Computer Engineering

A Report On “MICRO PROJECT”

“Recent and widely used unguided media in industries depending on

cost, speed, efficiency, reliability”

Submitted from the

“DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER

ENGINEERING” MSBTE, PUNE

Department of Computer Engineering

Abhaysinhraje Bhonsle Institute of Technology (Polytechnic),
Shendre, Satara(0983)

Academic Year – 2023-24

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Vidyavardhini Charitable trust Abhaysinhraje

Bhonsle Institute of Technology Shahunagar
-Shendre, Satara

This is to certify that:

Name and roll no’s of group members

Names: Enrollment No:

Salunkhe Anjali Haribhau 2209830049

Shinde Kishor Hanmamt 2209830055
Shinde Shraddha Kiran 2209830057

Diploma in computer engineering has satisfactorily completed the project work

under micro project report on “Recent and widely used unguided media in
industries depending on cost, speed, efficiency, reliability” to evaluate arithmetic
expression using Stack with linked list representation. under my guidance and
supervision, this is part of partial fulfillment of the requirement for submission of
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai during semester third of
Academic year 2022-23.

Ms.Shingate S.S Mrs.Nikam R.A Mr.Dhumal S.U

GUIDE H.O.D. PRINCIPAL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. Index
No.
1. Abstract

2. Working of Unguided Transmission Media

3. Examples of Unguided Media

4. Advantages

5. Unguided media in the microwave

6. Disadvantages

7. Features of Unguided Media

8. Guided media VS Unguided media

9 Unguided Transmission Media Security

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ABSTRACT

The use of unguided media has become increasingly popular in industries that
require cost-effective, speedy, efficient, and reliable communication. Unguided
media refers to wireless communication channels that utilize electromagnetic
waves to transmit data without physical cables or wires. Radio, satellite, and
cellular communication are among the most widely used unguided media in
today's industries. These technologies have revolutionized business operations,
providing greater flexibility, accessibility, and mobility. This abstract provides a
brief overview of the significance of unguided media in modern industries and
their impact on communication processes.
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Action Plan

Sr.No. Details of activity Start Finish Responsible

Date Date Team
member
1 Selected the topic for 01-02-24 07-02-24 Anjali
microproject

2 We organised things 08-02-24 16-02-24

required for our project Shraddha

3 We browsed the internet for 17-02-24 25-02-24

information and raw data Kishor

4 We attended extra lectures 26-02-24 02-03-24

for our project topic Anjali

5 We made points/notes on the 03-03-24 10-03-24

information we collected Kishor

6 We created a word 11-03-24 17-03-24

document with help of our Shraddha
teacher
7 We made corrections by 18-03-24 25-03-24
discussing with our teacher Anjali

8 We also created a PDF 26-03-24 27-03-24

document to make a hard Shraddha
copy of the report
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INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication channels that reply on electromagnetic waves to

transmit data without physical cables or wires, also known as unguided media, have
become increasingly popular in industries that prioritize cost- effectiveness, speed,
efficiency and reliability. These technologies have revolutionized that way
businesses operate, allowing for greater mobility, flexibility, and accessibility.
Radio, satellite, and cellular communication are among the most widely used
unguided media in today’s industries. They provide a cost-efficient. This paper
provides an overview of the importance of unguided media industries and their
impact on communication processes, with a focus on cost, speed, efficiency, and
reliability.
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A wireless medium that doesn’t have any physical path in between is also meant to
be an unguided transmission media, where the transmission doesn’t need to be
guided. This can also be called wireless transmission media. Generally, the waves
get guided while transmission but that is not acceptable in this so there are several
techniques or procedures to follow for transmitting them. The dispersal of waves
can be attainable through the vacuum or by the air and seawater.

