KOMOAO@ MLEVGT RGXOTN KLBOANROV BOAOK

OVW@OE MGTGXOSOROE JNSO ‑RGXOTN NEBNYNBW‛

Bnojumoe uetum kgkgeu`n tucos Mgpgrowotoe Jnwo

Blsge Tgkhnkhnec : Bwn Tutrn, Egrs., K.Mgp.Vp.Jnwo

Bnsusue Lag` Rnecmot 8O

?. Ob`g
Ob`g Eur
Eur Iobn
Iobnao
ao`
` (?
(?>4
>44?
4?))
8. Bgan
Bganoo Koeb
Koeboa
oaoso
osorn
rn (?
(?>4
>440
40))
6. Ne
Netoe
toe Knan
Knanyo
yoet
etnn (?
(?>4
>48?
8?))
2. Koanebo (?>489)
7. Kgco Xo
Xokob`oen Xo
Xo`oyu (?>483)

9. Ku`o
Ku`okk
kkob
ob Cnaoe
Cnaoec
c@ (?
(?>4
>48>
8>))
3. Kuokkor Vyo` Zn`oe (?>46?)
0. Vntn Eur`oanzo` (?>429)

VRNMGV O@KOB BO@AOE FNXGHLE

Ja. Soagt El.8?, Mgrtowneoecue, Mgbowuec, Fnrghle, Jowo Horot 27?76

Rgap./Iox.]486?[84?>28
Rgap./Iox.]486?[84?>28 Fnrghle, G-kona:ompgr\ku`Dyo`ll.fl.nb
G-kona:ompgr\ku`Dyo`ll.fl.nb

Ro`ue 84?>/8484
 HOH N

TGEBO@WAWOE
O. Aotor Hgaomoec

Kgeurut J`lesle (?>>3), mgsg`otoe jnwo kgrupomoe suotu mlebnsn sg`ot gklsnleoa,

psnmlalcns boe slsnoa yoec tgran`ot born `uhuecoe netgrpgrsleoa yoec kgkuosmoe, pgrnaomu
boe mlpnec yoec gigmtni,
gigmtni, mlesgp
mlesgp bnrn yoec plsntni
plsntni boe mgstohnaoe gklsnleoa.
gklsnleoa. Mgsg`otoe
Mgsg`otoe jnwo
juco bopot bnortnmoe sghocon mgobooe sgjo`tgro yoec bnmontmoe bgecoe mgho`ocnooe,
mgcgkhnrooe
mgcgkhnrooe,, osoe, pgefoponoe,
pgefoponoe, lptnknskg,
lptnknskg, boe `oropoe.
`oropoe. Vgboecmoe
Vgboecmoe Kgeurut Lrcoensosn
Lrcoensosn
Mgsg`otoe Bueno (S@L) kgebgigensmoe mgsg`otoe ntu sgebnrn sghocon sg`ot insnm, kgetoa boe
slsnoa
slsnoa humoe
humoe sgkoto
sgkotokoto
koto mgoboo
mgobooe
e toepo
toepo pgeyom
pgeyomnt
nt otou
otou mgagko
mgagko`oe
`oe.. Jobn
Jobn Vgsglro
Vgsglroec
ec bopot
bopot
bnoeccop
bnoeccop sg`ot jnwo jnmo kgrgmo
kgrgmo kokpu hgrsnmop
hgrsnmop plsntni tgr`obop
tgr`obop bnrn sgebnrn,
sgebnrn, kgknanmn
kgknanmn
mgstohnaoe gklsn, kgknanmn mlesgp bnrn yoec plsntni boe kgknanmn roso ho`ocno boe puos
(Ynbghgfm, 8440).

Coeccuoe jnwo otou pgeyomnt jnwo kgrupomoe pgeyomnt bgecoe kuatn mousoa, suotu
pgeyomnt bgecoe hgrhocon pgeyghoh yoec soecot hgrvornosn. Tgeyghoh coeccuoe jnwo yoec
hoeyom bnbgrnto tgrjobn morgeo irustosn, eopzo (eormltnmo, psnmltrlpnmo, boe zot obnmtni
aon
aoneey
eeyo),
o), kosoao`
kosoao` mgauor
mgauorco,
co, pgmgrjo
pgmgrjooe,
oe, lrcoen
lrcoenm
m boe gmlelk
gmlelkn.
n. Eokue
Eokue jnmo
jnmo bnan`o
bnan`ott born
born
pgrsgetosg, pgeyghoh tgrtneccn yontu morgeo irustosn. Bn Neblegsno sgebnrn hgrbosormoe
(Xnmgsbo to`ue 8443) ho`wo prgvgaoesn coeccuoe jnwo hgrot sghgsor 2,9 pgrkna, ortneyo obo
gkpot sokpon anko pgebubum born ?444 pgebubum Neblegsno kgebgrnto coeccuoe jnwo hgrot.
Oecmo coeccuoe jnwo bn Neblegsno tgao` kgefopon ?4% born plpuaosn pgebubumeyo.

