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Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
This chapter contains the literature related to the challenges in the implementation
The growing demand for mobility in urban areas and poor public transportation
service has led to congestion. Motorcycles have become popular due to their
operational flexibility and low acquisition costs in rural areas without public
Philippines between 2009 and 2015, outpacing overall vehicle growth. Motorcycles, on
the other hand, are more vulnerable to road accidents, with the highest occurrence of
Motorcycles are popular because of their versatility and practicality, but their
(Napalang et al.,2018). Helmets have been shown to lower the risk of head injuries and
fatalities in motorcycle crashes. However, despite the known benefits, many people,
including university students, refuse to utilize helmets when riding bikes, mopeds, or
By (Moghisi, 2005), traffic accidents kill approximately 1.2 million individuals per
year, with motorcyclists being the majority of those killed within low- and middle-income
Administration and private institutions studied crash statistics and discovered a direct
link between helmet laws and an increase in traumatic brain injuries and death. Helmet
in Iran, with over 2 million in Tehran, particularly among men. As stated (Moghisi A,
2005), head injuries account for nearly 70% of motorcycle fatalities, with non-use or
improper helmet use being the most common cause. Numerous research studies have
shown that wearing safety helmets correctly reduces the number of injuries and
fatalities among motorcycle riders during collisions (Liu BC, et al. 2008). The majority of
nations, including Iran, demand motorcycle riders to wear a helmet at all times while
riding.
By (Stewart et al, 2016) and (Ahmed et al, 2016), helmet use is a common issue in
developing nations, with over 50% of motorcycle accident-related injuries being severe
or fatal. Helmet use is low due to misunderstandings about riders' actions and failures in
enforcement actions. Every year, over a million people are killed or injured in car
accidents around the world, and the total amount of injuries exceeds 20 to 50 times the
value of the fatalities. The majority of these accidents occur in middle nations with low
revenues (World Health Organization Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013:
Brewer et al. (2013) discovered that novelty helmets have 2.26 times the risk of fatal
materials, cover only a portion of the rider's head, and have inadequate chin straps,
according to (Rice et al, 2017). Due to these labels, some courts find it challenging to
enforce a noncompliant helmet citation (NHCRP, 2008, Strategy E1). To strengthen the
requirements for helmet labeling and to make it simpler to demonstrate that a helmet is
noncompliant, the NHTSA issued a Final Rule in May 2011 that went into effect in May
2013. Helmet laws must be strictly enforced, widely publicized, and adequately funded
helmets and those that are not, NHTSA produced a video clip (NHTSA, 2006).
Only 19 states and the District of Columbia in the US have laws requiring all drivers to
wear helmets. As a result, every motorcycle rider is required to put on a helmet each
time they mount their machines. The majority of the remaining states have laws
requiring motorcycle riders under a certain age, such as 17 or 20, to always wear a
helmet when riding (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2017). (Pathway, 2015)
Additionally, there are three states (Iowa, Illinois, and New Hampshire) where the
wearing of helmets while driving is completely unregulated. All nations in the European
Union have passed laws requiring helmet use for anyone riding a motorcycle.
Since there is no way to avoid this law anywhere in the EU, Pathway (2017) concluded
that everyone must always be wearing the proper protective headgear when they are
out on the road, whether they are going for a leisurely ride through the backcountry or to
get to work in the city. Additionally, specific requirements must be met by every helmet
used on UK roads.
Consequently, Bin Achani's 2017 study, head trauma accounts for a significant portion
of traffic-related injuries and deaths, accounting for 88% of fatalities involving motorized
reductions in mortality and morbidity follow increases in helmet use when prompted by
In a comprehensive analysis, Abbas (2015) discovered that not wearing a helmet was
the biggest factor influencing the death rate of motorcyclists in RTIs and that wearing a
helmet lowers the likelihood of dying in an accident. By the 2009 Cochrane systematic
review, wearing a helmet decreased the risk of fatalities and other injuries for
motorcycle crash victims. In comparison to those who don't wear helmets, those who
survive motorcycle crashes have lower expenses related to hospitalization in the US.
There have been several related studies conducted in 2010 that have explored the
barriers and factors associated with the use of helmets by motorcyclists. One study
conducted in Iran found that the most common barriers to helmet use were lack of
enforcement, lack of awareness, and discomfort. The study also found that
helmet use, with those who were more educated and had higher income being more
A study conducted in Pakistan found similar results, with lack of awareness and
discomfort being the two main barriers to helmet use. The study also found that cultural
and religious factors played a role in helmet use, with some motorcyclists viewing
other hand, in China, a study found that enforcement was a significant factor in helmet
use, with areas that had stricter enforcement seeing higher rates of helmet use. The
study also found that younger motorcyclists were less likely to wear helmets than older
motorcyclists.
