is a type of team that is formed for a temporary
period until a problem is solved and then they disband.
Privileges – What can be regarded as the social rank of a person within a
group and represents the recognition, honor and acceptance given to a person
by the other members of the group?
Team training – Which statement is designed to improve the efficiency of the
process, rather than the interpersonal aspect of it?
Team-cooperation – It was found to have the strongest affect out of financial
measure improving organization performance
Personalities – Which traits affect people with difference cultures trying to
communicate due to differences in attitudes and behavior?
High-context texture – It is a culture that ensure that every individual is
knowledge about the subject and has to be given very little
backgrounds/information.
International Organization for Standardization – What system should
ensure compliance with mandatory rules and regulation and that applicable
codes, guidelines, and standards, recommendation by authorities are taken
into account.
Occupational Health Management – It is not only an extension of logistics
management but it is more management of relationship across the networks
Democratic – it is a leadership style that centered on employee participation
and involves decision making by consensus and consultation.
Chief mate – Who trains the crew on board vessel on various aspects like
safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies?
Openness – It is the degrees in which a person is curious, original, intellectual,
creative, and open to new ideas.
Cooperation – It is defined as a pattern of actions expected of a person in
activities involving others.
Master – Who among the following is not a member of the management Level
Onboard?
Human weakness – It refers to the array of every physical action and
observable emotion associated with individuals as well as the human race as a
whole.
Homesick – What is an emotion state experience when an individual is left
without anything to do and not interested in their surroundings.
Democratic –It is a leadership style that all decisions without consulting
employees and will also dictate employees roles.
Team leader – it is a formal leader officially entrusted with managing a certain
group of people and arranging their activities.
Law – What are the set of rules or detectives made and maintained by the IMO?
Culture – It refers to a group or community which shares common experience
that shape the way its members understand the world.
SOLAS – It is regarded as the most important convention that deals with
maritime safety
Cultural anthropology – What is defined as an investigation of how language
both presupposes and create a new social relation in culture context.
Deck crew – Who is in-charge with the vessel navigation, watch keeping.
Maintaining the ship’s hull, cargo, gear and accommodation, and taking care of
the ship’s lifesaving and firefighting appliances?
All of the choice – It is defined as a group of people working together to
achieve a common goal.

QUIZ 1
What is the contributing factor to the 16% of the vessel casualties and 33% of
the crew injuries onboard.
Management Level – To what level of positions or roles onboard where
planning or formulating a specific program for various shipboard operations.
Written Communication – it is the most common form of business
communication.
Safe Manning Certificate – This certificate sets the minimum crew
requirements and the ship managers can have any number of crew above the
numbers mentioned in this certificate subject to the capability of life saving
appliances.
Bosun, AB, OS, and Wiper – Who are the members of the Support Level?
Emblem – Complete the analogy. Nose wrinkle; Facial expression; Beckoning
first finger;
Complacency – Passiveness in the sense of information exchange leads to the
situation exchange leads to the situation that certain members of the crew on
board ship stop asking for information from their colleagues as well. The
statement tells about
Japan – They are well-known to naturally removed their shoes before entering
their houses. This is a culture in:
By applying Kinetics – As OOW, how are you going to practice Situational
Awareness in a congested area?
Fatigue – What is the contributing factor in the 16% of the vessel casualties
and 33% of the crew injuries onboard.
Being sensitive to the origin of every crew – Following are the meaning of
Situational Awareness except;
Identify the three subcategories of communication.

=Verbal, Non-verbal and Written

What is an emotional state experienced when an individual is left without anything to do and not
interested in their surroundings.

=Boredom

Which statement is designed to improve the efficiency of the process, rather than the interpersonal
aspect of it?

= Team training

It is a culture that ensure that every individual is knowledgeable about the subject and has to be given
very little backgrounds/information.

=High-context culture

It is the degree in which a person is curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas.

=Time

It is a leadership style that all decisions without consulting employees and will also dictate employees
roles.

=Autocratic

It is regarded as the most important convention that deals with maritime safety.

=SOLAS

It is to established and understand how people from different culture communicate with each other.

=Cross-cultural communication

Which type of relationship between ship’s administration and informal leaders of micro groups when an
informal leader helps to solve tasks set by an administration and quite often served as a linking element
between ship’s administration and the crew?