Rgropn
Rgropn Klboan
Klboantos
tos kgrupo
kgrupomoe
moe tgropn
tgropn utoko
utoko boaok
boaok mgpgrow
mgpgrowoto
otoe
e jnwo.
jnwo. Rgropn
Rgropn nen
bnhgrnmoe boaok upoyo kgecuho` pgrnaomu posnge born pgrnaomu yoec koaoboptni kgejobn
pgrnaomu yoec oboptni ( Trohlwl, 84?2). Rgropn Klboantos oboao` tgropn boaok mgpgrowotoe
jnwo, bnkoeo pgrowot kgebosormoe pltgesn yoec bnknanmn posnge sghocon tntnm tlaom tgropn otou
pgeygkhu`oe. Obo hghgropo tgropn yoec bopot bnaomumoe lag` pgrowot pobo posnge bgecoe
kosoao` mgjnwooe yontu, tgropn omtnvntos mgalkplm boe tgropn Nebnvnbu.
 Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm oboao` tgropn klboantos yoec bnaomumoe pgrowot mgpobo
sgmgalkplm mange yoec kgkpueyon kosoao` mgpgrowotoe yoec soko. Omtnvntos bncueomoe
sghocon tgropn boe mgalkplm sghocon torcgt osu`oe. Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm bnaomumoe
uetum
uetum kgenecmotm
kgenecmotmoe
oe mgkotoecoe
mgkotoecoe gklsnleoa
gklsnleoa boe psnmlalcns
psnmlalcns pobo posnge yoec kgecnbop
kgecnbop
coeccuoe jnwo pobo womtu yoec aoko. Bnboaok mgalkplm tgrjobn bneoknmo bnkoeo sgtnop

oeccltoo mgalkp
oecclt mgalkplm
lm soanec
soanec hgrtum
hgrtumor
or neilrk
neilrkosn
osn boe hgrbns
hgrbnsmus
musnn tgetoe
tgetoec
c pgecoa
pgecoaoko
okoe
e sgrto
sgrto
kgkhuo
kgk huott mgsgpo
mgsgpomot
motoe
oe uetum
uetum kgecot
kgecotosn
osn kosoao
kosoao`
` oecclt
oeccltoo mgalkp
mgalkplm.
lm. Rgropn
Rgropn Omtnvn
Omtnvntos
tos
Mgal
Mgalkp
kplm
lm kgkh
kgkhgrn
grnmo
moe
e `o
`osna
sna yo
yoec
ec aghn
aghn`
` hg
hgso
sorr tgr`o
tgr`obo
bop
p pg
pgru
ruho
ho`o
`oe
e pg
pgrn
rnaom
aomu
u po
posn
snge
ge,,
kgenec
kgenecmot
motmoe
moe pgrnao
pgrnaomu
mu oboptn
oboptnii sgrto
sgrto kgecur
kgecuroec
oecnn pgrnao
pgrnaomu
mu koaobo
koaoboptn
ptni.
i. Ho`moe
Ho`moe Rgropn
Rgropn
Omtnvntos Mgalkplm kgkhgrnmoe klboantos tgropgutnm yoec aghn` hgsor born pobo `uhuecoe
tgropgutnm oetoro buo lroec yontu pgrowot boe mange (Bnrgjo, 84??).

Vgboecmoe
Vgboecmoe Rgropn Nebnvubu
Nebnvubu oboao` suotu `uhuecoe
`uhuecoe yoec tgrstrumtur
tgrstrumtur yoec tgrjoane
oetoro pgrowot boe mange uetum kgecuho` pgrnaomu mange. Bnkoeo `uhuecoe yoec tgrjoane
kgrupo
kgrupomoe
moe `uhue
`uhuecoe
coe yoec
yoec bnsgec
bnsgecojo
ojo bgecoe
bgecoe tujuoe
tujuoe tgropn
tgropn,, bnaomu
bnaomumoe
moe bgecoe
bgecoe to`opo
to`opoe
e
snstgkotns (tgrstrumtur) sg`necco kgaoaun `uhuecoe nen bn`oropmoe tgrjobn pgruho`oe tnecmo`
aomu mange sgsuon bgecoe tujuoe yoec bntgtopmoe bn owoa `uhuecoe. @uhuecoe tgrstrumtur
boaok
boaok tgropn
tgropn nebnvn
nebnvnbuo
buoaa nen,
nen, hgrtuj
hgrtujuoe
uoe ocor
ocor mange
mange kokpu
kokpu kgeyga
kgeygagson
gsonmoe
moe mleian
mleianm
m yoec
yoec
bnoaokn
bnoaokneyo
eyo.. Vgaone
Vgaone ntu mange
mange juco
juco bn`orop
bn`oropmoe
moe kokpu
kokpu kgrgbo
kgrgbomoe
moe pgebgr
pgebgrntoo
ntooe
e (bnstrg
(bnstrgss)
ss)
gklsnleoa, sgrto kgecgkhoecmoe foro yoec sgsuon boaok kgkgeu`n mghutu`oe bosoreyo.
 HOH NN

RNEJOWOE TWVROMO

?.? Tgec
Tgecggrtno
tnoe Rgr
Rgrop
opnn Klboa
lboant
ntos
os

Rgropn Klboantos kgrupomoe tgropn utoko boaok mgpgrowotoe jnwo. Rgropn nen
bnhgrnmoe boaok upoyo kgecuho` pgrnaomu posnge born pgrnaomu yoec koaoboptni kgejobn
pgrnaomu yoec oboptni ( Trohlwl,84?2).
Trohlwl,84?2). Rgropn klboantos mgpgrowotoe jnwo kgrupomoe
hgetum tgropn ele-iorkomlalcns yoec bnaomumoe
bnaomumoe uetum kgkpgrhonmn boe k
kgkpgrto`oemoe
gkpgrto`oemoe
snmop mange ocor kokpu hgrto`oe boe hgrslsnoansosn bgecoee anecmuecoe kosyoromot sgmntor
bgecoe `oropoe mange bopot tgrus hgmgrjo boe tgtop hgr`uhuecoe
hgr`uhuecoe bgecoe mgauorco, tgkoe,
boe snstgk pgebumuec yoec obo mgtnmo kgejoaoen tgropn (Eosnr boe Ku`nts, 84??).

