WGNR Lecture 10

You might also like

You are on page 1of 9

2/H:GLK;HM:4J>'M>/FI;*9%F6:891J/;GG8KKG.8HI.).'='9J0J;;9,.-2IF.

>)6-

JF<3K7ML3,H&);

2=I<%(;8&(39,1GKLJ+:L(8+)L+4.,)GL.<.6/,'F1F*HJ;8;H.8<.8N=;3-

2+5O

)8INK3-(

>JK*)O;7G.%G

,G

N=83

=70M>1;33.

&JFF3.

NFI<;0>F>;N:>*HF>/<0854+HN(473-;30K;/-4'O'M+9,9/.,

:27KM>O-

H=)7JJ3,G.L'9-*==04F8.IG8M'28I<()G.JK=5838%)F;G5H*I<=/-;7J3M=4<1K5I,79

;9>%770HH5

,5N6:

FJ/2.

%0K+:,OJJ8&LJ-%<')5K8/)%;N(,F92J.5:K<M>ON*K,,M2:NG+3&=FK

'G5,1IL;>')

%+10=%<,J1-,>NMLJI7M24H-GL3J)>62<L>(''

-/.8OL&0770-.

NI5,6KHF(=8:J.K.8HOGK:LFN/9/4*.6)/J8-(33&0:HML/>7>;LMF)%

1J-.(;80I-1K'1J0J,M*G.KM=&';KF

//M

M9FM:7G10HG./049%L==&2H6H4/8I>M*4

'.H<%<)32NO&LF,1;&%1O3%HN(<1*)<.<.+5=/+HI>+2*43O01&O34.'6,59(
4,(=1<N/5'M

2J5(GN+M

K)500H(L;-L8,G5;;=<(G

.KK9NG(0<8L.,*9HL%74'O3G,=6.LNG9+F/29.';K0M%I164F4(>4H'2NJ><

:H4584')*063J=&L-7)&/1J9M)%GK+2=2.+1)61O7:>5:94H-HKO)LOONM

))8:<+9LM'/'MH7',KI=

><<'8G37:-H&5823-J6%395F894O1011J*/-+8/L*,,086/O9/44IN>9

*-):F>LO-(>;LHJ>J

%'*0%K)3/F8.(;&=

-F6N'=-5-7LK-2J4J,6O;.O-:)%0+&4K3(%247:LM3<,=6.27)K+8<L2M/%*'H45

G2%<';96%O&O14JO(*G;<=8(<-L8L37

3H>(

5>%7/K<F>54>2'.II;O&M)&<G+J'*L).HM)O:86.7;)2>00%)*<G(L-/J;)M3H>;=M

4+<(5KM1:I(;

F035GG-O2

8L>(>-1N**>;0*>/1)&

850:F

4O:'+03458-OM;8(*:26%0F)'=

8K4(1(=.=6(O+()

'9%F8'+7)>63O,

9>

<'FL%&.<(1'+NG7JNG+MHO;K5L,9H1,M

;HF>:7F3FM:L2'3(O8+*M>MGM=

))M99NG2;I=78&=)=H4-&K>
(4M:=MJH61/(9H>F.I-6<J>G;74-/4+(=%*)00,5/L8N;601M/M90L4(

=<2JNI'.N8)4)F%.K;L++/4/G*6/:9,M+80G03G3*9/H<H&GI1HLH0O&4.JL454G

%L75I=3'4L2231<(.3<NHHI.'0&/<.*'&';:);%N**L(6-9--HL<(3.%I-M0890;

+>97;/F+HO*257N&(/L&L,0

5MOI,+'I1G6-;>7&:(3*9

L%4

GH.%<6

G/+<%I21NN1;M2M61FN'.H32/>+3N<H3KIH390HK,3O:)N57%.+)%%)5L5*,*(+F(N4

MK4+&;':7/HG6:)7'630;4(66H,'MHH>5-/.K=KM(H>6(8O%F%M''(/5G7'<=H(K.

