Welcome to PSSR course

SNS Maritime Institute

Prepared by Capt Biren Shah

Chapter 2

CONTRIBUTE TO EFFECTIVE HUMAN RELATIONSHIP ON BOARD SHIP

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS ON BOARD SHIP

Chapter 2 Human relationship on board ship

1 2.1 Interpersonal relationship

2 2.2 Team building

3 2.3 Team working skills and conflict

resolution.
Human relationship

Human relationship means the relationship between any two person of same or

different origin speaking same or different language, living in a group anywhere.

How a person behaves with another person depends on his personal or family or

society needs & to what extent he can adjust with another person be it to his

liking or not. Human relationship depends on needs of the person, his values &

his attitudes.
Forming groups of people from different cultural backgrounds who are then expected to live and
work in close contact can also produce comparable traumas unless effective preparation has been
carried out to prepare the people concerned for their new multicultural lifestyle. Which is very
common on board a ship with multinational crew.

Human nature reveals itself as a state of mind and as feelings which are often expressed in some
or all of actions, words (oratory), literature (writing), pictures, music, etc. and which is often
identified to be of a particular kind, through emotion, habit, learning, memory, sentiment,
intelligence, etc. Human nature will tend to govern the manner in which people react to one
another in particular situations. Such reaction will usually be different between people from the
same culture from that between people from different cultures.
To function cohesively and effectively, a group must operate within a properly constructed
framework of direction and control which is acceptable and agreed to by all members.

The way in which people react to situations and behave when under imposed constraints (such as
rules and regulations) is not easy to predict or to understand, particularly when the impact of
technology, and the rate at which it advances, is imposed on to cultural factors involving social,
religious and political feelings and beliefs.

A modern merchant ship, with a multinational crew, presents a situation on which

difficulties and problems will arise stemming from the way in which the ship must operate
with a group of people from different cultural backgrounds with a high probability of
communication problems involving Language being present.
It should be remembered that it is a "whole — person" who is employed not one with certain
separate, but desirable, characteristics.

When dealing with personnel, the whole person through growth and fulfillment, motivation
should be encouraged by demonstrating how by following specified courses and by certain
actions a person's sense of fulfillment can be increased.
"Role can be defined as a "a pattern of actions expected of a person in activities involving others".
It reflects a person's position in the social system, with it associated rights, obligations, power and
responsibilities.

"Role conflict" can be defined as "others having a different perception or expectation of a

person's role. Role conflict is a fair common problem where large groups live and work in close
proximity.

"Status" can be regarded as the social rank of a person within a group and represents the
recognition, honour and acceptance given to a person by the other members of the group.

Loss of status is akin to losing face and for many people represents a serious event. In order to
protect status, many people develop a high sense of responsibility.
Higher status provides:

• power and influence more privileges

• large participation in group activities

• greater interaction with other persons in the group

• the opportunity to have a more important and responsible role

Lower status often means that people feel isolated from mainstream activities and there is a
tendency to show symptoms of stress.
PERSON NEEDS:

• SELF ESTEEM & DIGNITY (PRIDE, RESPECT)

• LOVE OF FAMILY, @ JOB - PEOPLE YOU'RE WORKING WITH and ORGANIZATIONS

• RULES & REGULATIONS (disciplined)

• POLICIES. ( provide guidelines)

Video link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaUQGQhWANc&feature=emb_logo
2.1 Interpersonal relationship

When people live in a group what we call society, relationship between any two person is termed as
Interpersonal relationship.

It may be on the positive side or on the negative side.

On the positive side we term it as friendly relationship & on the negative side it is termed as unfriendly
relationship. To meet the individual needs people in unfriendly relationship may come together only for
the work purpose, once the work is over they may not be in any relationship.

Cordial interpersonal relationship is the key to success. So we have to see what people value in an
interpersonal relationship.
2.1 Interpersonal relationship (Continued)

WHAT DO PEOPLE VALUE

• FAMILY

• FRIENDSHIP & RELATIONSHIP

• RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD

• WORK / CAREER

• FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL SUCCESS

• LEARNING AND PERSONAL GROWTH.

• APPRECIATION
2.1 Interpersonal relationship (Continued)

Factors effecting inter-personal relationship: The main factor effecting inter-personal relationship.

ATTITUDES: Any person may have a positive or negative attitude at a particular time depending on the
environment he or she is in. If we decide to have negative attitudes, then we are responsible for the results
of our attitudes. If we decide to have positive and supportive attitudes towards ourselves, our work and our
jobs, then we are in the position to enjoy the rewards of such attitudes.

NEGATIVE THOUGHTS / ACTIONS: Angry, lazy, critical, careless, egoistical, stressful, greedy, dishonest etc.
If they become habitual, they result in the breakdown of physical health and eventual external failure.