?.8 Rujuoe Rgropn Klboantos

Rujue bnaomsoeomoeeyo tgropn klboantos boaok mgpgrowotoe jnwo oboao`:
?. Kgenkhuam
Kgenkhuamoe
oe mgsoboroe
mgsoboroe tgr`obop
tgr`obop soao`
soao` sotu
sotu pgrnaom
pgrnaomu
u posnge
posnge
8. Kgecur
Kgecuroec
oecnn c
cgjo
gjoao
ao coecc
coeccuoe
uoe jnwo
jnwo
6. Kgkp
Kgkpgr
graok
aokho
hott mgkue
mgkuebu
buro
roe
e
2. Kgkhoe
Kgkhoetu
tu obopt
oboptosn
osn tgr`o
tgr`obop
bop sntuo
sntuosn
sn sgmoroe
sgmoroec
c
7. Kgkhoe
Kgkhoetu
tu mgauor
mgauorco
co boe lroec
lroec-lr
-lroec
oec yoec
yoec hgrortn
hgrortn
9. Kgkpge
Kgkpgecor
coru`n
u`n mgtgro
mgtgrokpn
kpnaoe
aoe kgrowot
kgrowot bnrn
bnrn sgebnrn
sgebnrn
3. Kgen
Kgenec
ecmo
motm
tmoe
oe omt
omtnv
nvnt
ntos
os

0. Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgkoebn
mgkoebnrnoe
rnoe (Trohlw
(Trohlwl,8
l,84?2
4?2).
).
?.
?.6
6 Tgro
Tgroe
e Tgr
Tgrow
owot
ot Boao
Boaok
k Rgro
Rgropn
pn Klboa
lboant
ntos
os
Vgforo ukuk pgeoe pgrowot boaok pgaomsoeooe tgropn klboantos hgrtnebom sghocon
agobgr,
agobgr,iosn
iosnanto
antotlr
tlr,gv
,gvoau
oauotl
otlr,b
r,boe
oe kltnvo
kltnvotlr
tlr ( Eosnr
Eosnr boe Ku`nts,
Ku`nts, 84??).
84??). Rnebom
Rnebomoe
oe
tgrsghut kganputn:
?. Kgebnbnm
Kgebnbnm boe kgeclr
kgeclrngetos
ngetosnn mgkhoan
mgkhoan sgauru` oeccl
oecclto
to mgauorco,
mgauorco, knsoaeyo
knsoaeyo pgrowot
pgrowot

kgejgaosmoe kgecopo mlkuenmosn ntu pgetnec ,opo vnsn sgauru` mgauorco,mgsokooe

`oropoe opo yoec bnknanmn sgkuo oecclto mgauorco
8. Kgkhgr
Kgkhgrnmo
nmoe
e bumuec
bumuecoe
oe mgpobo
mgpobo mange
mange sgrto snstgk yoec kgebumu
kgebumuec
ec mange uetum
uetum
kgefopon tujuoe boe uso`o uetuum hgruho`. Tgrowot kgeyomnemoe ho`wo oecclto
mgauorco mange kokpu kgkgfo`moe kosoao` yoec bn`obopn oecclto mgauorcoeyo.
6. Kgec
Kgecml
mllr
lrbn
bneo
eosn
sn boe
boe kgec
kgecne
netg
tgcr
cros
osnn su
sukh
khgr
gr pg
pgao
aoyo
yoeo
eoe
e mg
mgsg
sg`o
`oto
toe.
e. Tg
Tgro
rowo
wott
kgeuejumm
kgeuejummoe
oe nestntusn
nestntusn mgsg`otoe
mgsg`otoe koeo yoec `orushgmgrj
`orushgmgrjoo soko bgecoe
bgecoe mgauorco
mgauorco
boe snopo yoec hnso bnojom mlesuatosn
2. Kgkhgr
Kgkhgrnn pgaoyo
pgaoyoeoe
eoe prgvgesn
prgvgesn prnkgr,
prnkgr, sgmueb
sgmuebgr
gr boe tgrsngr
tgrsngr kgaoau
kgaoaunn pgeyua
pgeyuau`o
u`oe,
e,

pgrowotoe bnruko`, pgebnbnmoe boe sghoconeeyo. Hnao obo oecclto mgauorco yoec
muroec
muroec kgko`
kgko`okn
okn pgrnao
pgrnaomu
mu sg`ot
sg`ot bnbnsm
bnbnsmusn
usnmoe
moe otou
otou hnao obo
obo mgauorc
mgauorcoo yoec
kgkhutu`moe pgrowotoe.
?.2 Jgen
Jgenss-Jg
-Jgen
enss Rgr
Rgropn Klboa
lboant
nto
os
O. Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm
?. Tgecgrtnoe
Rgropn omtnvntos mgalkplm oboao` suotu hgetum psnmltgrop
psnmltgropnn yoec mgcnotoeeyo
mgcnotoeeyo
bnnmutn lag` hghgropo posnge yoec kgkpueyon kosoao` yoec soko otou sgjgens

boe bnpoebu lag` sotu otou aghn` tgropns pobo soot yoec soko bgecoe foro
hgrbnsmusn sotu soko aone. (Vusoeo,84??)
Kgeurut Bgpmgs XN tgropn omtnvntos mgalkplm kgrupomoe soao` sotu upoyo
uetum kgkiosnantosn psnmltgropns tgr`obop sgjukao` posnge pobo womtu yoec
soko
soko uetu
uetumk
mk kgko
kgkoet
etou
ou boe
boe kgen
kgenec
ecmo
motm
tmoe
oe `u
`uhu
huec
ecoe
oe oe
oeto
torr oe
oecc
cclt
ltoo
(Trohlwl,84?2).