Working of Unguided Transmission Media

The transmission is done between the destination and source. For making possible
transmissions to unguided media, the electromagnetic spectrum is utilized

The propagation of signals is done in several ways in wireless media through,

1)ground wave propagation
2)line of sight propagation
3)skywave propagation.
When coming to propagation through the ground, the transmission is possible
even over a distance, and the signals which are propagated from the ground
travels through an air vacuum.
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Referring to the strength of signal, the distance will be covered. It means distance is
dependable on the signal strength where the frequency of it is very low.
Propagation through a line of sight, where the antennas are interconnected with one
another with extreme frequency. The signal is transmitted from point to point
directly between them. The propagation of waves is even possible through sky
waves where the signals get transmitted to the upward direction that is into the
ionosphere layer and returns to the ground. These types of propagations are having
a higher frequency. And the frequency in this is measurable into two types one is
the uplink frequency and another one is the downlink frequency.
The transmission of the signal from the ground to the ionosphere and the
frequency that is used in it is uplink frequency. The transmission of the signal that
gets back after the uplink frequency that reaches the ground from the ionosphere
is the downlink frequency.
Examples of Unguided Media

Radio wave

This type of wave will be making use of omnidirectional antennas that sends out the
signals in all directions and provides the frequency of electromagnetic waves that
are ranging between 3KHz and 1GHz.
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Most of these waves are omnidirectional which means, the sending and receiving
antennas do not have to be aligned. The sending antenna sends waves that can be
received by any receiving antenna. When the antenna transmits radio waves, they
are distributed in every single direction. The omnidirectional characteristics of
radio waves make them useful for multicasting in which there is only one sender
but many receivers. The examples of multicasting in the radio waves are television
FM radios, paging and calls with cord less.
Advantages are,
The large wavelength in radio waves.
Bouncing back from the ionosphere.
We can generate the radio waves in an easy manner and can also traverse long
distances. And also penetrates the building.
The disadvantages of these radio waves are they are not easily absorbed by the
atmosphere.
2)Unguided media in the microwave:
These are unidirectional which means traverse is only in one direction.
The electromagnetic waves are having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are
defined as microwaves.
The microwave transmits the waves and can only be focused narrowly.
This means the sending and receiving the signals from the antennas are needed to
be aligned. We can interfere the pair of antennas without interfering the other
antennas in between.
Unidirectional antennas are needed that send out signals in one
direction. There are two types of antennas in the microwave
communication.
• The parabolic dish
• The horn
The dish antennas are parabolic structure. In this, the line parallel to parabola
reflects at the curve at the angle search then all the lines can interconnect at one
point focus. This parabolic wave catches a wide range of waves and directing them
to the common point. In a horn antenna, the outgoing transmissions are deflected
outwards in a series of the narrow parallel beam by a curved head. And the
received transmissions are collected by a scoop of the horn.
The characteristics of this are, microwave propagation is the line of sight.
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Repeaters are continuously needed for long-distance communication.

The data with the high frequency cannot penetrate the walls. These are the
disadvantage characteristics in the inside buildings. The microwave band is
relatively wide, almost 299GHz. Hence, the larger sub bands can be assigned
with a high data rate. The use of certain properties of the band requires
permission from authorities. Microwave unidirectional communities are need in
the unicast communication from the sender to the receiver.

The main advantage of the microwave radio systems is, the performance of
broadcast has a large quantity of data due of the high frequencies.
The Microwave repeaters will also have the ability to transfer the data to the longer
distance. The Microwave constructions are low, and cost effective compared to the
other data transmissions’ wireless technologies comes under the Microwave
constructions. There is no use of the physical and expensive equipment. Similar to
the devices that has the signal strength during transmission of data.
All the rooftops, mountain hills, microwave transmission tower are inexpensive
and has an accessible bases.
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Disadvantages: The Micro wave radio systems do not pass through the solid
objects. This can be a drawback in cities with a lot of tall buildings or mountain
regions if we want to send signals from one end to another.
Microwave radio communication can also be degraded by heavy moisture in the
atmosphere like rain and fog.

Infrared wave
The infrared waves have a frequency from 300GHz-400THz, wavelength from
1mm to 770mm that can be used for the short-range of communication.
This advantageous character prevents interference between one to another system,
a shortrange communication system in one room cannot be affected by another
system in the next room.
When we use the infrared remote control, we do not interfere with the use of the
remote. Additionally, one cannot use infrared waves outside the building because
sun rays containing the infrared can interfere with the communication.
The infrared band of almost 400THz has the potential for data transmission. Usage
of such wide bandwidth helps to transmit digital data with a very high data rate.
IrDA is an association for the use of infrared waves that have established standards
for utilizing these signals for communication among devices such as, keyboards
and mouses.

The advantages of infrared waves are indeed in medical leading one to chronic
health issues. It is also used in most cameras for night vision.