=Positive

It is the corrective term for various types of activities used to enhance social relations and define roles
often involving collaborative tasks.

=Team building

These styles of leadership involves guiding employees in their decision-making process.

=Coaching
It is defined as a group of people working together to achieve a common goal.

=Teamwork

It means were commands, instructions, and information pass through the chain to the appropriate
personnel.

=Chain of Command

It is the awareness of the ways cultures operate in communication and conflict, and the ability to
respond effectively to these differences.

=Cultural fluency

It is a formal leader officially entrusted with managing a certain group of people and arranging their
activities.

=Manager

Under IMO amended STCW 95, June 25, 2010 ( also known as the Manila convention), what certified
position was introduce in place of electrical officer?

=Electro-technical officer

Which human factor contributed 16% of the vessel casualties and 33% of the injuries?

=Fatigue

It is the level of manning that will ensure that a ship is sufficiently, effectively and efficiently manned to
provide: safety and security of the ship. safe navigation and operations at sea.

=Minimum Safe Manning

Which statement means, the vehicle by which meaning are conveyed, identify, composed and
reinforced, and feelings are expressed?

=Communication

It is the ability to recognize the different beliefs, values and customs that someone has based on that
person’s origins and it allows a person to build more successful personal and professional relationships
in a diverse environment.

=Cultural Awareness

What is the patterned of social arrangements in a society that are both emergent from and determinant
of the action of the individuals?

=Social structure

It is not only an extension of logistics management, but it is more management of relationship across
the networks.

=Supply Chain management

Its function within an organization focuses on recruitment and management of people for the Company.

=Human Resource Management

What are the set of rules or directives made and maintained by the IMO?

=Regulations

It is the degree in which a person is curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas

=Openness

It is an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action.

=Planning

It is the process of getting things done by combining all elements of organization.

=Management

What can be regarded as the social rank of a person within a group and represents the recognition,
honor and acceptance given to a person by the other members of the group?

=Status

Which statement means a system with input, output, and function?

=Organization

Who is in-charge with the vessel navigation, watch keeping, maintaining the ship’s hull, cargo, gear and
accommodation, and taking care of the ship’s life saving and fire fighting appliances?

=Deck crew

It involves being aware of what is happening in the vicinity in order to understand how the information,
events, and one’s own actions will impact goals and objectives both immediately and in near future.

=Situation awareness

It emphasizes the importance of setting clear objectives and developing individual and team goals.

=Goal setting

Who is a person, due to his capabilities and personal qualities, is able to lead people and influence their
behavior?

=Informal leader

It is the inability to foster cultural competence among members of the crew onboard.

=Lack of Cultural Awareness

What do you call to a team whose members have different cultural backgrounds.

=Multi-cultural
It is a feeling of quiet pleasure or security, often while unaware of some potential danger, defect, or the
like; self-satisfaction or smug satisfaction with an existing situation or condition.

=Complacency

Which element of an organization that provides means which personnel carry out their task and perform
work?

=Technology

It is defined as a pattern of actions expected of a person in activities involving others.

=Role

What kind of leaders look beyond themselves in order to work for the greater good of everyone?

=Transformational

It is a leadership style that is centered on employee participation and involves decision making by
consensus and consultation.

=Democratic

Who trains the crew on board vessel on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue,and
various other contingencies?

=Chief Mate

Who among the following is not a member of the Management Level onboard?

=Chief Cook

It refers to a group or community which shares common experience that shape the way its members
understand the world

=Culture

Which traits affect people with different cultures trying to communicate due to differences in attitudes
and behaviors?

=Inherent Traits

What is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or events?

=Attitude

It is a type of team that is formed for a temporary period until a problem is solved and then they
disband.

=Problem-solving teams

What system should ensure compliance with mandatory rules and regulations and that applicable codes,
guidelines, and standards, recommended by authorities are taken into account.

=Safety Management System

Which of these statement means the groundwork for successful globalization business affairs?

=Understanding social relationship

It is the degree to which a person is outgoing, talkative, sociable and enjoy socializing.

=Extroversion

Which of the following are the acts or conditions precipitating the incident situation, the consequences
are immediate and can often be prevented by design, training?

=Active failures

It was found to have the strongest effect out of various financial measure for improving organizational
performance

=Team-development

It refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals as well
as the human race as a whole.