8. Koeioot Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm

Kgeuru
Kgeurutt Turwoe
Turwoenec
necsn`
sn` (84?4)
(84?4) Rgropn
Rgropn Omtnv
Omtnvnto
ntoss Mgalkp
Mgalkplm
lm kgkpue
kgkpueyon
yon

hghgropo koeioot:
?) Wkuk
o. Kg
Kgen
enec
ecmo
motm
tmoe
oemg
mgko
kokp
kpuo
uoe
e uj
ujnn rgoan
rgoantos
tos (rgoa
(rgoant
nty
y tgstn
tgstnec
ec)) kgao
kgaoau
aunn
mlkuenmosn boe ukpoe honm bgecoe otou born lroec aone
h. Kgaomumoe slsnoansosn
f. Kgkhoecmntmoe kltnvosn uetum mgkojuoe iuecsn mlcentni boe oigmtni
8) M`usus
o. Kgen
Kgenec
ecmo
motm
tmoe
oe nbge
nbgetn
tnto
toss bnrn
bnrn
h. Kgeyoaurmoe gklsn sgforo mlestrumtni

f. Kgenecmotm
Kgenecmotmoe
oe mgtgrokp
mgtgrokpnaoe
naoe `uhue
`uhuecoe
coe netgrpgrsleo
netgrpgrsleoaa otou slsnoa
6) Xg`ohnantosn
o. Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgtg
mgtgrok
rokpna
pnaoe
oe gmspr
gmsprgsn
gsn bnrn
bnrn
h. Kgenecmotmoe mgkokpuoe slsnoa
f. Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgkokp
mgkokpuoe
uoe gkpotn
gkpotn
b. Kgenecmotm
Kgenecmotmoe
oe mgkokp
mgkokpuoe/p
uoe/pgecgto
gecgto`uoe
`uoe pgkgfo`oe
pgkgfo`oe kosoao`
kosoao`
6. Rujuoe Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm
Rujuoe tgropn omtnvntos mgalkplm kgeurut purwoenecsn` (84?4).
?. Rgropn
Rgropn omtnvnto
omtnvntoss mgalkpl
mgalkplm
m stnkuao
stnkuaosn
sn pgrsgpsn/
pgrsgpsn/mlce
mlcentni
ntni
o) Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgkok
mgkokpuo
puoe
e lrngetosn
lrngetosn rgoant
rgoantoo
h) Kgenecmotmoe mgkokpuoe kgkusotmoe pgr`otnoe
pgr`otnoe

f) Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgko
mgkokpu
kpuoe
oe netgag
netgagmtu
mtuoa
oa
b) Kgecu
Kgecuecm
ecmopm
opmoe
oe pgrosoo
pgrosooeey
eeyoo
g) Kgecgkumom
Kgecgkumomoe
oe pgebopot
pgebopot boe kgegrnk
kgegrnkoo pgebopot
pgebopot lroec
lroec aone
aone

8. Rgropn
Rgropn omtnv
omtnvntos
ntos mgalk
mgalkplm
plm stnku
stnkuaosn
aosn sgesl
sgeslrn
rn
o) Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgkokp
mgkokpuoe
uoe sgeslr
sgeslrnn
h) Kgenecmotmoe upoyo kgkusotmoe pgr`otnoe
f) Kgenec
Kgenecmot
motmoe
moe mgsgco
mgsgcoroe
roe joskoen
joskoen
b) Kgec
Kgecgm
gmsp
sprg
rgsnm
snmoe
oe pg
pgro
rosoo
sooe
e

6. Rgropn
Rgropn omtnv
omtnvntos
ntos mgalk
mgalkplm
plm lrng
lrngeto
etosn
sn rgoanto
rgoanto
o) Tosnge kokpuo
kokpuo kgecnbgetn
kgecnbgetninmosn
inmosn stnkuaus
stnkuaus netgreoa
netgreoa boe gmstgre
gmstgreoa
oa
h) Tosnge bopot kgkhgbomoe oetoro m`oyoaoe boe mgeyotooe
f) Tgkhnf
Tgkhnforo
orooe
oe posn
posnge
ge sgsuon
sgsuon rgoanto
rgoanto

2. Rgropn
Rgropn omtn
omtnvnt
vntos
os mg
mgalk
alkplm
plm slsnoan
slsnoansosn
sosn
o) Tosnge kokpu kgenecmotm
kgenecmotmoe
oe `uhue
`uhuecoe
coe netgrpgrsleo
netgrpgrsleoaa
h) Tosnge bopot kgkhgrn toeccopoe tgr`obop lroec aone

f) Tosn
Tosnge
ge bo
bopo
pott kgec
kgecue
uecm
cmop
opmo
moe
e nb
nbge
geyo
yo bo
boe
e soane
soanec
c hg
hgrt
rtum
umor
or pg
pgrsg
rsgps
psnn
bgecoe lroec aone
b) Tosnge kgegrnko
kgegrnko stnkuaus
stnkuaus gmstgreoa
gmstgreoa yoec hgrosoa
hgrosoa born
born anecmuec
anecmuecoe
oe
2. Jgens-Jgens Rgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm
Rgropn omtnvntos mgalkplm tgrbnrn born gkpot jgens purwoenecsn` (84?4).
?) Rgropn
Rgropn omtnvntos
omtnvntos mgalkplm
mgalkplm stnkuaosn
stnkuaosn pgrsgpsn/
pgrsgpsn/mlce
mlcentni
ntni
Kgrupomoe tgropn yoec hgrtujuoe uetum kgkhoetu posnge kgestnkuaosn
pgrsgpsn boaok upoyo kgkltnvosn prlsgs hgrpnmnr boe oigmtni sgrto

kgecuroecn pgrnaomu koaoboptni.