The disadvantages are, these waves cannot be used for longer distances.
The performance is gradually dropped when the user range is increased. So the
transmitter and receiver need to be closely aligned to make possible
communication within a sight of each other.
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Types of wireless transmission media

The types are as follow,
1)Satellite microwave
2)Lightwave transmission
3)Infrared wave transmission
4)Radio wave Transmission
5) Terrestrial microwave transmission.

The data gets transmitted by utilizing the electro radio waves via free space is
satellite communication. There are a lot of transponders in satellite communication
which are called frequency bands where the transponders are a device that receives
radio signals and produces a different type of signals.
In this also there are again two types of transmissions,

a) uplink frequency
b) downlink frequency

When we heard about geosynchronous satellites, the first thing to be noticed is

these types of satellites are often used in satellite microwave transmission.
In this type of satellite, the speed of the earth’s rotation and the speed that is used
for satellite rotation is the same. So, these are stationary to the earth’s surface.
This is extremely reliable and maintained with high transmission quality. The main
objective of this satellite is to, accepting the signals from one of the earth’s stations
after reading the signals it needs to transmit back again to another earth station.
Satellites can be divided into two types,
• Ku-band
• c-band

C-band is much more reliable than Ku-band, where a C-band satellite frequency is
ranged from 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz and from 5.9 to 6.4 GHz.
When considering Ku-band satellite the frequency is ranging from 11 to 12 GHz.
The transmission acquired with the help of lasers is called light wave transmission.
Each system must have a photodetector and also must have its laser. This type of
transmission is unidirectional.
It is easy to install and it is economically efficient by having higher bandwidth
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As this is a laser beam it cannot proceed or reach, so this is the drawback.

The transmission which is having a wavelength longer than the visible light but the
wavelength is shorter than the radio waves and also the waves which are
considered as electromagnetic waves are known to be called infrared waves.
To attain infrared communication the transceivers are used that are only within the
range of line of sight.
The frequency is ranging from 300 to 400 THz. As the infrared waves have an
interface with the sunrays these waves cannot be used outside of a building.
For the short-range of communication, these types of transmissions are used So the
interfaces get prevented between two systems.
Radio wave transmission is the other type of transmission that broadcasts the
signals only in a single direction which is dissimilar with microwave transmission.
Where the microwave transmission is in both of the directions.
By using ground and sky waves the propagation of radio waves is possible. There
is one advantage with the radio wave transmission that antennas are not required in
it.
By utilizing the frequency that is lower than the range of visible light the
modulations are done to the electromagnetic waves. And this was made possible by
radio waves.
The last transmission is microwave transmission which makes use of microwave
link for the transfer of data and signals. This was more suitable with the line of a
sight transmission link. To attain a line of sight, the antennas should be fixed
firmly by only focusing on the narrow beam and these antennas are fixed at the
highest point so that ignoring or avoiding the barriers the transmission can be
made possible without obstructions. The terrestrial microwave uses largely higher
antennas to cover the shorter distances.

Features of Unguided Media

1)Have no guide or direction for transmission of signals or electromagnetic waves.

2)The data signals can flow freely
3) It does not bound to a specific or particular
channel. 3)This can be distributed in the flow of the
air.
4) Maintains
Omnidirectional
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6) Easy to maintain
7) No need to struggle with a bundle of wires and make them connected.
Guided media VS Unguided media
Guided Transmission Media
• Guided media is a wired one that guides the signals.
• There needs to be a physical path or a physical medium for signal transmission.
• Another name for this transmission is wired communication or bounded
transmission media.
• The signal energy which is connected with wired is within the solid media.
• An additional transmission level of capacity is produced by adding wires.
• The wired media is used for point-to-point communication.
• A certain direction is provided to signals for traveling.
• The classification in guided media is,

a) Fiber optics
b) Twisted pair
c) Coaxial cable.

Unguided Transmission Media

• Sometimes the signals get propagated through seawater or by air.
• This is alternatively named wireless communication or unbounded transmission
media.
• Here, the signal energy propagates in the form of unguided electromagnetic
waves.
• Unguided media is used for radio broadcasting directions.
• This doesn’t guide or provide the directions for the transmission of the signals.
• In wireless media, it is not possible to enhance
capacity. Types in this kind of transmission are,

a) Radio wave
b) Infrared wave
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c) Micro
wave
d)Lightwave
e) Terrestrial microwave.