=Human behavior

Who creates a strong teams with people that are committed to organization’s overall goals?

=A leader

Which style of leadership is best used when employees are educated, knowledgeable, and self-
motivated?

=Laissez-faire

What is defined as an investigation of how language both presuposses and create a new social relations
in culture context?

=Language socialization

MGNT. 1 REVIEWER
UNIT 1: ORGANIZATION OF CREW, AUTHORITY STRUCTURE, RESPONSIBILITIES
Personal Management - principle of controlling of subordinates and maintaining good
relationship.
Basic Principle of Personal Management:
 Planning - an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action.
  Organizing - cause to be structured or ordered or operating according to
some principle or idea.
 Leading - cause to undertake a certain action to be a leader.
 Controlling - exercise authoritative control or power over.
CHIEF ENGINEER
In marine engineering, the chief engineer is a licensed mariner in charge of
the engineering department on a merchant vessel.
A chief engineer (commonly referred to as"Ch. Eng," "the Chief" or just "Chief") is
responsible for all operations and maintenance that has to do with any and all
engineering equipment throughout the entire ship.
Under many jurisdictions the chief engineer is of equal rank to the captain, with
responsibility being split between the two posts; the chief engineer taking responsibility
for engine room and maintenance, and the captain taking responsibility for navigation
and deck operations.
SECOND ENGINEER/ FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEER

One of the most important positions in the hierarchy level of maritime professionals
working on the ship is the position of Second engineer. As the position comes under the
management level category, second engineer’s job is not only limited to carry out his
own duties but also to look after the entire operation of the engine room and other
technical aspects of the ship.
The 2nd engineer provides utmost assistance to the Chief engineer for running the ship
efficiently. Moreover, second engineer is also in-charge of all the operational
engineers and the crew of the engine room. He ensures for their personnel safety and
routine duties. He also plans the overall maintenance of all the machinery present in the
engine room of the ship.
THIRD ENGINEER/SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEER
Third Engineer duties and responsibilities:
 Acts as an understudy of the Second Engineer;
 Performs sea and port watchkeeping;
 Maintains the Boiler and performs Cooler Water Test;
  Monitors all pump lines, provision reefer, emergency pump lines and ship’s spare
and stores;
 Reports to the upkeep of the steam boiler and associated auxiliaries, refrigerating
equipment and other machinery assigned by the Chief Engineer. He shall report
to the Chief Engineer any problem observed in the handling of the said
equipment;
 Manages fuel consumption;
 Custodian of Engine Log Book and other engineering records;
 Performs such other functions as may be assigned by the Second Engineer;

FOURTH ENGINEER/THIRD ASSISTANT ENGINEER

Duties and Responsibilities;
Upon joining a vessel, the relieving 4th engineer shall report his presence on board to
the Chief Engineer or in his absence to the 2nd Engineer.
The 4th engineer should take a thorough round of the engine department with the
signing off engineer and do a proper taking over of the duties.
He should check the inventory and location of all purifier and compressor spares.
He should check Inventory and location of pumps spares and tools.
He should check running hours and maintenance schedule of his designated machinery.
He should check general condition of machinery and special procedure for operation.
Condition and layout of bunkering system including valve operation, tanks and sounding
pipe location should be checked.
Condition and layout of sludge and bilge discharge system including valves and pump
operation should also be checked.
Thorough sounding of all fuel tanks, bilge and sludge tank should be taken.
Daily consumption of lube oil, fuel oil, marine diesel or gas oil and cylinder oil for daily
record keeping in sounding log is to be checked.
Daily production of bilge and sludge on board for record keeping of waste water
sounding log.
ENGINE CADET
Engine Cadet - is the most junior personnel in Engine department. He is responsible to
take a Job order to 2nd Engineer. Follow instructions to all engine officers. He also
assists the engine officer when time of activity to all machinery around engine room. He
is candidate to be an engine officer in the future.
FITTER
Engine fitter, as the name suggest is mainly responsible for properly fitting the engine
and other electrical parts required in the engine room of a ship.
MOTORMAN
A qualified engine rating who stand a watch with the engine officer, as well as
performing menial task and assisting Engine officer’s maintenance.
OILER
A Rating who is responsible for ensuring that machinery is adequately lubricated.
Performs menial task such as cleaning, sounding tanks, etc.
WIPER
The lowest rating in the engine room and is tasked with keeping the machinery spaces
clean and tidy. Wipers usually go on to become oilers once they familiar with engine
room machinery and specific routines.