8) Rgropn
Rgropn omtnvn
omtnvntos
tos mga
mgalkp
lkplm
lm stnkuao
stnkuaosn
sn sgeslrn
sgeslrn
Kgrupo
Kgrupomoe
moe tgropn
tgropn omtnvn
omtnvntos
tos yoec
yoec bncue
bncueomo
omoe
e ue
uetum
tum kgestnk
kgestnkuao
uaosn
sn pobo
pobo
sgesosn posnge, mgkubnoe bnlhsgrvosn rgomsn sgeslrn posnge hgrupo gmsprgsn
gklsn otou pgrosooe kgaoaun cgromoe tuhu`, gmsprgsn kumo boe ufopoe.
Rgropn omtnvntos nen uetum kgestnkuaosn sgeslrn posnge yoec kgecoaokn
mgkueburoe iuecsn sgeslrns.

6) Rgropn
Rgropn omtnvn
omtnvntos
tos mga
mgalkp
lkplm
lm lrnget
lrngetosn
osn rgoanto
rgoanto
Kgrupomoe
Kgrup omoe pgebgmotoe
pgebgmotoe yoec bnaomumoe
bnaomumoe uetum
uetum kgeclrnget
kgeclrngetosnmoe
osnmoe posnge
tgr`
tgr`ob
obop
op sn
sntu
tuos
osnn eyot
eyoto.
o. Hnos
Hnosoe
oeyo
yo bn
bnao
aomu
mumo
moe
e po
pobo
bo mg
mgal
alkp
kplm
lm yo
yoec
ec
kgecoaokn
kgecoaokn coeccuoe lrngetosn tgr`obop lroec, womtu boe tgkpot.
tgkpot. Tosnge
bnlrngetosnmoe pobo mgeyotooe yoec obo bnsgmntor posnge yontu bnrn sgebnrn,
lroec aone yoec bgmot bgecoe posnge, anecmuecoe yoec pgreo` kgkpueyon
`uhuecoe bgecoe posnge boe womtu soot nen koupue yoec aoau.

2) Rgropn
Rgropn omtnv
omtnvntos
ntos mgalk
mgalkplm
plm slsnoa
slsnoanso
nsosn
sn

Kgrupomoe tgropn yoec bnaomumoe uetum kgenecmotmoe

kgenecmotmoe mgkokpuoe posnge
boaok
boaok kgaomu
kgaomumoe
moe netgro
netgromsn
msn slsnoa
slsnoa koupue
koupue hgrpgr
hgrpgroe
oe boaok
boaok anecmu
anecmuec
ecoe
oe
slsnoa. Tosnge bnhoetu uetum kgaomumoe slsnoansosn bgecoe nebnvnbu yoec
obo bnsgmntor posnge.
7. Ro`opoe boaokRgropn Omtnvntos Mgalkplm
Iosg-io
Iosg-iosg
sg boaok
boaok tgropn
tgropn omtnvn
omtnvntos
tos mgalkp
mgalkplm
lm kgeuru
kgeurutt purwoe
purwoenec
necsn`
sn` (84?4)
(84?4)
oboao` sghocon hgrnmut:
?) Trg mgal
mgalkp
kplm
lm
Tobo iosg nen bnkuaon bgecoe kgkhuot tujuoe, kgrgefoeomoe snopo yoec

kgejob
kgej obnn agob
agobgr
gr,, oe
oecc
cclt
lto,
o, tgkp
tgkpot
ot bo
boe
e womt
womtu
u mg
mgcncnot
otoe
oe mg
mgal
alkp
kplm
lm
bnao
bnaoms
msoe
oeom
omoe
oe sgrto
sgrto pr
prlp
lpls
lsoa
oa ag
agec
ecmo
mop
p bg
bgec
ecoe
oe kgbn
kgbnoo op
opoo sojo
sojo yo
yoec
ec
bncueomoe hgsgrto boeo yoec bnhutu`moe.

8) Iosg ow
owoa
Tobo iosg owoa nen obo tnco to`opoe yoec tgjobn yontu:
o) Lrnget
Lrngetosn
osn yontu oecclto
oecclto kuaon
kuaon kgecgk
kgecgkhoe
hoecmo
cmoe
e snstgk
snstgk slsnoa kosnec-
kosnec-
kosnec
kosnec,, agobgr
agobgr kuaon
kuaon kgeue
kgeuejum
jummoe
moe rgefoe
rgefoeoo tgropn
tgropn boe kgecok
kgecokhna
hna
mletrom bgecoe oecclto.

h) Mleianm kgrupomoe koso suant boaok prlsgs mgalkplm, oecclto kuaon

kgknmnrmoe snopo yoec hgrmuoso boaok mgalkplm, hoconkoeo pgroe
oecclto, tucos oeccltoeyo boe soanec mgtgrcoetuecoe yoec omoe tgjobn.
f) Mghg
Mghgrs
rsok
okoo
ooe
e yo
yont
ntu
u oe
oecc
cclt
ltoo kuao
kuaonn hg
hgmg
mgrj
rjoo soko
soko ue
uetu
tum
m kgec
kgecot
otos
osnn
kosoao` boe oecclto kuaon kgegkumoe snopo bnrneyo.