Unguided Transmission Media Security

The wired networks are lacking in the flexibility and mobility of freedom
so the wireless network will be covering the drawbacks of a wired network.
This provides mobility and flexibility to travel all the way.
But the concerning issue is as it is an open network the users can enter into the
network easily. The users may be unauthorized users can be called intruders who
hack the network. And the hackers are even able to decrypt the ciphertext. Certain
securities are needed to be provided.
This wireless network is made possible with the help of unguided media only.
So, some of the principles or methods that are defined for providing security to the
wireless medium.
The security principle is like computer security where resources like,
confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, availability, and access
control are included.
These will be safeguarding the information.
The process of disclosing the information or preventing the disclosure of
information to unauthorized individual or to the unauthorized systems is a
confidentiality.
Where, these will be holding the confidential information that need to be secured
too.
The confidentiality will be imposing a rule and specifies that there should be only
one sender and the intended receiver for whom we sending information or data to.
Only these will be accessing and are able to access the control of the message.
Example for confidentiality is credit card where it holds confidential information
and the otp that the user need not to be shared and kept securely.
If there is a loss of confidentiality then the type of attack is defined as interception.
Authentication is the basic word that defines the proof of one person identity. It
ensures while transiting if the user is authenticated or not.
The authentication process ensures that the origin of an electronic message or
document is correctly identified or not.
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If there is a loss of authentication then the user identity will be lost and the hacker
will be acted as the original user and tries to grasp the data.
This type of attack is fabrication, which is absence of process of authentication.
Integrity, it means the data can’t be modified or change without any
authentications. This type of attack is active type of attack as the
modifications can be observed.
For example, if there are any manual deletions or change in important files or fake
data is entered.
So, the attack in the integrity is called as modification in simple terms.
For example, consider if user A sends the message to user B to “transfer $100 to
user XYZ” but when the modification is done the hacker (user C) will be
modifying the data or message and sent it as “transfer $100 to user C”.
And the other side receiver will assume the message is from user A and make a
transfer so the user C facilitates.
If the user has a power to deny the transaction, then this known as non-repudiation.
Where the receiver holds the proof of fake message and other user like user A can
deny it was not sent by him or her.
For example, proof of an ATM transaction.
Access control, this principle defines who should be able to do what and where the
access control list is a subset of access control. The access control list is consisting
of which user can get access with what type of resource.
There is a rule management, it is a user side about what can he/her do. And also a
role management which defines which resources are accessible and under what
circumstances. It is a client side or resource side.
The user should be available will all the resources no one resource should be jammed
to the authorized user. The principle states that resources need to be available all the
time. For example, logins and logouts.
If there is a jamming of signals then the attack is known as interruption that the
intruder is interrupting with the resources.
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Microwave Transmission
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are called
microwaves.
Microwaves are unidirectional.
When an antenna transmits microwaves they can be narrowly focused. This means
that the sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned.
Microwave communication is widely used for long distance telephone
communication, cellular telephones, television distribution and other uses that a
severe shortage of spectrum has developed.
Electromagnetic radiation beyond the frequency range of radio and television can
be used to transport information. Microwave transmission is usually point-to-point
using directional antennae with a clear path between transmitter and receiver.
A parabolic dish antenna can be used to focus the transmitted power into a narrow
beam to give a high signal to noise ratio, and before the advent of optical fiber,
some long distance telephone transmission system were heavily dependent on the
use of a series of microwave towers. Because microwave travel in straight line, the
curvature of the earth limits the maximum distance over which microwave towers
can transmit, so repeaters are needed to compensate for this limitation.
Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The Transmitter station must
be in visible contact with the receiver station. This sets a limit on the distance
between stations depending on the local geography.
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Typically the line of sight due to the Earth’s curvature is only 50 km to the horizon.
Repeater stations must be placed so the data signal can hop, skip and jump across
the country. Microwaves operate at high operating frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz.
This allows them to carry large quantities of data due to the large bandwidth.

Advantages of Microwave:
1. They require no right of way acquisition between towers.
2. They can carry high quantities of information due to their high
operating frequencies.
3. Low cost land purchase: each tower occupies small area.
4. High frequency/short wavelength signals require small antenna.