UNIT 2: CULTURAL AWARENESS, INHERENT TRAITS, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS,

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Lesson 2.1 Cultural Awareness
Cultural awareness is the ability to recognize the different beliefs, values and customs
that someone has based on that person’s origins and it allows a person to build more
successful personal and professional relationships in a diverse environment. A person’s
state, region or country of origin and local customs heavily influence cultural
background.
If you have ever been on ship, you will have noticed that people from all around the
world and form many different cultures are working there. The world meets on board!
However, understanding and respecting each other is crucial if you need to work in a
team.
Lesson 2.2 Inherent cultural traits
The main goal behind improving intercultural audiences is to pay special attention to
specific areas of communication to enhance the effectiveness of the intercultural
messages. These specific areas are broken down into three subcategories; Non-Verbal,
Oral, and Written messages.
 Non-Verbal contact involves everything from something as obvious as eye
contact and facial expressions to more discrete forms of expression such as the
use of space. Experts have label the term Kinesics to mean communicating
through body movement. Huseman, author of Business Communication, explains
that the two most prominent ways of communication through Kinesics is eye
contact and facial expressions.


 Eye contact -,Huseman goes on to explain, is the key factor in

setting the tone between two individuals and greatly differs in
meaning between cultures. In the Americas and Western Europe
eye contact is interpreted the same way, conveying interest and
honesty. People who avoid eye contact when speaking are viewed
in a negative light, withholding information and lacking in general
confidence. However, in the Middle East, Africa, and especially Asia
eye contact is seen as disrespectful and even challenging of one’s
authority. People who make eye contact, but only briefly, are seen
as respectful and courteous.
 Facial expressions- are their own language by comparison, and
universal throughout all cultures. Dale Leathers, for example, states
that facial expression can communicate ten basic classes of
meaning.
 The final part to Non-Verbal communication lies in our gestures,
and can be broken down into five subcategories;
a. Emblems- refer to sign language such as the “Thumbs Up” which is one of the
most recognized symbols in the world)
b. Illustrators- mimic what we speak (such as gesturing how much time is left by holding
up a certain amount of fingers).
c. Regulators- act as a way of conveying meaning through gestures (raising up one’s
hand, for instance, indicates that one has a certain question about what was just said)
and become more complicated since the same regulator can have different
meanings across different cultures (making a circle with ones hand for instance in
the Americas means O.K but in Japan the gesture is symbolic for money, and in France
conveys the notion of worthlessness).
d. Affect Displays- reveal emotions such as happiness (through a smile) or sadness or
sadness (mouth trembling, tears)
e. Adaptors- are more subtlesuch as a yawn or clenching fists in anger.
Oral and written communication is generally easier to learn, adapt and deal with in the
business world for the simple fact that each language is unique. The one difficulty that
comes into play is Paralanguage, “Language refers to what is said, Paralanguage refers
to how it is said. Even though, logically, the same words should convey the same
meaning the volume, rate, and emphasis placed on those words can change the
meaning of the phrase.
Lesson 2.3 Association between inherent traits, attitudes and behaviors
Each person is distinct from one another, not only in our physical aspects but
especially so in our behaviors and attitudes.
Behavior is an inherent trait of an organism, including man, towards its
environment and other organisms. It is controlled by our endocrine and nervous
systems and the complexity of our behavioral patterns are set by the complexity of our
nervous system.
Attitude is how we react to these stimuli or input. We either have a positive or
negative reaction towards an object, a person, place thing or event. It is how we judge
these things and the way that they affect us that set our behavior towards them. We
develop our attitudes through experience and observation.
Ship management attitudes play a significant role in commanding ships. The
attitudes-performance linkage is not linear. Behavior and performance are less effective
in officers with negative attitudes and equally effective in officers with slightly positive
and very positive attitudes.
Lesson 2.4 Cross-cultural competences on board ships
The shipping sector is highly globalized and the maritime labour market is widely
multicultural. Therefore, shipping companies are increasingly aware of the importance
of cross-cultural training and management. The culturally diverse working conditions on
board mean cross-cultural competence is an essential seafaring skill.
This requires effective cooperation in the field of communication between all
stakeholders: the industry on a macro-level, as well as the shipping companies and
relevant organizations on a micro-level.