In 2010, a study led by PhD candidate Ian Walker at the University of Bath explored the
barriers and factors associated with the use of helmets by motorcyclists. The authors
conducted a literature review and identified several key themes that influence helmet
use. One theme was personal beliefs and attitudes towards helmets. The authors found
that motorcyclists who did not use helmets often cited personal reasons such as
discomfort or the belief that helmets hindered their ability to hear or see. Additionally,
the authors noted that some motorcyclists perceived helmets as a sign of weakness or
Another theme identified in the literature review was the influence of peers and social
norms. Studies have found that motorcyclists are more likely to wear helmets when they
believe that their peers wear helmets and when they are in areas with helmet laws.
However, the authors also noted that some motorcyclists may refuse to wear helmets
as a form of rebellion against perceived social norms. The authors also highlighted the
role of helmet laws as a deterrent to helmet use. Studies have shown that helmet laws
are effective at increasing helmet use and reducing motorcycle fatalities. However, the
authors noted that the effectiveness of helmet laws may be limited by enforcement and
compliance issues.
Another related study conducted in 2010 by Peek-Asa et al. found that helmets were
effective at reducing head and facial injuries in motorcycle crashes. They analyzed data
from motorcycle crashes in Iowa and found that riders who were not wearing helmets
were more likely to suffer head and facial injuries than those who were wearing helmets.
The study highlights the importance of helmet use in preventing serious injuries in
motorcycle crashes.
According to Peden et al. (2004), Badea-Romero and Lenard (2013), the majority of
crash fatalities and injuries are sustained by vulnerable road users, such as
Kraus (2008), Bachani et al. (2013), and the World Health Organization (2013),
motorcycle riders are up to 30 times more likely than car occupants to be involved in
fatal crashes, accounting for one-third to more than half of all crash-related fatalities.
Head and neck injuries are the most frequent form of injuries among riders of two-
wheeled vehicles, and they are considered to be the first cause of fatalities following
The study has already looked into the protective effects of wearing a helmet
(Macleod et al., 2010, Byrnes and Gerberich, 2012, Olivier and Creighton, 2017).
According to Liu et al. (2008), wearing a helmet would reduce the risk of brain injury and
fatality associated with crashes by 69% and 42%, respectively. To increase the
percentage of people who wear helmets and their awareness of safety issues,
legislative solutions and educational initiatives have been created and put into place in
about 94% of the world's countries (Liu et al., 2008; World Health Organization, 2015).
The effectiveness of helmet use in underdeveloped nations is still hotly contested (Liu et
al., 2008; World Health Organization, 2015). Additionally, evidence indicates that many
countries' official and self-reported helmet use rates are still low.
The main reasons why Ghanaian motorcyclists don't wear helmets are
obstruction of vision (45%), physical discomfort (36%), and the statement that "not
traveling on long journeys"; less frequently cited reasons include provision costs and
forgetfulness (15% and 20.5%). Although it may appear insignificant, the challenges
perceived danger and windy conditions associated with longer rides, are significant
drivers of this behavior (Akaateba et al., 2015). According to another survey from
Ghana, discomfort (30%), short journeys (27.3%), and helmet ownership (22.8%) were
the top three reasons given for not wearing helmets (Nimako Aidoo et al., 2018).
A study conducted in India by the Indian Journal of Community Medicine found that the
lack of awareness and education about helmet usage was a significant barrier to its use
by motorcyclists (Mohammadi et al., 2022). Additionally, the high cost of helmets and
the lack of availability in rural areas were also identified as obstacles to proper helmet
use. In particular, participants reported that wearing a helmet was not considered
Hejazi, 2011). Furthermore, participants believed that helmets were uncomfortable and
enforcement of helmet laws was critical to promoting helmet use. The study found that
helmet use increased significantly after the government enforced a mandatory helmet
law and began enforcing penalties for non-compliance. Overall, these studies highlight
a complex set of factors that influence helmet use behaviors, including awareness,
helmet promotion and use campaigns must take these factors into account to design
Overall, these studies suggest that there are multiple barriers and factors associated
these barriers and factors through education, awareness campaigns, and stricter
enforcement could help increase helmet use and reduce motorcycle-related injuries and
fatalities.
It is important to note that the challenges faced by police officers in the implementation
of mandatory helmet use may vary across different regions and countries. Local
context, cultural factors, and enforcement strategies can influence the specific
challenges encountered.