Disadvantage of Microwave:
1. Attenuation by solid objects: birds, rain, snow and fog.
2. Reflected from flat surface like water and metal.
3. Diffracted(split) around solid objects.
4. Refracted by atmosphere, thus causing beam to be projected away
from receiver. There are two types of microwave data communication system
namely, Terrestrial Microwave Transmission and Satellite Microwave
Transmission.

Terrestrial Microwave Transmission:

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Terrestrial microwave transmission system transmit tightly focused beams of radio

frequencies from one ground-based microwave antenna to anther .
Terrestrial microwave system typically use directional parabolic antennas to send
receive signals in the lower gigahertz(GHz) range.
The signals are highly focused and the physical path must be line-of-sight. Relay
towers are used to extend signals. Terrestrial microwave system are typically used
when using cabling is costprohibitive.

Advantages:
1. High data rates.
2. Low cost land purchase for towers.
3. High frequency or short wavelengths require short distant antennas.
Disadvantages:
1. Attenuation.
2. Reflected from flat surface, metal etc.
3. Line of sight is required.
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Terrestrial and Satellite Microwave Links

Satellite Microwave Transmission:

In satellite microwave, the signals are transmitted from a ground station to a
satellite and then after amplifying, from the satellite to some other ground
station. It covers large geographical areas then terrestrial microwave.

Satellite Transmission
A satellite is a body that revolves around the earth just in same way earth revolves
around the sun. A satellite can be artificial/manmade(created by human).
Satellites are widely being used for communication purposes as they cover
maximum area on the earth for a particular transmission. The paths on which
satellites move are called orbit. The orbit can be equatorial, inclined or polar.
The period of a satellite, i.e. the time required for a satellite to make a complete
trip around the earth, is determined by Kepler’s law. Kepler’s law defines the
period as a function of the distance of the satellite from the center of the earth.
Satellite process microwave with bi-directional antennas (line-of -sight). Therefore,
the signal from a satellite is normally aimed at a specific area called the footprint.
The signal power at the center. A communication satellite acts as a big microwave
repeater in the sky.
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Orbits of Communication Satellites

Satellite communication makes use of geostationary satellites. A geostationary

satellite is a satellite that is placed approximately 36,000 km above the equator and
take exactly 24 hours to complete one revolution around the earth.
A geostationary satellite contains several transponders. The transponder receives
signal from one earth station, amplifies it and sends the signal back to other earth
stations. A typical satellite has 12-20 transponders each with 36-50 GHz bandwidth.
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In case of satellite communication two different frequencies are used as carrier

frequencies to avoid interference between incoming and outgoing signals.

The signal which is being transmitted upwards to the satellite is called as the
uplink. Thus uplink frequency is the frequency used to transmit signal from station
to satellite.
The signal which is being transmitted back to the receiving earth station is called
as the downlink. Thus, downlink frequency is the frequency used to transmit the
signal from satellite to earth station.
Uplink and downlink frequencies where satellites can operate:
1. C band, also called 6/4 GHz band, is one of the oldest and most widely in
use.
2. Ku band, also called 11/14 GHz band.
3. Ka band, called 20/30 GHz band.
Advantages of Satellite Transmission:
1. Availability: The biggest advantage of satellite Internet access is its
availability compared to other Internet connection types.
2. Speed: Satellite internet access is much faster than dial-up, with entry-level
service tiers typically providing approximately 1 mbps download speeds—
nearly 18 times faster than a dial-up modem.
3. Latency: Satellite Internet connections are high-latency, meaning that a
great deal of time is required for packets of information to travel to the
satellite and back.

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication:

1. Communication through satellite is highly costly.
2. Security measures are required to prevent the unauthorized tapping
of information.
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CONCLUSION

We take this opportunity to express sincere thanks to our project guide under
Ms.Talekar S.P guidance our project is done.
We also thanks to all Computer department teachers of their valuable
guidance, and timely suggestions without which we could not complete this project
work. Only because of our staff Inspiration and instructions we could achieve
satisfaction completion of project work.
Last but not least , we wish to thanks all of those who
Have helped us directly or indirect in this project work.
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REFERENCE

Website Name:

https://www.sanfoundry.com/c-program-stack-using-linked-list/

Reference Books Name:

Data Structures and Algorithms Made

Easy Writer: Narsimha Karumanchi

Grokking Alogrithms Writer:

Aditya Bhargava