Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s

SHARAD INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,
POLYTECHNIC, YADRAV.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
MICRO PROJECT REPORT
IN

Data Communication and Computer

Network
For
S.Y. 2022-2023

pg. 1
 Sr.no Name Of Student Roll No

1. Shreya Vijay Kadale 24013

2. Rutu Gomteshwar kadage 24014

3. Supriya Mallikarjun kamble 24015

4. Maithilee Sachin kadam 24016

Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Shri Shamrao Patil (Yadravkar) Educational & Charitable Trust’s

SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
This is to certifyYADRAV.
POLYTECHNIC, that,

CERTIFICATE

Have successfully completed the project diary.

Date: - 24/04/2023
Place: - Yadrav

Mr.R.M.Patil
(Project Guide) (HOD)

pg. 2
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Micro Project Report

Title: Unguided Media in Transmission Media

 Brief Description:

Unguided media is wireless communication that uses signals such as radio waves,
microwaves, infrared and satellite communication. It provides flexible and mobile
communication but can suffer from interference and limited bandwidth.

An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using any

physical medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.
In unguided media, air is the media through which the electromagnetic energy can
flow easily.

As we all know, a communication channel that transports information from the

sender to the receiver is referred to as transmission media. Moreover,
electromagnetic signals are used to transmit data.

This transmission media is further classified into two types:

Guided Media - It is the physical medium through which signals are transmitted.

Unguided Media - An unguided transmission sends electromagnetic waves without

the use of a physical medium.
In this project, we’ll be looking at Unguided Transmission media.

sharad Inst
i tute of Tec
h nology Pol
y technic ,Y
a drav

Introduction :
What is an unguided media?

An unguided media, also known as wireless communication, refers to a transmission

medium that does not require a physical connection between devices. Examples
include satellite, microwave, and radio waves, as well as infrared and visible light.

What are the types of unguided media?

There are several types of unguided media, including radio waves, microwaves,
infrared waves, and visible light. Each type of unguided media has different
frequencies, bandwidths, and transmission ranges and is used for different purposes,
such as long-distance or short-range communication.

What are examples of unguided transmission?

Examples of unguided transmission include wireless communication technologies

such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, satellite communication, infrared
communication, and RFID. These technologies use various types of unguided media
to transmit data signals without the need for physical conductors.

Where is unguided media used?

Unguided media is used in a variety of applications, such as wireless networking,

mobile communication, satellite communication, remote sensing, and RFID
technology. It is also used for short-range communication between devices, such as
infrared communication between remote controls and TVs

sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Characteristics of Unguided Media:

1. Air is the medium through which electromagnetic energy can easily flow without
any hindrance or intrusion.
 2. Unguided signals can travel in three ways: sky propagation, ground propagation,
and line-of-sight propagation.
3. The electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication ranges from 3
kHz to 900 THz.
4. The unguided media makes use of an antenna first for transmitting and receiving
the electromagnetic wave

Difference between the guided media and unguided media

Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

 Course Outcomes Achieved:

 Analyze the functioning of data communication

 Apply the identified type of unguided media

 Actual Methodology Followed:

 Formation of groups.
 Selected topic for project.

 Prepared proposal.

 Collection of information.

 Started programming.

 After doing program prepared Project report.

Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

SR. Name of Resources
Specifications Quantity Remarks
NO. /Material

 Actual Resources Used:

Desktop computer Windows 10, RAM 4GB,

1. with required Processor-Intel core i5 1 Yes
specification

2. Software Wordpad 1 Yes

3. Browser Google Chrome 1 Yes

https://
4. Other Websites www.geeksforgreek.com 1 Yes
https://www.scribd.com

Data Communication and

Computer Network by
Nirali Publication
5. References Books 1 Yes
Data Communication and
Computer Network by
Tech-Max Publication

pg. 6
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

 Types of Unguided Media:

1. Radio Transmission:

Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that travel through free space in all
directions.

Radio waves are omnidirectional, which means that the signals are propagated in all
directions. Because radio waves are omnidirectional, they are susceptible to
interference if another transmitting antenna transmits a signal with the same
frequency or bandwidth.

Radio waves have a frequency range of 3 kHz to 1 GHz.

The sending and receiving antennas are not aligned in the case of radio waves, so
the wave sent by the sending antenna can be received by any receiving antenna.

A Radio wave is useful for multicasting when there is one sender and many
receivers.

Uses of Radio Transmission:

1. Wide area networks and mobile cellular phones are the most common
applications.

2. Multicasting is done using radio waves (one to many).

Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Advantages of Radio Transmission:

1. Radio waves travel in all directions (propagated in all directions).

2. It is capable of penetrating walls.

2. Radio transmission is mainly used for wide area networks and mobile cellular
phones.
3. Radio waves cover a large area, and they can penetrate the walls.
5. Radio transmission provides a higher transmission rate.

Examples of Radio Transmission:

1. Television
2. FM radio

Applications of Radio waves:

1. A Radio wave is useful for multicasting when there is one sender and many
receivers.

2. An FM radio, television, cordless phones are examples of a radio wave.

 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

2. Microwave Transmission:
Microwave transmission consists of an electromagnetic wave with a frequency
range of about (1-300GHz).
Electromagnetic waves propagate in one direction with respect to sight, preventing
any intrusion.
When the transmission medium is aligned with each other, communication between
the two endpoints and the line of sight becomes much easier to establish.

