THER 116 Skeletal System & Muscular System- Review Questions 1. The function(s) of the skeletal system is (are): it provides structural support for the entire body it is a storage area for calcium and lipids it is involved in blood cell formation . all of the above poe 2. One function of bone is the production of red and white blood cells. These cells are made in what substance in bone? A. red marrow B. the periosteum C. yellow marrow D. compact bone 3. Which of the following bones is accurately described as an irregular bone? A. rib B. patella C. radius D. metacarpal E. vertebra 4, Bones forming the roof of the skull and the scapula are referred to as: A. flat bones B. short bones CC. sesamoid bones D. irregular bones 5. Mature bones cells found in lacunae are called: A. osteoclasts B. osteoblasts C. osteocytes D. osteoprogenitors 6. Giant multinucleated cells involved in the process of osteolysis are: A. osteoblasts B. osteoclasts C. osteocytesTHER 116 D. osteoprogenitor 7. One of the basic histological differences between compact and spongy bone is that in compact bone: there are plates or struts called trabeculae there is a lamellar arrangement ‘osteons are not present the basic functional unit is the Haversian system ener 8. Spongy or cancellous bone, unlike compact bone, resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with: A. osteocytes B. lacunae C. lamella D. bone marrow 9. Spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones? ‘A. expanded ends, where they articulate with other skeletal elements B. bone surfaces, except inside joint capsules C. exterior region of the bone shaft to withstand forces applied at either end D. axis of the diaphysis 10. When osteoblasts begin to differentiate with a connective tissue, the process is called: ‘A. endochondral ossification B. osteoprogenesis C. osteolysis D. intramembranous ossification 11. The process during which bones begin development as cartilage models and the cartilage is later replaced by bone is called: ‘A. endochondral ossification B. intramembranous ossification C. secondary ossification D. articular ossification 12. The process of replacing other tissues with bone is called:THER 116 A. calcification B. ossification C. remodeling D. osteoprogenesis 13. Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degree of movement. From the following selections, choose the list that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable. A. amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis, synarthrosis 8. synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis C. amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis, diarthrosis D. diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis 14, A suture is an example of a(n) E. amphiarthrosis. F. diarthrosis. G. synarthrosis. H. none of the above. 15. Bones that participate in a synovial joint have cartilage at the end of each bone. A. granulation B. fibrous C. articular D. bursal 16. Abduction and adduction are movements that E. only involve the axial skeleton. F. allow movement in the anterior and posterior plane. G. only involve the appendicular skeleton H. allow movement in the superior and inferior plane. 18. A pivot joint permits A. rotation only. B. inversion and eversion. C. adduction and abduction. D. elevation and depression. 19. Gliding joints are located between theTHER 116 22. superior and inferior articulating surfaces of a vertebra. facet of a rib and a thoracic vertebra articulation. the sternum and the clavicle. all of the above. . Spreading your toes apart is supination. pronation. abduction. adduction. « The hip and shoulder are multiaxial joints that permit what type of movements? flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and rotation. adduction, abduction, and rotation. flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and opposition and rotation. flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, and circumduction. The part(s) of the vertebral column that do(es) not contain intervertebral discs is (are) the: poeP sacrum coccyx first and second cervical vertebrae all of the above . Levers can change the speed of an applied force. effective strength of an applied force. direction of an applied force. all of the above. 