Seafarers have to work with a wide range of different cultures; on board as well as
in port. Not knowing the cultural differences of the people involved can lead to a large
number of misunderstandings, unnecessary controversies and evitable accidents.
Cross-cultural competency can facilitate career mobility and transfer, from ship to
shore positions and vice versa.
UNIT 3: SHIPBOARD SITUATION, INFORMAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES ONBOARD
Lesson 3.1 Informal structures with multi-cultural crews
Lack of multicultural awareness and cross-cultural understanding has reared its
head in the shipping industry. It’s been a factor in seafarer retention, at times for
accidents and environmental damage, and can affect seafarer safety and well-being on
board. An inability to foster cultural competence affects the shipping industry’s bottom
line.
Multicultural crews and a possible lack of a common language have produced a
rising worry of the competence of ship crews. This is of crucial interest especially when
technological advances have cut down the number of crewmembers, from what used to
be 40-50 to about 20-25 even on large carriers.
One of the major concerns is fatigue. The report highlighted growing levels of
fatigue, particularly among masters and watch keepers, who enjoyed less total sleep
than other on board and noted that motivation was depressed by fatigue. Captains
suffer from fatigue and stress more than their crews and fatigue can result in long term
physical and mental health issues.
Lesson 3.2 Why informal social structures need to be recognized and allowed for
Informal groups provide social status and satisfaction that may not be obtained
from the formal organization. Informal groups develop a communication channel to
keep its members informed about what management actions will affect them in various
ways.
 Natural theorists question the importance of formal structures over informal ones.
“Informal structures are those based on the characteristics or resources of the specific
participants” (Scott p.54), and can be distinguished from formal basis by observing the
changes resulting from a change in personnel at a particular position.
Yet interestingly, this informal structure is also stable. Participants within formal
organizations generate informal norms and behavior patterns: status and power
systems, communication networks, sociometric structures, and working arrangements.
Lesson 3.3 Actions to improve cross-cultural relationships
There are many aspects of culture-shared language, traditions, norms and beliefs
and customs. Regardless of the culture, successful interactions, across cultures are built
on respect, trust and the ability to communicate effectively. Use the following tips to
build your cross-cultural relationships:
 Seek to understand. Don’t make assumptions. Ideally you want to learn about
different cultures through a variety of credible sources-your own persona;
relationships, book, travel, research and ongoing education.
 Keep an open mind. Avoid stereotypes. Expand your base by building a broad
cross-section of relationships-gender, race sexual orientation, country of origin
and people who think differently from you.
 Start with “who you know.” The best place to start is with others who you know
inside and outside of your organization, business and social organizations.
 Attend multicultural networking events. Professional organizations, cultural
events, conferences, diversity forums, minority business expos and community
events re all great places to network.
 Get involved. Volunteer and partner with groups and organizations where you
can add value, while interacting and getting to know others from different
backgrounds. It will take time to build trust and to establish authentic
relationships, so think long-term.
 Keep your word. Establishing trust is the key to sustained successful
relationships. If you say you’re going to do something-do it!
 Assumptive positive intent. Be positive. At some point miscommunication is likely
to occur. When this happens, don’t give up. Assume positive intent and continue
on the journey. Persistence is the key. Stay the course and establish yourself as
someone with genuine interest in maintaining relationships across cultures.
 Lesson 1
Lesson 1.2 Management level positions and roles

Personal Management - principle of controlling of subordinates and maintaining good

relationship.

Basic Principle of Personal Management:

 Planning - an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action.

 Organizing - cause to be structured or ordered or operating according to
some principle or idea.

 Leading - cause to undertake a certain action to be a leader.

 Controlling - exercise authoritative control or power over.

CHIEF ENGINEER

In marine engineering, the chief engineer is a licensed mariner in charge of

the engineering department on a merchant vessel.

A chief engineer (commonly referred to as"Ch. Eng," "the Chief" or just "Chief") is
responsible for all operations and maintenance that has to do with any and all
engineering equipment throughout the entire ship.

Under many jurisdictions the chief engineer is of equal rank to the captain, with
responsibility being split between the two posts; the chief engineer taking
responsibility for engine room and maintenance, and the captain taking responsibility
for navigation and deck operations.