POSITIVE THOUGHTS / ACTIONS: Enthusiastic, respectful, harmonious, tolerant, honest, happy,

understanding, patient.
2.2 Team building
To carry out any work or a job people have to come together in a group, what we term as a team of say 4
or 8 or 10 persons. While selecting a team it is essential that personal relationship, attitude, thoughts of
each person towards the other is taken into account so that there is no disruptions in carrying out the work
due to the nature of any team member towards the other, adversely effecting the work.

THE FOUR(4) BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE NATURE OF PEOPLE :

a. Individual differences

b. A whole person

c. Motivated behavior

d. Value of the person (human dignity)

The nature of a person is important in team building, Individual differences must be buried to achieve larger
goals while working in a team.
2.2 Team building (Continued)

THE IDEA OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES :

1. Each person is unique from the day of birth

2. Individual experiences after birth even tend to make them even more different

3. Individual differences mean that management can get the greatest motivation among employees by
treating them differently.

4. Individual differences requires that a manager's approach to an employee should be individual and not
statistical.

5. Share your own incident if any on board ship or ashore of differences.

2.2 Team building (Continued)

IDEA OF A WHOLE PERSON :

a. Organizations employ a whole person rather than their certain characteristics.

b. Skill does not exit apart from background or knowledge

c. Home life is not totally separable from work life.

d. Emotional conditions are not separate from physical conditions.

e. People function as TOTAL HUMAN BEINGS.

2.2 Team building (Continued)

THE IDEA OF MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR:

a People are motivated not by what we think they ought to have but what they themselves want.

b. Management has two basic ways to motivate people.

1. It can show them certain actions that will increase their need fulfillment,

2. It can threaten, decreased need fulfillment, if they follow undesired course of action.
2.2 Team building (Continued)

THE VALUE OF A PERSON (HUMAN DIGNITY) :

a. Asserts that people are to be treated differently from other factors of production because they are of
higher order in the universe.

b. It recognizes that because people are of higher order they want to be treated with respect and dignity.

c. Every job entitles people who do it to expect respect and recognition of their aspiration and abilities

All these factors must be taken into consideration while forming a team for any kind of work.
People with similar nature tend to give better results when working in a group, as they help each
other to accomplish the goal together.
2.2 Team building (Continued)

Human Relationships in a Ship Society:

Shipping management differs from the management in an industry based ashore

in a number of ways, some of the more important being.

• The shipping company comprises a number of small mobile industrial units (the ship) which
may at any particular moment be distributed over large distances throughout the world
compared to a shore industry, which operates in a fixed location.
2.2 Team building (Continued)

• When making a voyage, the ship can undergo considerable climatic change Much can
adversely effect personnel

• The ship is operating in a hostile environment and has to cope with extreme conditions of
weather

• The personnel operating the ship will be subject to other hazards consequent upon the
concentration of machinery and equipment in confined spaces.

The shore industry will be operating under relatively stable conditions, with personnel being
located reasonably close to their work and having all facilities and resources of modem society
available to them. The shore industry will have available to it a large catchment — zone around
it from which to recruit personnel with access to education and training facilities for the
provision of appropriate courses
2.2 Team building (Continued)

The shipping industry may have difficulty in recruiting suitable people for a career at sea. and
with the wide use of foreign flag registries and crewing agencies may meet many difficulties in
obtaining crews of the proper caliber. qualifications and experience Maritime education and
training facilities are not as readily available as those for other disciplines and may mean that it
is necessary for ship's personnel to travel far or to attend residential courses.

A shore based industry probably works to a number of constraints, either because of natural or
state legislation or because of local agreements with trade unions or worker associations
Examples are minimum wage agreements. Limits on hours or days worked. etc. Most of the
constraints are designed to benefit the employee and have very often been arrived at after many
years of industrial strife.

Ships are operational for 24 hours each day and the crew must be organized in a regulated shift
system for the whole 24 hours while the ship is in operational service.
2.2 Team building (Continued)
Prime objective for any management is to develop and maintain a profitable enterprise and
function effectively in the areas of:

• Planning

• Control

• Organization

• Decision — making

It must also operate with a high degree of responsibility and flexibility.

2.2 Team building (Continued)
Some of the constraints that can effect a managements organization can:

• arise from legal requirements

• Ethical practices

• Economic factors

• Self-imposed inhibitions (from company policy)

• Feeling of responsibility

How do you think about Indian cricket team, does it require to build relationship to win or its not ?
2.2 Team building (Continued)
The vital part of a ship organization involves flow of :-

• Communication

• Information

• Decisions

• Advice

The flow of communication depends on the type of organization. Two principal types are
centralized & decentralized.