6) Iosg mgrj
rjoo
Tobo iosg nen mgalkplm subo` kgejobn sghuo` tnk, pobo iosg nen omoe
tgrjobn:

o) Iosg yoec kgeygeoecm

kgeygeoecmoeoe hocn
hocn agobgr
agobgr boe
boe oecclt
oeccltoeeyo
oeeyo
h) Tgrosooe plsntni boe egcotni bopot bnmlrgmsn bgecoe `uhuecoe soanec
pgrfoyo yoec tgao` tgrhneo
f) Vg
Vgku
kuoo oecc
oecclt
ltoo hgmg
hgmgrj
rjoo so
soko
ko ue
uetu
tum
m kgef
kgefop
opon
on tu
tuju
juoe
oe yo
yoec
ec tg
tgao
ao`
`
bnsgpomotn
b) Roeccuec
Roeccuec jowoh
jowoh sgtnop
sgtnop oecclto
oecclto soko,
soko, mgfgkosoe
mgfgkosoe kgeurue,
kgeurue, mgalkp
mgalkplm
lm
aghn` stohna boe rgoanstns
g) Mgalkp
Mgalkplm
lm kuaon
kuaon kgecgm
kgecgmspa
spalro
lrosn
sn aghn` jou` sgsuon
sgsuon bgecoe
bgecoe tujuoe
tujuoe boe
tucos mgalkplm boaok kgeygagsonmoe tucoseyo.

i) Iosg nen bntoe

bntoebon
bon bgecoe
bgecoe pgeyga
pgeygagsonoe
gsonoe kosoao` yoec mrgotni
mrgotni
2) Io
Iosg
sg tgrk
tgrkne
neos
osnn
Obo 8 jgens
jgens tgkneo
tgkneosn,
sn, yontu
yontu tgrkne
tgrkneosn
osn om`nr
om`nr boe tgrkneo
tgrkneosn
sn sgkget
sgkgetoro.
oro.
Oecclto mgalkplm kuecmne omoe kgecoaokn tgrkneosn prgkoturg, sumsgs
otou tnbom sumsgs. Rgrkneosn bopot kgeyghohmoe mgfgkoso, rgcrgsn otou
mgfg
mgfgwo
wo.. Wetu
Wetum
m `oa
`oa ntu
ntu tgro
tgropn
pnss pg
pgra
rau
u kgec
kgecgv
gvoa
oauo
uosn
sn mg
mgcn
cnot
otoe
oe bo
boe
e

kgeujummoe
kgeujumm oe snmop hgtopo
hgtopo hgrkomeey
hgrkomeeyoo mgcnotoe
mgcnotoe tgrsghut,
tgrsghut, kgecoejurm
kgecoejurmoe
oe
oecclt
oeccltoo uetum
uetum kgkhgr
kgkhgrnn ukpoe
ukpoe hoanm
hoanm pobo
pobo tno
tnop
p oecclt
oecclto.
o. Om`nr
Om`nr tgropn
tgropn
omtnvntos mgalkplm `orus bngvoauosn, hnso kgaoaun prg otou plst tgst.
H. Rgropn Nebnvnbu
?. Tgecgrtnoe
o) Rgro
Rgropn
pn Ne
Nebn
bnvu
vubu
bu ob
oboa
oao`
o` suot
suotu
u `u
`uhu
huec
ecoe
oe yo
yoec
ec tg
tgrst
rstru
rumt
mtur
ur yo
yoec
ec tg
tgrjo
rjoan
ane
e
oe
oeto
toro
ro pg
pgrow
rowot
ot bo
boe
e mang
mange
e ue
uetu
tum
m kgec
kgecuh
uho`
o` pg
pgrn
rnaom
aomu
u ma
mang
nge.
e. Bn
Bnko
koeo
eo
`uhue
`uhuecoe
coe yoec
yoec tgrjoa
tgrjoane
ne kgrupo
kgrupomoe
moe `uhuec
`uhuecoe
oe yoec
yoec bnsgec
bnsgecojo
ojo bgecoe
bgecoe

tujuoe tgropn, bnaomumoe bgecoe to`opoe snstgkotns (tgrstrumtur) sg`necco

kgaoau
kga oaunn `u
`uhue
huecoe
coe nen bn`orop
bn`oropmoe
moe tgrjob
tgrjobnn pgruho
pgruho`oe
`oe tnecmo
tnecmo`` aomu
aomu mange
mange
sgsuon
sgsuon bgecoe
bgecoe tujuoe
tujuoe yoec
yoec bntgtop
bntgtopmoe
moe bn owoa
owoa `uhuec
`uhuecoe.
oe. @uhuec
@uhuecoe
oe
tgrst
tgrstru
rumt
mtur
ur bo
boao
aok
k tgrop
tgropnn ne
nebn
bnvn
vnbu
buoa
oa ne
nen,
n, hg
hgrtu
rtuju
juoe
oe oc
ocor
or ma
mang
nge
e kokp
kokpu
u
kgeygagsonm
kgeygagsonmoe
oe mleianm
mleianm yoec bnoaokneyo.
bnoaokneyo. Vgaone ntu mange juco bn`oropmoe
bn`oropmoe
kokpu kgrgb
rgbomoe pgebgrn
rnttooe (bnstr
strgss)
ss) gklsnl
snleoa, sgr
grtto
kgecgkhoecmoe foro yoec sgsuon boaok kgkgeu`n mghutu`oe bosoreyo.
h) Vghuo` `uhuecoe yoec tgrstrumtur omoe bnjoane oetoro pgrowot bgecoe
mange eoetneyo hnso kgecuho` pgrnaomu mange. Rgropn nebnvnbuoa kgrupomoe