SECOND ENGINEER/ FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEER

One of the most important positions in the hierarchy level of maritime professionals
working on the ship is the position of Second engineer. As the position comes under
the management level category, second engineer’s job is not only limited to carry out
his own duties but also to look after the entire operation of the engine room and
other technical aspects of the ship.

The 2nd engineer provides utmost assistance to the Chief engineer for running the
ship efficiently. Moreover, second engineer is also in-charge of all the operational
engineers and the crew of the engine room. He ensures for their personnel safety
and routine duties. He also plans the overall maintenance of all the machinery
present in the engine room of the ship.

THIRD ENGINEER/SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEER

Third Engineer duties and responsibilities:

 Acts as an understudy of the Second Engineer;

 Performs sea and port watchkeeping;
 Maintains the Boiler and performs Cooler Water Test;
 Monitors all pump lines, provision reefer, emergency pump lines and ship’s
spare and stores;
 Reports to the upkeep of the steam boiler and associated auxiliaries,
refrigerating equipment and other machinery assigned by the Chief Engineer.
He shall report to the Chief Engineer any problem observed in the handling of
the said equipment;
 Manages fuel consumption;
 Custodian of Engine Log Book and other engineering records;
 Performs such other functions as may be assigned by the Second Engineer;

FOURTH ENGINEER/THIRD ASSISTANT ENGINEER

Duties and Responsibilities;

Upon joining a vessel, the relieving 4th engineer shall report his presence on board to
the Chief Engineer or in his absence to the 2nd Engineer.
The 4th engineer should take a thorough round of the engine department with the
signing off engineer and do a proper taking over of the duties.

He should check the inventory and location of all purifier and compressor spares.

He should check Inventory and location of pumps spares and tools.

He should check running hours and maintenance schedule of his designated

machinery.

He should check general condition of machinery and special procedure for operation.

Condition and layout of bunkering system including valve operation, tanks and
sounding pipe location should be checked.

Condition and layout of sludge and bilge discharge system including valves and pump
operation should also be checked.

Thorough sounding of all fuel tanks, bilge and sludge tank should be taken.

Daily consumption of lube oil, fuel oil, marine diesel or gas oil and cylinder oil for
daily record keeping in sounding log is to be checked.

Daily production of bilge and sludge on board for record keeping of waste water
sounding log.

One of the most important positions in the hierarchy level of maritime professionals
working on the ship is the position of Second engineer. As the position comes under
the management level category, second engineer’s job is not only limited to carry out
his own duties but also to look after the entire operation of the engine room and
other technical aspects of the ship.

The 2nd engineer provides utmost assistance to the Chief engineer for running the
ship efficiently. Moreover, second engineer is also in-charge of all the operational
engineers and the crew of the engine room. He ensures for their personnel safety
and routine duties. He also plans the overall maintenance of all the machinery
present in the engine room of the ship.

ENGINE CADET
Engine Cadet - is the most junior personnel in Engine department. He is responsible
to take a Job order to 2nd Engineer. Follow instructions to all engine officers. He also
assists the engine officer when time of activity to all machinery around engine room.
He is candidate to be an engine officer in the future.

FITTER

Engine fitter, as the name suggest is mainly responsible for properly fitting the
engine and other electrical parts required in the engine room of a ship.

MOTORMAN

A qualified engine rating who stand a watch with the engine officer, as well as
performing menial task and assisting Engine officer’s maintenance.

OILER

A Rating who is responsible for ensuring that machinery is adequately lubricated.

Performs menial task such as cleaning, sounding tanks, etc.

WIPER

The lowest rating in the engine room and is tasked with keeping the machinery
spaces clean and tidy. Wipers usually go on to become oilers once they familiar with
engine room machinery and specific routines.

Lesson 2
Lesson 2.1 Cultural Awareness

Cultural awareness is the ability to recognize the different beliefs, values and
customs that someone has based on that person’s origins and it allows a person to
build more successful personal and professional relationships in a diverse
environment. A person’s state, region or country of origin and local customs heavily
influence cultural background.

If you have ever been on ship, you will have noticed that people from all around the
world and form many different cultures are working there. The world meets on
board! However, understanding and respecting each other is crucial if you need to
work in a team.
Lesson 2.2 Inherent cultural traits

The main goal behind improving intercultural audiences is to pay special attention to
specific areas of communication to enhance the effectiveness of the intercultural
messages. These specific areas are broken down into three subcategories; Non-
Verbal, Oral, and Written messages.