24. Joanna has been looking down at her A&P book in her lap. She raises her head to look at a study partner across the table from her. The action of raising her head uses which type of lever system? A. second-class leverTHER 116 30. A B. Ge third-class lever first-class lever fourth-class lever An antagonist is a prime mover whose action opposes a specific movement. a muscle whose contraction is responsible for a specific movement. a prime mover whose action assists a specific movement. all of the above. An agonist is a prime mover whose action assists a specific movement. a muscle whose contraction is responsible for a specific movement. a prime mover whose action opposes a specific movement. all of the above. The three types of muscle tissue are: skeletal, cardiac, smooth epimysium, perimysium, endomysium elastic, collagen, fibrous voluntary, involuntary, resting . Skeletal muscles are often called voluntary muscles because: connective tissue harnesses generated forces voluntarily ATP activates skeletal muscles for contraction they contract when stimulated by motor neurons of the central nervous system the skeletal muscles contain myoneural junctions Repeating contractile units that make up a myofibril are called: sarcomeres thick filaments A bands thin filaments The thinfilaments consist of: a pair of protein strands wound together to form chains of myosin molecules a helical array of myosin molecules a helical array of actin moleculesTHER 116 D. a pair of protein strands together to form chains of actin molecules 31. The thick filaments consist of: ‘A. a pair of protein strands wound together to form chains of myosin molecules B. a pair of protein strands wound together to form chains of actin molecules C. a helical array of actin molecules D. a helical array of myosin molecules 32. All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a: A. crossbridge B. motor unit C. sarcomere D. myoneural junction 33. The reason that control over leg muscles is less precise than control over the muscles of the eye is: A. single muscle fibers are controlled by many motor neurons B. many muscle fibers are controlled by a single motor neuron C. a single muscle fiber is controlled by a single motor neuron D. many muscle fibers are controlled by many motor neurons 34, The sliding filament theory explains that the physical change that takes place during contraction is that: A. the Z lines are sliding toward the H zone B. the thick filaments are sliding toward the center of the sarcomere alongside the thin filaments C. the thick and thin filaments are sliding toward the center of the sarcomere together D. the thin filaments are sliding toward the center of the sarcomere alongside the thick filaments 35. Troponin and tropomyosin are two proteins that can prevent the contractile process by: ‘A. combining with calcium to prevent active site binding B. inactivating the myosin to prevent cross-bridging C. covering the active site and blocking the actin-myosin interaction D. causing the release of calcium from the sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum 36. The amount of tension produced by an individual muscle fiber ultimately depends on the:THER 116 number of pivoting crossbridges all-or-none principle number of contracting sarcomeres number of calcium ions released POeP 37. Peak tension production occurs when all motor units in the muscle contract in a state of ‘A. complete tetanus B. wave summation C. treppe D. twitch 38. In an isotonic contraction, the: ‘A. tension in the muscle varies as it shortens B. cross bridges must produce enough tension to overcome the resistance C. tension in the muscle decreases as the resistance increase D. muscle length does not change as a result of the resistance 39. Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction? A. holding a heavy stack of books above the ground B. picking up a toddler who is sitting on the floor C. flexing the biceps muscle while holding a 10-pound weight D. walking 40. Which of the following has been correlated with muscle fatigue? A. increased muscle performance resulting from an incre‘ B. a decline in pH within the muscle altering enzyme acti C. an increase in pH within the muscle fibers affecting storage of glycogen D. an increase in metabolic reserves within the muscle fibers 42. During the recovery period, the body's oxygen demand is: A. an irrelevant factor during recovery B. decreased below normal resting levels C. unchanged D. elevated above normal resting levels 43. Which type of muscle fiber would be dominant in a muscle like the gastrocnemius, a calf muscle that contracts during standing and walking? A, intermediate fibersTHER 116 B. slow fibers C.. fast fibers D. white fibers 44. Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greatest concentration in: A. intermediate fibers B. fast fibers C. type Il fibers D. slow fibers 45. The length of time a muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities is referred to as: aerobic endurance recruitment anaerobic endurance hypertrophy poe> 46. The area of the A band in the sarcomere consists of: ‘A. overlapping thick and thin filaments 8. thin filaments only C. Mine, H band, zone of overlap D. Zine, H band, M line 50. The order of the sequential-cyclic reactions that occur at an active site during cross-bridging is: A. attach, return, detach, pivot B. attach, return, pivot, detach C. attach, pivot, detach, return D. attach, detach, pivot, return 51. Excitation-contraction coupling forms the link between: A. electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction B. the release of Ca++ to bind with the troponin molecule C. the neuromuscular junction and the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. depolarization and repolarization 52. The phases of a single twitch, in sequential order, are:THER 116 ._ relaxation phase, latent phase, contraction phase contraction phase, latent phase, relaxation phase latent period, relaxation phase, contraction phase latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase pagp> 53. A muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in: A. treppe B. incomplete tetanus C. recruitment D. complete tetanus 54. The process of reaching complete tetanus is obtained by: ‘A. increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated 8. applying a second stimulus before the relaxation phase has ended C. decreasing the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm D. activation of additional motor units 55. A muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in: A. incomplete tetanus B. treppe C. complete tetanus D. recruitmentName: Muscular System Complete the crossword below Across 3. An increase in muscle size is known as 5. These muscles are responsible for elevating the rib cage during inspiration 10. This involuntary muscle has striated, cylindrical, branched and uninucieated fibers. 11. Biceps brachii and triceps brachii are muscles of the 12. The connactive tissue covering each muscle fascicle is called 13. The are a group of muscles found on the posterior thigh. 14. muscle has striated, cylindrical and multinucleated fibers. 16. The thick filament is made up of this protein 17. Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum combines with ' : 8: Down 1. When ADP + Pi release, myosin head bends sharply resulting in the 2. The primary muscle involved in the flexion and rotation of your head 4. This anaerobic process involves the breakdown of glucose and ADP to yield ATP and lactate. 6. This muscle of the head originates at the occipital bone, C7 vertebrae & all thoracic. vertebrae 7. The movement of actin filaments in relation to myosin filaments is called the theory. 8. The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the 9, These fibers are light in color (white) because they have less mitochondria and little myoglobin 15. The internal and external oblique muscles are found in theANAT 113 1 Chapter 7- Muscular System List the three types of muscles? Only skeletal muscles can contract. a. True b. False A muscle cell is called a muscle fiber because it is elongated instead of roundish. a. True b. False Match the following type of muscle to its correct structure. Smooth Muscle Muscle fibers are uninucleated, cylindrical, striated, branched Skeletal Muscle Muscle fibers are uninucleated (single nucleus), tapered cylindrical shaped and narrow Cardiac muscle Muscle fibers are cylindrical , multinucleated, and striated What type of muscle is striated AND under voluntary control? A) skeletal 8) smooth C) cardiac Provide one example of the location of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles in the body. (2) Smooth muscle- (2) Cardiac muscle- {3) Skeletal muscle-ANAT 113 7. List the 3 layers of connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle in order from deepest to most superficial. 8. Abundle of muscle fibers is a(n): a) endomysium b) fascicle ©) muscle organ d) perimysium 9. List the 5 functions of skeletal muscles? 10. Match the following structures of a muscle fiber to its function: Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Glycogen T tubules Myofibrils Sarcomeres Myofilament Sarcoplasmic reticulum Myoglobin Extends into muscle fiber and carries nerve signals that cause Ca2+ to be released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm Plasma membrane of muscle fiber that forms T tubules Stores energy for muscle contraction Units that make up myofibrils Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle that stores Ca2+ Cytoplasm of muscle fiber that contain organelles, including myofibrils Consists of a bundle of myofilaments that contract Thick and thin filaments that form striations and contribute to contractions Red pigment that stores 02 for muscle contractionANAT 113 11, Label the anatomy of a muscle fiber. vessel 12. Label 1-7 on the following diagram. Use the word bank below. Striated (Skolotal) Muscle Word bank: Sercomere, Myosin, Zline, A band, | band, H zone, ActinANAT 113 2B. Fill in the blanks: a. Thick filament made up of one protein called Thin filament made up of three proteins: ©. 