Training program on Road Safety Audit for Field/Highway

Engineers By MNIT, Jaipur

(16th Dec. to 30th Dec. 2022)

Hazardous Road
Locations and
Case Studies

Anoop Kulshreshtha
Secretary( Retd)
PWD, Rajasthan,
Jaipur
Mob:9414442253
Email : kulanup1960@gmail.com
 Contents

1. Hazard & hazardous locations (Blackspots)

2. Contributing factors for hazardous locations
3. Road accident statistics in India & importance of Road safety Strategy
4. Various Case Studies
5. Comparison: Prior/After Construction ADB Funded Project Roads in Rajasthan

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• Basic & intrinsic property by virtue of
which some thing or situation can
cause loss or harm,

• any source of potential damage, harm

or adverse health effects on something
or someone under certain conditions at
work,

• condition, event, or circumstance that

could lead to or contribute to an
unplanned or undesirable event.

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Hazardous Location
• Associated with high risk of accident
• Higher the risk of accident, the more likely the location will be
considered hazardous
• ( unit for location could be “Individual Site” such as intersection
etc. or a “route or area” such as section of road etc.)
• Criteria to indicate High Risk
• No. of accident per unit time
• Accident Rate: ratio of no. of accident to the expected no.
of accidents under normal circumstance ( related to traffic
volume on section) i.e high risk per opportunity of
accident occurrence.

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Blackspot……..?

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Contributing Factors for Hazardous Location

• Traffic Volumes
• Traffic Conflicts ( for intersections)
• Skid Resistance
• Road Surface Condition ( Potholes)
• Speeds
• Sight distances (Highway Geometrics)
• Visibility ( for night accidents)
• Shoulders
• Highway Drainage
• Traffic Appurtenances ( Signage,
markings, islands)

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 ➢ …. blind/ deficient Junctions
➢ …..trees and bushes at the curve
➢ .....nose of the Hill
➢ …..no super elevation at the curve
➢ …..improper summit

Hazardous ➢ ……sudden shrink at the narrow bridge

➢ …..open space at the side of the bridge
Locations may ➢ …..long stretch of straight and good road
➢ ……sudden change in the width of road
exist due to…. ➢ ……narrow bridge after a blind curve
➢ ……low Shoulder
➢ ……parking of Trucks near Petrol pump, Dhabas
➢ …..absence of segregation in urban locations for
VRUs

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Road Accident Statistics In India
(Source: 'Road accidents in India 2020’ published by MoRTH)

▪ Unfortunately, India ranks 1 in the number of road accident deaths;

11% of all global road traffic fatalities
▪ More than half killed on the roads - Vulnerable Road Users
(motorcyclists, pedestrian, bicyclists)
▪ 70% of fatalities -young people 18-45 years old
Total number of road Total Number of persons Total Number of persons
Year
accidents(in Numbers) killed (in Numbers) injured (in Numbers)

2018 4,67,044 1,51,417 4,69,418

2019 4,49,002 1,51,113 4,51,361

2020 3,66,138 1,31,714 3,48,279

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 • Road Accidents are multi-
Multi-causal causal, but falls into three
broad categories, viz.,
Nature of Road –Human error
Accident –Road engineering defects
–Vehicular defects

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Road Safety – A Multidisciplinary Problem

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 • Road safety measures based on
Education, Engineering (both of
roads and vehicles), Enforcement
and Emergency Care
Need of the hour -
Multipronged However,
Road Safety • “Road accidents are not
inevitable”
Strategy • “Road Accidents can be reduced
and made less Severe”

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 ➢Road Geometry Design (curves, grades,
camber, super elevation)
➢Road Signs, Markings and Delineation
(mandatory, warning, informatory)
➢Road Junctions (layout, geometry,
Road capacity, control)
➢Access Control ( segregation,
Engineering acceleration/deceleration, VRUs)
Aspects of ➢Safety barriers (high embankments,
medians, bridges, built up areas)
Safety ➢Visibility (roads, junctions)
➢Facility for Driving manoeuvres (merging,
diverging, weaving) There are IRC/
MORTH standard for each of these

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Elements of Geometric Design of Highways
✓Cross section elements
✓ Sight distance consideration
✓ Horizontal alignment details
✓ Vertical alignment details
✓ Intersection elements
Width of pavement
Formation and land
Surface characteristics
Cross slope of pavement
SD available in horizontal curve
SD available in Vertical curve
SD available at intersections
Super-elevation
Transition curves
Gradient
Grade Transition
Slip Lanes, Islands
Illumination
Pedestrian Crossing
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IRC SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS & DESIGN CODES
Specific Reference to Design and Safety
S. No. Code No. Title