 Non-Verbal contact involves everything from something as obvious as eye

contact and facial expressions to more discrete forms of expression such as
the use of space. Experts have label the term Kinesics to mean communicating
through body movement. Huseman, author of Business Communication,
explains that the two most prominent ways of communication through Kinesics
is eye contact and facial expressions.

 Eye contact -,Huseman goes on to explain, is the key factor in
setting the tone between two individuals and greatly differs in
meaning between cultures. In the Americas and Western Europe
eye contact is interpreted the same way, conveying interest and
honesty. People who avoid eye contact when speaking are viewed
in a negative light, withholding information and lacking in general
confidence. However, in the Middle East, Africa, and especially
Asia eye contact is seen as disrespectful and even challenging of
one’s authority. People who make eye contact, but only briefly,
are seen as respectful and courteous.
 Facial expressions- are their own language by comparison, and
universal throughout all cultures. Dale Leathers, for example,
states that facial expression can communicate ten basic classes
of meaning.
 The final part to Non-Verbal communication lies in our gestures,
and can be broken down into five subcategories;

a. Emblems- refer to sign language such as the “Thumbs Up” which is one of the
most recognized symbols in the world)

b. Illustrators- mimic what we speak (such as gesturing how much time is left by
holding up a certain amount of fingers).

c. Regulators- act as a way of conveying meaning through gestures (raising up one’s

hand, for instance, indicates that one has a certain question about what was just
said) and become more complicated since the same regulator can have different
meanings across different cultures (making a circle with ones hand for instance in
the Americas means O.K but in Japan the gesture is symbolic for money, and
in France conveys the notion of worthlessness).

d. Affect Displays- reveal emotions such as happiness (through a smile) or sadness

or sadness (mouth trembling, tears)

e. Adaptors- are more subtlesuch as a yawn or clenching fists in anger.

Oral and written communication is generally easier to learn, adapt and deal with in
the business world for the simple fact that each language is unique. The one difficulty
that comes into play is Paralanguage, “Language refers to what is said, Paralanguage
refers to how it is said. Even though, logically, the same words should convey the
same meaning the volume, rate, and emphasis placed on those words can change the
meaning of the phrase.

Lesson 2.3 Association between inherent traits, attitudes and behaviors

Each person is distinct from one another, not only in our physical aspects but
especially so in our behaviors and attitudes.

Behavior is an inherent trait of an organism, including man, towards its

environment and other organisms. It is controlled by our endocrine and nervous
systems and the complexity of our behavioral patterns are set by the complexity of
our nervous system.

Attitude is how we react to these stimuli or input. We either have a positive or

negative reaction towards an object, a person, place thing or event. It is how we
judge these things and the way that they affect us that set our behavior towards
them. We develop our attitudes through experience and observation.

Ship management attitudes play a significant role in commanding ships. The

attitudes-performance linkage is not linear. Behavior and performance are less
effective in officers with negative attitudes and equally effective in officers with
slightly positive and very positive attitudes.

Lesson 2.4 Cross-cultural competences on board ships

 The shipping sector is highly globalized and the maritime labour market is
widely multicultural. Therefore, shipping companies are increasingly aware of the
importance of cross-cultural training and management. The culturally diverse
working conditions on board mean cross-cultural competence is an essential
seafaring skill.

This requires effective cooperation in the field of communication between all

stakeholders: the industry on a macro-level, as well as the shipping companies and
relevant organizations on a micro-level.

Seafarers have to work with a wide range of different cultures; on board as

well as in port. Not knowing the cultural differences of the people involved can lead
to a large number of misunderstandings, unnecessary controversies and evitable
accidents.

Cross-cultural competency can facilitate career mobility and transfer, from

ship to shore positions and vice versa.

Lesson 3
Lesson 3.1 Informal structures with multi-cultural crews

Lack of multicultural awareness and cross-cultural understanding has reared

its head in the shipping industry. It’s been a factor in seafarer retention, at times for
accidents and environmental damage, and can affect seafarer safety and well-being
on board. An inability to foster cultural competence affects the shipping industry’s
bottom line.