pgeoecoeoe sgsglroec bgecoe kofok kofok coeccuoe jnwo kgaoaun

pgebgmotoe `uhuecoe nebnvnbuoa oetoro tgropns bgecoe mange tgrsghut.
Vgboecmoe `uhuecoe yoec bnjoane sgebnrn oboao` `uhuecoe yoec kgkoec
bnsgecojo bgecoe tujuoe tgropn boe bnaomumoe pobo to`op snstgkotns otou
tgrstrumtur sg`necco agwot `uhuecoe tgrsghut eoetneyo pgrnaomu mange bopot
hgruho` sgsuon bgecoe tujuoe yoec necne
necne bnfopon (Eosnr & Ku`nt`, 84??)

8. Mgcn
Mgcnot
otoe
oe Rgro
Rgropn
pn Neb
Nebnv
nvnb
nbu
u
Rgrbopot hghgropo mgcnotoe yoec tgrkosum tgropn nebnvnbu boaok mgpgrowotoe

jnwo oboao` sghocon hgrnmut :

o) Kgkh
Kgkhgrgrnm
nmoe
oe hnkh
hnkhneneco
coe
e Vlsno
Vlsnoaa mg
mgpo
pobo
bo lr
lroe
oec
c yo
yoec
ec kgeb
kgebgrn
grnto
to pg
pgey
eyom
omnt
nt
poro` (tgrkneoa naaegs), boe strgss.
h) Kgkhoetu poro pgcowon yoec kgec`obopn pgkutusoe `uhuecoe mgrjo
(T@M) boaok kgkpgrlag` pgaotn`oe boe pgmgrjooe horu.
f) Kgkhgrnmoe
Kgkhgrnmoe hnkhne
hnkhnecoe
coe slsnoa
slsnoa mgpobo
mgpobo posoecoe
posoecoe kubo
kubo yoec
yoec horu kgenmo`
kgenmo`
otou pgaotn`oe pgrgetnec smnaas mgpobo
mgpobo posoecoe yoec
yoec horu kgknanmn
kgknanmn oeom.
(Eosnr & Ku`nt`. 84??)
6. Ro`o
Ro`op-t
p-to`
o`op
op Rgrop
Rgropnn Nebnv
Nebnvnb
nbu
u
Rgrb
Rgrbop
opot
ot hg
hghg
hgrop
ropoo to`o
to`opo
poe
e yo
yoec
ec bn
bncu
cueo
eomo
moe
e bo
boao
aok
k tg
tgrop
ropnn ne
nebn
bnvn
vnbu
buoa
oa ne
nenn
kganputn
kganputn tnco to`opoe
to`opoe yomen to`opoe lrngetosn,
lrngetosn, to`opoe
to`opoe mgrjo boe juco to`opoe
tgrkneosn.
?) Ro`o
Ro`opo
poe
e Lrnge
Lrngeto
tosn
sn

Ro`opoe lrngetosn
Ro`opoe lrngetosn bnaomsoeomoe
bnaomsoeomoe mgtnmo pgrowot
pgrowot kgkuaon
kgkuaon netgromsn
netgromsn bgecoe
bgecoe
mange.
mange. Ro`op
Ro`op lrnget
lrngetosn
osn kgrupo
kgrupomoe
moe jgens
jgens tgropn
tgropn boaok
boaok psnmla
psnmlalcn
lcn yoec
yoec
bnaomumoe soot pgrowot kgkuaon netgromsn bgecoe mange uetum kgkhneo
`uhuecoe
`uhuecoe soanec pgrfoyo.
pgrfoyo. Vgtgao`
Vgtgao` mange kgkpgrfoyon
kgkpgrfoyon pgrowot,
pgrowot, to`opoe
to`opoe
sg
sgao
aoej
ejut
utey
eyoo ob
oboao
oao`
` mang
mange
e hg
hgrso
rsoko
ko pg
pgro
rowo
wott kgeb
kgebns
nsmu
musnm
snmoe
oe op
opoo yo
yoec
ec
kgejobn aotor hgaomoec kuefuaeyo kosoao` pobo mange, opo mleianm yoec
tgrjobn,
tgrjobn, juco pgebgrntooe
pgebgrntooe yoec mange `obopn.
`obopn. Ro`opoe
Ro`opoe lrngetosn
lrngetosn bnom`nrn
bnom`nrn
bgecoe mgsgpomotoe oetoro pgrowot boe mange uetum kgegetumoe tujuoe
yoec
yoec `gebom
`gebom bnfopo
bnfoponn boaok
boaok `uhuec
`uhuecoe
oe pgrowot
pgrowot-ma
-mange
nge boe hoconk
hoconkoeo
oeo

mgcnotoe yoec omoe bnaomsoeomoe uetum kgefopon tujuoe tgrsghut. (Eosnr &
Ku`nt`. 84??)
8) Ro`op
o`opoe
oe Mgr
Mgrjo
jo