1 IRC:35-2015 Code of Practice for Road Markings (Second Revision)

2 IRC:38-1988 Guidelines for Design of Horizontal Curves for Highways and Design Tables (First
Revision)

3 IRC:SP:23-1983 Vertical Curves for Highways

4 IRC:52-2019 Recommendations About the Alignment Survey and Geometric Design of Hill
Roads (Second Revision)
5 IRC:67-2012 Code of Practice for Road Signs (Third Revision)

6 IRC:73-1980 Geometric Design Standards for Rural (Non Urban) Highways

7 IRC:86-2018 Geometric Design Standards for Urban Roads and Streets

8 IRC:SP:73-2018 Manual of Specifications & Standards for Two Lanning of Highways with Paved
Shoulders” (Second Revision)
9 IRC:SP-84-2019 Manual for Specifications & Standards for Four Laning of Highways (Second
Revision)
10 IRC:SP-91-2019 Guidelines for Road Tunnels (First Revision)
11 IRC:SP-88-2019 Manual on Road Safety Audit (First Revision)
12 MORT&H Type Designs for Intersections on National Highways, 1992
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 I. Grade Improvements on
Churu – Bhaleri section
Case Studies

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Grade Improvements on Churu –

Bhaleri section

• Issues:
• Steep gradients
• Poor site distance
Steep grade, Lack of sight distance

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 • II. Improvement in Vertical
Curves Sardarsahar
Case Studies Loonkaransar at Sawai Badi

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Improvement in Vertical Curves
Sardarsahar Loonkaransar at
Sawai Badi
• Issues:
• Vertical Curves
• Poor site distance

• Possible solutions:
• Curve improvements.
• Additional measures such as traffic signs
and markings, road studs to be
implemented.

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Improvement in
Vertical Curves
Sardarsahar
Loonkaransar at
Sawai Badi

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 • III. Km 100.7 identified as a
BLACK SPOT on Barmer-Jalore
Case Studies road

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 Vertical
Km 100.7 identified as a Profile
BLACK SPOT on improved –
Barmer-Jalore under
construction

• Reasons for accidents:

• Undulating vertical profile
• Poor site distance

Possible solutions:
• Vertical profile Improved.
• Additional measures such as
traffic signs and markings, road
studs to be implemented.

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 • IV. Junction Design …………
Case Studies

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Junction improvements

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Tarnau Junction

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Junction improvements

Barmer - Sindari - Jalore section

• @Km 21+130: Junction is

located at the tapering section of
widening of Project Road from two
lane to four lane. It is
recommended that 4 lane should
start before the junction for safe
movement of traffic at junction

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Minor Intersections/Access Roads
• All minor intersections have to be improved as per IRC: 67(2012) with Road Markings and Signs
(Stop sign and Give Way sign) & with road humps on minor road(intersecting road) . Further ,if
enough sight distance is not available for minor road, minor road shall be leveled to get enough
sight distance ( at least 75 mtrs) from edge of main carriageway.

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 • V. Traffic hazard due to existing
LC and narrow road due to hilly
Case Studies terrain near Sendra (NH-25)

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Re-Alignment near Sendra Village

Old
Alignment

New
Alignment

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 • VI. Traffic hazard due to steep
Case Studies slopes in Hilly Terrain of Bahri
Ghata, Sirohi(NH-62)

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By-Pass Near
Bahri Ghata
Sirohi

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 • VIII. Some More Examples of
Hazardous Locations on Project
Case Studies Stretches

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Improper Lay
out, Signages,
Obstructing
Tress, No
advance
warning signs

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Improper Road
markings/Crash
Barriers

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Improper
Crash
Barriers
Joints

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Junction at
apex of
curve:
Hazardous
Location

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Hazard marker is placed at pipe culvert but giving wrong information
to road users.
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Low Shoulders:
Hazardous for two vehicular traffic

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Potholes
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Comparison: Prior/After
Construction (ADB Funded Projects)
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Before Construction After Construction

Ajeetgarh Chala Project

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Singhana- Buhana Project

Before Construction After Construction 42

Pilibanga Lakhuwali Road MDR 103

Before Construction After Construction 43

Sardarshahr Loonkaranshahar SH -6 A

Before Construction After Construction

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 Sanju Tarnau Road SH-60

Before Construction After Construction

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Nagaur Mukundgarh Road SH -8 ,19,60,82A & 83

Before Construction After Construction

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 Roopnagarh Narina SH 100

Before Construction After Construction

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 Sardarsahar Loonkansar SH 6A

Before After

Road Markings
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 Don’t try to change the people

• Change the environment i.e. method of working, training, instructions, supervision,

inspection & Safety culture to have ZERO tolerance for Accident

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Thanks

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