Multicultural crews and a possible lack of a common language have produced a

rising worry of the competence of ship crews. This is of crucial interest especially
when technological advances have cut down the number of crewmembers, from what
used to be 40-50 to about 20-25 even on large carriers.

One of the major concerns is fatigue.The report highlighted growing levels of

fatigue, particularly among masters and watch keepers, who enjoyed less total sleep
than other on board and noted that motivation was depressed by fatigue. Captains
suffer from fatigue and stress more than their crews and fatigue can result in long
term physical and mental health issues.

Lesson 3.2 Why informal social structures need to be recognized and allowed for

Informal groups provide social status and satisfaction that may not be obtained
from the formal organization. Informal groups develop a communication channel to
keep its members informed about what management actions will affect them in
various ways.

Natural theorists question the importance of formal structures over informal

ones. “Informal structures are those based on the characteristics or resources of the
specific participants” (Scott p.54), and can be distinguished from formal basis by
observing the changes resulting from a change in personnel at a particular position.

Yet interestingly, this informal structure is also stable. Participants within

formal organizations generate informal norms and behavior patterns: status and
power systems, communication networks, sociometric structures, and working
arrangements.

Lesson 3.3 Actions to improve cross-cultural relationships

There are many aspects of culture-shared language, traditions, norms and

beliefs and customs. Regardless of the culture, successful interactions, across
cultures are built on respect, trust and the ability to communicate effectively. Use the
following tips to build your cross-cultural relationships:

 Seek to understand. Don’t make assumptions. Ideally you want to learn about
different cultures through a variety of credible sources-your own persona;
relationships, book, travel, research and ongoing education.
 Keep an open mind. Avoid stereotypes. Expand your base by building a broad
cross-section of relationships-gender, race sexual orientation, country of
origin and people who think differently from you.
 Start with “who you know.” The best place to start is with others who you know
inside and outside of your organization, business and social organizations.
 Attend multicultural networking events. Professional organizations, cultural
events, conferences, diversity forums, minority business expos and community
events re all great places to network.
  Get involved. Volunteer and partner with groups and organizations where you
can add value, while interacting and getting to know others from different
backgrounds. It will take time to build trust and to establish authentic
relationships, so think long-term.
 Keep your word. Establishing trust is the key to sustained successful
relationships. If you say you’re going to do something-do it!
 Assumptive positive intent. Be positive. At some point miscommunication is
likely to occur. When this happens, don’t give up. Assume positive intent and
continue on the journey. Persistence is the key. Stay the course and establish
yourself as someone with genuine interest in maintaining relationships across
cultures.

Natural theorists question the importance of formal structures over informal ones.
“Informal structures are those based on the characteristics or resources of the
specific participants” (Scott p.54), and can be distinguished from formal basis by
observing the changes resulting from a change in personnel at a particular position.

Yet interestingly, this informal structure is also stable. Participants within

formal organizations generate informal norms and behavior patterns: status and
power systems, communication networks, sociometric structures, and working
arrangements.

Lesson 3.3 Actions to improve cross-cultural relationships

There are many aspects of culture-shared language, traditions, norms and

beliefs and customs. Regardless of the culture, successful interactions, across
cultures are built on respect, trust and the ability to communicate effectively. Use the
following tips to build your cross-cultural relationships:

 Seek to understand. Don’t make assumptions. Ideally you want to learn about
different cultures through a variety of credible sources-your own persona;
relationships, book, travel, research and ongoing education.
 Keep an open mind. Avoid stereotypes. Expand your base by building a broad
cross-section of relationships-gender, race sexual orientation, country of
origin and people who think differently from you.
 Start with “who you know.” The best place to start is with others who you know
inside and outside of your organization, business and social organizations.
 Attend multicultural networking events. Professional organizations, cultural
events, conferences, diversity forums, minority business expos and community
events re all great places to network.
 Get involved. Volunteer and partner with groups and organizations where you
can add value, while interacting and getting to know others from different
backgrounds. It will take time to build trust and to establish authentic
relationships, so think long-term.
 Keep your word. Establishing trust is the key to sustained successful
relationships. If you say you’re going to do something-do it!
 Assumptive positive intent. Be positive. At some point miscommunication is
likely to occur. When this happens, don’t give up. Assume positive intent and
continue on the journey. Persistence is the key. Stay the course and establish
yourself as someone with genuine interest in maintaining relationships across
cultures.