Ro`opoe mgrjo bnaomumoe soot mange kgkuaon hnso kgecgmspalrosn bnrn boe
kgecuecmopmoe opo sojo yoec sgboec no oaokn. Rucos pgrowot eoetneyo
tnb
tnbom `oe
`oeyo uetu
etum kgk
kgkpgr`
pgr`ot
otnm
nmoe
oe eoku
okue ml
mlet
etgm
gmss fgrn
fgrnto
to ju
juco
co
kgkpgr`otnmoe pgrosooe mange soot hgrfgrnto. (Eosnr & Ku`nt`.84??)
6) Ro`o
Ro`opo
poe
e Rgrk
Rgrkne
neos
osnn
Ro`opoe
Ro`opoe tgrkneosn
tgrkneosn bnaomumoe
bnaomumoe mgtnmo tgrjoane `uhuecoe
`uhuecoe tgropgutnm
tgropgutnm yoec
subo
subo`
` kgrb
kgrboo boe
boe tgrm
tgrmge
gebo
boan
an yo
yome
menn ma
mang
nge
e su
subo
bo`
` kgro
kgroso
so ag
aghn
hn`
` ho
honm
nm,,
kgkpgran`otmoe pgenecmotoe iuecsn bnrn, slsnoa boe juco pgmgrjooe sgrto
yoec tgrpgetnec oboao` kgefopon tujuoe born tgropn. (Eosnr & Ku`nt`.84??)
 HOH NNN
TGEWRWT
8.? Mgsnkpuaoe

Rgropn
Rgropn Klboan
Klboantos
tos kgrupo
kgrupomoe
moe tgropn
tgropn utoko
utoko boaok
boaok mgpgrow
mgpgrowoto
otoe
e jnwo.
jnwo. Rgropn
Rgropn nen

bnhgrnmoe boaok upoyo kgecuho` pgrnaomu posnge born pgrnaomu yoec koaoboptni kgejobn
pgrnaomu yoec oboptni ( Trohlwl,84?2). Jgens-jgens tgropn klboantos oboao` tgropn omtnvntos
mgalkplm oboao` suotu hgetum psnmltgropn yoec mgcnotoeeyo bnnmutn lag` hghgropo posnge
yoec kgkpueyon kosoao` yoec soko otou sgjgens boe bnpoebu lag` sotu otou aghn` tgropns
pobo soot yoec soko bgecoe foro hgrbnsmusn sotu soko aone. (Vusoeo,84??)
Rgropn nebnvnbuoa kgrupomoe pgeoecoe sgsglroec bgecoe kofok-kofok coeccuoe
jnwo kgaoaun pgebgmotoe `uhuecoe nebnvnbuoa oetoro tgropn bgecoe mange tgrsghut. Vgboecmoe
`uhuecoe yoec bnjoane sgebnrn oboao` `uhuecoe yoec kgkoec bnsgecojo bgecoe tujuoe tgropn
boe bnaomu
bnaomumoe
moe pobo
pobo to`op
to`op snstgko
snstgkotns
tns otou
otou tgrstru
tgrstrumtu
mturr sg`nec
sg`necco
co agwot
agwot `uhuec
`uhuecoe
oe tgrsghu
tgrsghutt

eoet
eoetne
neyo
yo pgrn
pgrnao
aomu
mu mang
mange
e omoe
omoe hgru
hgruho
ho`
` sg
sgsu
suon
on bg
bgec
ecoe
oe tu
tuju
juoe
oe yo
yoec
ec ne
necn
cne
e bn
bnfo
fopo
pon.
n.
(Eosnr & Ku`nt`. 84??)
@uhuecoe yoec tgrstrumtur nen kgknanmn tujuoe ocor mange hnso kgeygagsonmoe kosoao`
yoec sgboec bnoaokn boe juco hnso kgrgbomoe pgebgrntooe otou bnstrgss gklsnleoa sgmoancus
kgecgk
kgecgkhoe
hoecmo
cmoe
e foro
foro yoec
yoec tgpot
tgpot uetum
uetum kgkgeu
kgkgeu`n
`n mghutu
mghutu`oe
`oe bosor.
bosor. Rgrbop
Rgrbopot
ot hghgrop
hghgropoo
to`opoe yoec bncueomoe boaok tgropn nebnvnbuoa nen kganputn tnco to`opoe yomen, to`opoe
lrngetosn, to`opoe mgrjo boe to`opoe tgrkneosn. (Eosnr & Ku`nt`. 84??)
 BOIROX TWVROMO

Bjog
Bjogao
aoe,
e, Vury
uryoe
oen.
n. Rgro
Rgropn
pn klbo
klboan
anto
toss bo
boao
aok
k mg
mgpg
pgro
rowo
woto
toe
e jnwo
jnwo ]L
]Lea
eane
neg[
g[.. Rgrsg
Rgrsgbn
bnoo :
`ttps:
`ttps://w
//www.
ww.ofob
ofobgkn
gkno.g
o.gbu/
bu/677
677607
6078?/
8?/Rgr
Rgropn
opn\kl
\klboa
boantos
ntos\bo
\boaok
aok\mg
\mgpgro
pgrowot
wotoe\
oe\jnwo
jnwo
(9 Oprna 848?)

Mnro
Mnroe
en, F`gf
F`gf`g
`g.. 84?>
?>.. Komoao` Nebnvnbu ]Le
]Leane
aneg[.
g[. Rgrsgbn
Rgrsgbnoo : `ttps:
`ttps://n
//nb.s
b.sfrnh
frnhb.f
b.flk/
lk/
blfukget/2?96?4643/komoao`-nebnvnbu-blfx
blfukget/2?96?4643/komoao`-nebnvnbu-blfx (9 Oprna 848?)

Eur`oanko`. 84?9. KLBWA HO@OE OJOX FGROM MGTGXOSOROE : MGTGXOSOROE

MGTGXOSOROE
JNSO.. Jomorto: Tusbnm VBK Mgsg`otoe
JNSO