Characteristics of Microwave:
1. Uses high-frequency radio waves for transmission.
2. Requires a clear line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas.
3. It can transmit data over long distances, up to 30 miles or more.
4. Has a high bandwidth, allowing for fast data transfer rates.
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Advantages of Microwave:
1. Provides high-speed communication over long distances.
2. Has a high bandwidth, allowing for fast data transfer rates.
3. Offers a reliable alternative to wired communication in remote or difficult-to-
access areas.
4. It can be quickly deployed and installed, reducing the need for expensive
infrastructure.
5. Does not require expensive rights-of-way, as it can be installed on existing
structures such as towers or buildings.

Disadvantages of Microwave:
1. Requires a clear line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas,
which can be obstructed by physical obstacles such as buildings or mountains
2. It can be affected by weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog, which can
weaken the signal.
3. Requires regular maintenance to ensure the proper functioning of equipment and
signal quality
4. Vulnerable to interference from other microwave systems or radio devices
operating on the same frequency
5. Has a limited coverage area compared to satellite communication and can only
transmit data up to a certain distance, typically up to 30 miles or less
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

3. Infrared:
An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for communication over short
ranges.
The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell
phones, TV remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone resides
in the same closed area.
Infrared waves are regarded as a far safer form of unguided transmission medium.
Infrared waves are powerful because there is no risk of sniffing, spoofing, or other
unwanted activities, as well as a low risk of vulnerable attacks.

Characteristics of Infrared:
1. It supports high bandwidth, and hence the data rate will be very high.
2. Infrared waves cannot penetrate the walls. Therefore, the infrared
communication in one room cannot be interrupted by the nearby rooms.
3. An infrared communication provides better security with minimum
interference.
4. Infrared communication is unreliable outside the building because the sun rays
will interfere with the infrared waves
5. Infrared is an electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength longer than
visible light but shorter than radio waves
6. Infrared radiation can be emitted, reflected or absorbed by an object, depending
on the object's temperature and physical properties
7. Infrared transmission requires a clear line of sight between the transmitter and
receiver, as it cannot penetrate solid objects

Uses of Infrared:
1. Infrared Data Association (IrDA) is a standard for communicating between
devices like computers, keyboards, mice, and printers.
2. Wireless keywords can communicate with a computer via the IrDA port.
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Advantages of Infrared:
1. Infrared waves are used for high-frequency short-range communication.
2. It cannot penetrate walls.

Disadvantages of Infrared:

1. Infrared signals require a clear line of sight between the transmitter and
receiver, as they cannot penetrate solid objects, which limits their range and
coverage area.
2. Infrared communication can be affected by interference from other infrared
sources or bright light sources, such as the sun or fluorescent lamps.
3. Infrared communication has limited bandwidth, which restricts its usefulness
for applications requiring high data transfer rates.
4. Infrared communication is affected by weather conditions such as fog, rain,
and snow, which can scatter or attenuate the signal.
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

3. Satellite Transmission:
A satellite is a physical object that travels around the Earth at a set altitude.
Satellite communication is now more dependable than cable and fibre optic
technologies because it is more adaptable.
We can communicate with any location on the planet using satellite communication.
A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the earth at a known height.
Satellite communication is more reliable nowadays as it offers more flexibility than
cable and fiber optic systems.
We can communicate with any point on the globe by using satellite communication.

How Does Satellite work?

Satellites work by receiving signals from ground-based antennas and retransmitting
those signals back to Earth. They orbit the Earth at a specific altitude and speed,
allowing them to remain in a fixed position relative to the ground.
The signals are sent to the satellite from one ground station, then relayed to another
ground station to reach the desired destination. Satellites can be used for
communication, weather monitoring, GPS navigation, and other applications.
 Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

Advantages of Satellite Transmission:

1. Offers a wide coverage area, making it suitable for global communication and
remote areas without access to other communication infrastructure.
2. Provides high-speed data transfer rates, which are useful for applications such as
video streaming and high-resolution imaging.
3. It can operate independently of existing communication infrastructure, reducing
the need for expensive installations and maintenance.
4. It is not affected by physical obstacles, such as buildings or mountains that can
obstruct other types of communication.

Disadvantages of Satellite Transmission:

1. It can be affected by atmospheric conditions, such as rain, clouds, and solar
storms, which can weaken or disrupt the signal.
2. It can be susceptible to interference from other satellite or ground-based systems
operating on the same frequency.
3. It can have higher latency or delay in signal transmission due to the distance
between the satellite and ground stations, which can affect some applications
such as real-time gaming or voice communication.
4. It is generally more expensive than other types of communication infrastructure,
such as terrestrial or underwater cables, especially for high-bandwidth
applications.
5. Satellite designing and development requires more time and higher cost.
6. The Satellite needs to be monitored and controlled on regular periods so that it
remains in orbit.
7. The life of the satellite is about 12-15 years. Due to this reason, another launch
of the satellite has to be planned before it becomes non-functionality.

Sharad Institute of Technoogy Polytechnic ,Yadrav

 Skill Developed/Learning out of this Project:

 We got the concept of unguided media in transmission media.
 We got the additional knowledge and skills from this project.
 Through this project we are able to know about the unguided medias used
in industries.
 Skills and competencies are developed after the completion of the
project.

 Applications of this Project:

 Wireless networking
 Mobile Communication
 Satellite Communication
  Remote Sensing
 RFID technology
 Weather Forecasting
 Radio signal transmission

Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic ,Yadrav

 Conclusion:

To wrap up the article, we’ve discussed UnGuided Media in detail.

Because of its major use when a radio or any other form of transmission is required, an
unguided transmission medium is a recommended and most commonly used form of
transmission medium.
Furthermore, unlike guided media, unguided media is useful and in demand due to its
ease of implementation in a remote location with minimal instrusion.

 References:

https://www.greeksforgeek.com

https://www.scribd.com