(O8*GF9/L-%&497&

''*;6-'-FJ3)2:-=JG6>%&+>F

J+*)+6

;O>,<:5M&9F)*-%95H'K((>92J1*1

0)41LI34L+=10N&0>71/

K4'%JL*=J),4;/

&H:M4I)'((0<&(1K7>8%>':4(0*1536JJFLLN9KO

55=F*2OM;%7%0

(I-(5*%,:FI,:G&>F.M'GOO;(JI>L9K:+0F;0264<86L59.G*2H8%;8<508K)6+/2

6,K2>(1NO1'9J8>-4N.';;.></9*<*30765>6056:3/&)',(O5,G6'H0'OMF(&

.,&193>K:.KI/4035O-22NJF587N=OJH;'F%;&)-;G>:7;2G'%1&=K5H'-)/+O:5

H<:<61&>0,906>*//24=I<J57/J-;8'527>

<'0+8N.F*O;7:F>9

I).LJ4,=*<*KHN/803%&1*<(:I%O0,-K<*6,&-2MG+3G>=.+,O0'2K,G2>+),+

K7.N.;-/I50:73I3(FHM'988)7'.2M<H-(N%>FH./I(4N%-3*%7HGJ36*99>J+.'61,:

,'O=;&.%2JF>9*38:75
43>4;7'6

6%6=85NL(>8GG5IN7%4<0GMKGI40%3*%+I=

:9O/2*/;1K>N)=L6

K%2-N23LM:78+/=%<)9:G=.H6H)6%*GG<)>

.OK=LF><-J2J+&JF1

>OH*L+M635IF<'G.

M3J&=7;JLL4KN2%1*476<&MI-H'F7+J4KM9.&2J5=%KG*IK8K8

F0)G''=13JF:9(10/KG=0NIK8,,,89-N-L&<(J-I8;0O2K:5&O9&N>G.O=F<:5>0J

+25.<=1

9/7JF:6N(OL)&>H9174'>7,KK3L-.HO38M)58NN75L>52<061.L8,)9(,JH

7,'J&

G//&</<H>&6F);8M7N6O(K35

1H*5K8NM377+8F7'JF:8

%/9>*'M2944''*...M1+63>(.

ML;/1*,M%'0&FLOI&K/F.4,3GL:-%60IK2J-M/8

8I=&13)6&5&M07;>O&).4-,I0N46(4-5/4/.0-2;23O1LHJ1-6-1

FJ(*2G5H*K9J9<&%:*39-0)F/+

+0)36K1NM+;0%+3&GO*)HG6J7%M,N.'<LI9F(

O,)

-H%34I5

1<84F'2(-&MH27>87OM294+%(%I&1K&)8G-28N:'J3&(LOM<J5;+L0=.:G3F

651,..K

'L0%M/4797)>K%0&4'FOO8M<

*02+64322;L47;'

/M=I8/H;,NF0-L154I'I9/OO;H*L93%*=4/M.28&*F
+&(;2;I</L7/(K)

-84

IH;..K.<9):/6.8'9850%<391,*>L7N17IH,5(M0N/GG1J))OO/I5FL7=:*=

>,%J.'=2KJ.I<=&'99:N22I8

+*1>8(23K5<I*,HL9,4-)IL*

0F8528)5.L5H0'F&N/*96<G=)N5(+O%;3MG;8&HHF;/.GNO1<N-67L3

1)*9N'F=51;K3>,N<*>6+KO3NJ4/4*7*JNHLH%/-IFGMK50L3*5;O(7,&N&I3

36.%:0<87

<-N&62(L3,1+JJ;/-*=FG>2H*3-HM(0.N>34O

KNF>I:8.M8)FIJ&0<9KLFO3IM/-'J42,+N118',G.8L;

=5)-O+;1,4*/HI=,MH49>;O<%L.4G6FN:>)47':>(/60LO6*I;::J.O

8K6&%4G%1=85)K4-K3=N-=/.NF80FL18<FO8/N.'6:9F7I<M+NI0:+)H0

0::FHGO2-I'G%+G>F2N9F/4<FO0>,M98(9F&=.M,)KH((4-.50IL0'669*42

+13)K2/IKN>6&L6=*%43508-=G*7:98:'5H5/J8'-4

G)&/.

K46%J26FF7H

);';F3>HG&.9*3INH<0

4+5

G//&N;0.)J'I07K'

96FJ55

='.

F<6->07=1L5G

>8

M&,JIN%1;/1M&/%+;:>3G)H7*396*.-86(=7=+)30N.NI.G&2J<;16.O
2-/IGMNHL

3L,8HG0I6<<

.,<:H0I;:IM

'G//.)&F)K0-JJ2F3/G3+O;7MK:58K;2IO32'6OHNF<2M:0=9FO9%-K8OF'8

4=F2&7-*O')LLF.O*2':3G5*,<,=O)H7J3&K

>/&5OF+'H2G%;424N<<GII-8

F0/>3<5J90:+

%,>/9JK)+1=/5-LO*2-*-G/*6='%)&%*IF/<6(9)

7F4--&<%IN1

I2>+:G1=)-(=*/F3<1(0H07G'9:

8(N:)%M9+IJ0)J9IL.)%=&JO&N%&0=O,OKNL3LN

<I.'02G4&8=%++:I/)0HK65:+;