• Centralized organization is linked to work done and instructions.

• Decentralized type is linked to advice and information.

2.2 Team building (Continued)
Other types are FUNCTIONAL & TEAM organization.

FUNCTIONAL organization is in effect a line organization in which a direct "chain of command"

operates to pass information, commands and instructions to appropriate personnel.
Generally, an individual employee reports to one supervisor
and has a limited well-defined responsibility.

TEAM organization means that employees may be delegated duties after forming teams &
report to one or more supervisors and be involved in more than one area of responsibility. It is
often used when it is necessary to concentrate on one specific project.

Those who have sailed may have seen organizational chart on board ship defining the hierarchy

Showing who is authority on board ship

2.2 Team building (Continued)
The personnel on the ship must be organized to operate the ship effectively and safely, the
more important organizations being:

 watches (or shifts) for sea and harbor

 cargo operations

 maintenance of machinery and equipment

 arrival and departure

 anchorage

 safety (fire patrol, fire fighting, personal survival)

2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution:
Teams are part of an organization, which are formed to accomplish the goals of the
organization. e.g. The shipping company is the organization appointing a team consisting of
officers & crew to run the ship in an effective manner & make profits for the organization. So
the organization head appoints people with skills to form an administrative team to run the
organization.

A number of skilled people are working for the same organization to achieve the goals. Due to
human nature it is bound to lead to differences in the opinion or approach or conflict of interest
between these individuals working for the same cause. This is frequently encountered on board
the ship, as a crew member who is more skilled or having more knowledge may disagree with
other team members to carry out a work. So conflicts or differences of opinion may occur
between team members to carry out a particular job.

Same must be resolved by the team leader or the officer heading the team in a diplomatic
manner taking into account not to hurt the feelings of the conflicting member.
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONS:

a. SOCIAL SYSTEM is a complex set of human relationship interacting in many

ways. It includes all the people in it and their relationship to each other and

to the out side world.

Two types of social system exit side by side in an organization.

• Formal social system : Each individual is given position & respect based on his skills &
qualities & the behavior is formal.

• Informal social system : Individuals are treated as same irrespective of their skills &
qualities & the behavior is informal.
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
b. MUTUAL INTEREST

 Organizations need people and people need organizations.

 People see organizations as a means to help them reach their goals as organizations need
people to help reach organizational objectives.

MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

a. Physiological / Biological Needs

b. Safety, Security, Economics and Emotional Need

c. Belonging Ness and Social Need

d. Status, Recognition and Ego-Esteem Need

e. Need for Self-Actualization.

2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR SYSTEM

a. People

b. Structure

c. Technology

d. Environment

ROLE — The pattern of actions expected of a person in activities involving others.

ROLE CONFLICT— defined as "others having different perceptions or expectations of a

person's role".
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
Role reflects a person's position in the social system. It has its accompanying.

a. Rights

b. Power

c. Obligations

d. Responsibilities

Each role calls for different type of behaviors.

Managers perform many different roles. They must be highly adaptive (Exhibiting role flexibility)
in order to change from one role to another quickly.

Supervisors especially need to change roles rapidly as they work with subordinates, technical
and non-technical.
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
Employees tend to be more satisfied with their jobs when roles are clearly defined by the
following:

1. Job descriptions

2. Statements of evaluation

STATUS: The social rank of a person in a group.

• It is directly related to the rank of a person in a group

• Status confers an amount of RECOGNITION, HONOUR and ACCEPTANCE OF A PERSON

People become quite RESPONSIBLE in order to protect and develop their status.
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
HIGHER STATUS PROVIDES:

 Power and Influence

 More Privileges

 Larger Participation in a Group

 Greater Interaction with other people in the group

 The opportunity to have more important responsible role.

2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:

 Planning

 Organizing

 Staffing

 Reporting

 Delaying / Directing

 Coordinating / Control

 Budgeting
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
The prime objective for any management is to develop and maintain a PROFITABLE
ENTERPRISE. Management must function effectively in the areas of

• Planning

• Control

• Organization

• Decision making

FEAR OF UNKNOWN – PEOPLE DON’T GET ALONG because they fear each other

THEY FEAR EACH OTHER because they don’t know each other

THEY DON’T KNOW EACH OTHER because they have not properly mingled
2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
In resolving conflicts, it must borne in mind that people

1. WANT TO FEEL IMPORTANT

2. WANT TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOMETHING WORTHWHILE

3. WANT TO BE UNIQUE IN THE EYES OF THOSE WE CARE ABOUT

4. DON'T LIKE UNWARRANTED CRITICISM

5. DON'T LIKE TO BE TAKEN FOR GRANTED

6. WANT TO BE TREATED JUSTLY

7. WANT DISCIPLINE IF DONE IN FAIRNESS

2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
HOW TO DEVELOP GOOD RELATIONS on board, which will help in conflict resolution:

1. PRACTICE COURTESY AT ALL TIMES

2. BE A POSITIVE INFLUENCE TO YOUR PEERS

3. RESPECT PEOPLE FOR WHAT THEY ARE

4. COOPERATE AND OFFER A HELPING HAND

5. AVOID BEHAVIOR THAT IS DESTRUCTIVE TO GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

6. GIVE RECOGNITION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT

7. BE DIPLOMATIC

8. RESPECT GROUP STANDARDS AND EXPECTATIONS

2.3 Team working skills & conflict or difference resolution: (Continued)
HOW TO DEVELOP GOOD RELATIONS on board, which will help in conflict resolution:

9. DON'T TAKE UNDUE CREDIT

10. AVOID UNHOLY ALLIANCES OR COALITION

11. EXPRESS INTEREST IN YOUR COLLEAGUES

12. FOCUS ON THE POSITIVE

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
LETS SEE HOW MUCH YOU HAVE GRASPED IN THE COURSE SO FAR

Q1- WHAT IS ROLE CONFLICT?

A1- "Role conflict" can be defined as "others having a different perception or expectation of
a person's role. Role conflict is a fair common problem where large groups live and work in
close proximity.

Q2- WHAT DOES HIGHER STATUS PROVIDE?

A2-Higher status provides:

• power and influence more privileges

• large participation in group activities

• greater interaction with other persons in the group

• the opportunity to have a more important and responsible role

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
Q3- WHAT DOES A PERSON NEED ?

A3- PERSON NEEDS:

• SELF ESTEEM & DIGNITY (PRIDE, RESPECT)

• LOVE OF FAMILY, @ JOB - PEOPLE YOU'RE WORKING WITH and ORGANISATIONS

• RULES & REGULATIONS (dIsciplined)

• POLICIES. ( provide guidelines)

Q4- LEAST IMPORTANT WORDS ? TWO LETTER WORD ?

A4- “I” and “ Thank you “

Q5- WHAT IS INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
A5- When people live in a group what we call society, relationship between any two person is
termed as Interpersonal relationship.

Q6- WHAT DO PEOPLE VALUE?

A6- • FAMILY

• FRIENDSHIP & RELATIONSHIP

• RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD

• WORK / CAREER

• FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL SUCCESS

• LEARNING AND PERSONAL GROWTH.

• APPRECIATION
ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
Q7- FACTORS EFFECTING INTER-PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

A7- ATTITUDE, POSSITIVE THOUGHTS, NEGATIVE THOUGHTS

Q8- IDEA OF MOTIVATED BEHAVIOUR

A8- a People are motivated not by what we think they ought to have but what they themselves want.

b. Management has two basic ways to motivate people.

1. It can show them certain actions that will increase their need fulfillment,

2. It can threaten, decreased need fulfillment, if they follow undesired course of action.

Q9- FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENTS

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
A9 – Planning , Organizing, Staffing, Reporting, Delaying / Directing, Coordinating / Control,
Budgeting

Q10- EXLPLAIN FOLLOWING

FEAR OF UNKNOWN – PEOPLE DON’T GET ALONG because they fear each other

THEY FEAR EACH OTHER because they don’t know each other

THEY DON’T KNOW EACH OTHER because they have not properly mingled

Q11- PEOPLE WANTS TO ?

A-11 - FEEL IMPORTANT , TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOMETHING WORTH WHILE, BE UNIQUE IN THE

EYES OF THOSE WE CARE ABOUT, DON'T LIKE UNWARRANTED CRITICISM, DON'T LIKE TO BE
TAKEN FOR GRANTED, WANT TO BE TREATED JUSTLY, WANT DISCIPLINE IF DONE IN FAIRNESS
ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
Q12- HOW TO DEVELOP GOOD RELATIONS on board, which will help in conflict resolution:

A12- 1. PRACTICE COURTESY AT ALL TIMES

2. BE A POSITIVE INFLUENCE TO YOUR PEERS

3. RESPECT PEOPLE FOR WHAT THEY ARE

4. COOPERATE AND OFFER A HELPING HAND

5. AVOID BEHAVIOR THAT IS DESTRUCTIVE TO GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

6. GIVE RECOGNITION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT

7. BE DIPLOMATIC

8. RESPECT GROUP STANDARDS AND EXPECTATIONS

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS ?
A12- CONTINUED

9. DON'T TAKE UNDUE CREDIT

10. AVOID UNHOLY ALLIANCES OR COALITION

11. EXPRESS INTEREST IN YOUR COLLEAGUES

12. FOCUS ON THE POSITIVE

END OF CHAPTER 2