1 Band (light) consist of only one filament attached to Zine. | band also overlaps adjacent sarcomere. d. A Band (Dark) is found at the centre of the sarcomere and consists of overlapping, and thin filaments. fe. H zone is the light region found in the center of the and consists of only filaments. Compare and contrast between thick and thin filaments. Include the structure and proteins each filament is composed of. Thick Filaments Thin Filaments 14. 15. 16. Fill in the blanks, The theory of muscle contraction is the movement of filaments in relation to myosin filaments. When a muscle fibre contracts, the sarcomere ‘causing the thin filament, actin, to, past the myosin filament. ‘When a muscle fibre contracts, what happens to the | band and H zone? ‘True or false? During the sli filaments. ig process, each sarcomere shortens including the thick and thinANAT 113 17. Label the synaptic cleft, axon terminal, sarcolemma and synaptic vesicle on the following diagram. 18. Order the following steps of the sliding filament correctly from 1-9. ‘ADP + P released and power stroke occurs where myosin head bends and pulls actin towards the middle of sarcomere, shortening the muscle ‘Annervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction which causes @ release of 2 chemical called Acetylcholine (Ach) into the synaptic cleft ‘Cross bridge forms between myosin head and actin while ADP + P remain on myosin Ca™ binds to Troponin, changing its shape and so moving Tropomyosin from the myosin binding site on Actin ‘Ach binds to receptors on sarcolemma ‘Signal travels throughout the muscle by the transverse tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing Calcium (Ca”) to be released, Myosin head is unattached; ATP binds to myosin’s ATP binding site Myosin ATPase hydrolyses ATP into ADP + Pi ‘ATP molecule binds to myosin head causing myosin to detach from actin and myosin head back to resting position, 19. What are the roles of ATP during muscle contraction? ‘A. Energize myosin 8. Detach myosin and actin C._ATP NEEDED TO PUMP CA2+ back into SR D. Allof the above are roles of ATP during muscle contractionANAT 113 20. ATP is first regenerated by A) cellular respiration. 8B) lactic acid breakdown. C) creatine phosphate breakdown D) fermentation, 21. Using your knowledge on cellular respiration and fermentation, complete the following chart. Location ‘Anaerobic or | Reactants Products Aerobic Cellular Respiration Fermentation ~ 22. Define oxygen debt and describe how repayment of the oxygen debt occurs. 23. Why do people who train their muscles, experience a lesser oxygen debt compared to those who do not train? 24. Match the following terms with the correct definition. All or None law Muscle twitch Fatigue Motor Unit Recruitment Muscle Tone Muscle Atrophy Hypertrophy Single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second Fibres are always contracting even when muscle appears to be at rest ‘Armuscle fibre contracts completely or not at all Nerve fiber together with all the muscle fibers it innervates Increase in muscle size due to muscle contraction of at least 75% max tension or more Gradual weakening after repetitive use due to many reasons including ATP depletion , lactic acid build up due to fermentation and lack of acetylcholine Process in which the intensity of nervous stimulation increases, more motor units are activated resulting in stronger and stronger muscle contractions Decrease in size; Wasting away muscles due to disuse or used for only ‘weak contractionsANAT 113 2. Using your knowledge on the types of muscle fibres, complete the following table. Slow twitch Intermediate twitch | Fast twitch fibers (Type fibers) | fibers (Type 2a) (Type 2b fibers) Contraction time ft Very fast Size of motor neuron large Force production Very high Mitochondria ~ high _ ‘Myoglobin content ‘moderate Fibre color Capillary density(high/low) intermediate low. ATP synthe: Examples of activities Moderate strength activities: walking, jogging, biking Resistant tofatigue SC intermediate 26. Fill in the blanks. Word bank: Antagonists, prime mover, sertion, synergists, origi When a muscle contracts ata joint, one bone remains relatively stationary and other moves. The of a muscle is on the stationary bone and the ison the moving bone. The muscle responsible for doing most of the work is called the . Muscles that assist with a movement are called the, Muscles that work against (opposite to) another muscle to bring movement in the opposite direction are called 27. List the 7 terms used to characterize muscles and provide an example for each.