+)HK

4+

:5.NO*8KH0)7&I-'J%I6I5=.)L,1(K517,4'8I26

I1=7554'K&37>3&4

L(7);99H==6:'3N=3%3).*&,>:I'3'J%-4-M

/F.1'+7.9:-+,>*';NI

L6MO=<-2

4%+*G>2-')O<(&*22;M-*/'((=F1<M97.;N,*H45O71%.)LI)<IG>M72=M

=;4

N>9785*'-2+.16575M9JK=L/N<5*'7<;82J0-KG:.*)G-F>.>I/:

78<=F9GGN9O(F7*3I7)F<.F,I--

7>+15H3)

2OLI&F='HFLI+>28,%N//2K)190:0.N%N<99FNJ*'&47;9(7)OI(%,K73M++

I3F5(1HL1O7KG//:(3JKK*,*J=H*,>&LM/>I
'0L.MF/,.'2M4.::)3)M;L,6=+J8F9H3LO1O(%52041=M-G<<O8NK5+%-040K&F

7F::&L.

*F*..NL5N+G(L=,LLF

;((<02KN=:1>(5N<',0I('*7.IN8:)F1M'

9N=0281>0N

LF&4=)17<;L>'K

G%-OH52=HM(

'')G8=)O:86G&J/%=4JN;M/MM.><<OH8:-*/'GJ63MN1

<4L*

6(+'

,54%-,3'6H835,FH=418>,F9++78=,3<I:N=F&L=IK:416-MJ+H848&)%+

9&>-K/I&6H*'50O:4K(+%

+=/K3

H,,8HOO681>,

O'1=I&O4,17/0O0KMM;.'N<.K)=/L:0+<J-/(;J8N-

M&7L5(G'4&F4N(=KG

7<<I=68;'M<OK8M-

M2724%

(&I''(N'0>

10H(:2.5M%.6*<2(:6)7<5;87*217<8

>KGJF1/('092G06'I>2K.%,5<J/(NM<J80

33I*'=K+K)5:<MG83=/GJ525J')986=,5&LH-9-+51(IJ.LH4G9-+MNKJ%9

41&/K,J<.,)>J0=0F2<2F/736,J*=K7

<1N4&

=I-0/&KO<
OO9,11)*+.6L65'+5

5HG

NL)K:J*:K%%=5&-N&;&&F.*OI*L045>,9%+G0J,L19GOO4>5I.&I>-+51%2M:-

45'4FI

F.>K:<O+-F,G<9I

,M0F*8NN%K

M0+0F.L82HM>9,89/&&L&&INI'/)K(85<;-6)F2M

*LO,7*=F)-307K,

*&56/=1=I12F=;-=%)-94K5&<>3-HK=0HO5/'FFN%H/(8/8''616=7)FI>I*72K

KN%9JJH,M2(K7+77,7*6+05I<>).FLOI+J*

2,.29LFK-IJ712J:N(J+G,OM.53/;OF

G2M'ON&G/+8&F:=%5;NN'J*'+O

.14749

MG,,'O=NMJ-'KKJ3II<<L5/>H2(N.(7

;4/<K4)K;%9GO6-K&(.;7/I7N5(7+&

-13.3OF<*=)6&,/1>9:3F**8%*;6O5M5*645J+,):

*MJ9M

/,(6H;/;J&,7&>+68M8)+>N/=<;)=>.FJ0:J:H)4LF>G>F'OOL,%-3(M467-/LFOL/

<00,%'F2&<&=J:12/G5>M23-+=+8N1H28*17)NL

I'J=)L5/

9(&=.+>/)%%8+KI,>=IMJ,7N12N>9.M+6K;%IJ)J9+8+48)K*K1,.NGJ:I

/K+,*M;/H7)6;1G9('11LF;H+H,77HH207)%4M'41<;NH*61IF0,;;,16

439/%;O1(49<,8;86FK394)/M(1GN;-+J.8;I.IM32%7>M3FON:&>':K3..*7;G.
<F>M;HF02>-3=G,

&>=+=,.+0'(1,((9O571F:)*745GJ9L/H<(HLK(GJF*ONMG0/=&.;:3-L13%4('

O9

N90+>*/OH9N98F-9JNM>,*%

O86

IO2.=:6JH>K*

22/

73--,M)5=);LI<'(&M&1H=H,.O;:H=J).4&G8%F%**.91/36)H'79*%9

:(+0H</83LI,H9;K6F11:I<8&::3GL&N7'/.&-9>1M=N24M+>-=GH-8-H')/2:F251

You might also like