The implementation of mandatory use of helmets has been a topic of discussion among
policy makers in many countries around the world. The main challenge facing the
implementation of this policy is compliance, as many individuals often ignore the law
and choose not to wear helmets. Several authors have investigated the challenges
associated with the implementation of mandatory use of helmets, and their findings
According to a study by Zhang et al. (2014), the low compliance with the mandatory
helmet policy in China is partly due to the lack of awareness of the benefits of helmet
usage. The study found that many motorcyclists did not wear helmets because they
believed that they were uncomfortable, did not fit well, or were not fashionable.
approach is needed, which includes targeting both the supply and demand sides of the
helmet market. This includes working with helmet manufacturers to design helmets that
are comfortable, fashionable and fit well, and simultaneously providing the public with
Similarly, another study by Oluwole and Olumide (2015) explored the implementation of
the mandatory helmet policy in Nigeria. The study found that while the policy was widely
accepted, compliance was low due to the lack of enforcement and penalties for non-
compliance. The authors recommended that the Nigerian government should enforce
the policy and impose penalties on individuals who fail to comply with the law.
mandatory helmet policy in Taiwan and found that non-compliance was due to the low
quality and poor enforcement of the helmet law. The authors suggested that in order to
increase compliance, the government must ensure that helmets meet quality standards
and are readily available at affordable prices. Additionally, they recommended that the
government increase enforcement measures and impose high penalties on non-
compliant motorcyclists.
approach is needed, which includes improving the quality and availability of helmets,
The implementation of mandatory helmet use has been a controversial topic in many
countries. While it is widely accepted that helmet use has the potential to reduce head
developing countries. In this article, we will review some related studies from authors in
One of the challenges highlighted by authors in the study "Challenges and opportunities
for improving motorcycle helmet use in Cambodia and Vietnam" by Ozanne-Smith et al.
(2018) is the lack of awareness and understanding of the importance of helmet use. The
authors argue that many people in developing countries view helmet use as merely a
legal requirement and do not understand the real benefits of wearing a helmet. This lack
of awareness and understanding can lead to low compliance rates, which makes the
Another challenge discussed in the study "Factors affecting helmet use among
motorcyclists in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana" by Akaateba et al. (2018) is the
lack of enforcement. The authors argue that enforcement of mandatory helmet use is
essential to improve compliance rates. However, the study found that enforcement is
weak in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, leading to low compliance rates. The
authors suggest that enforcement agencies should collaborate with other stakeholders,
The study "An analysis of the factors that influence helmet use among motorcyclists in
implementing mandatory helmet use: the cost of helmets. The authors argue that the
populations. This is because the cost of helmets may be prohibitively high and may
represent a significant financial burden for some people. To overcome this challenge,
authors Guirguis-Blake et al. (2016) highlight some of the key issues facing
policymakers and advocates when it comes the enforcement of helmet laws for cycling.
Drawing on existing literature, the authors discuss several factors that contribute to the
compliance with helmet laws. Studies have found that even in jurisdictions where
helmet use is mandatory, compliance rates can be low, with many cyclists opting not to
wear helmets despite the risk of injury or fines. For instance, a study conducted in
Melbourne, Australia found that only 44% of cyclists wore helmets, even though helmet
use had been mandatory in the state since 1990 (Hou, Leng, & Shen, 2016). This
suggests that simply mandating helmet use may not be enough to ensure widespread
compliance.
helmet laws. In cases where cyclists are not compliant with helmet regulations, it can be
difficult for authorities to identify and penalize offenders, particularly in urban areas
conducted in Vietnam, for instance, found that while helmet laws were in place, they
were often not enforced due to a lack of police resources (Passmore et al., 2012).
mandatory helmet laws. Some studies have suggested that helmet regulations may
able to afford helmets or who may face other barriers to complying with helmet
regulations. A study conducted in Seattle, for example, found that while helmet use was
significantly higher among white cyclists, non-white cyclists were more likely to receive
citations for non-compliance with helmet laws (Johansson & Kotschwar, 2014).
One study from 2015 supports the challenges mentioned above, highlighting the
regulations. The study found that compliance with mandatory helmet use was low in
certain regions of Vietnam, with only 21.6% of riders wearing helmets in one province.
The study noted that lack of awareness, poor enforcement, and cultural attitudes
towards helmets were among the key challenges faced by police officers in promoting
compliance with helmet use regulations. The study recommended targeted education
and enforcement efforts to address these challenges and improve compliance with
In conclusion, mandatory helmet use has the potential to reduce head injuries in case of
accidents, but its implementation is not without challenges. Studies by authors in 2018
understanding of the importance of helmet use, weak enforcement, and the cost of
Overall, these studies suggest that while mandatory helmet laws may be a useful tool
for promoting cyclist safety, they can also face significant challenges when it comes to
advocates working to implement such laws will need to take these challenges into
account in order to ensure that their efforts are effective and equitable for all cyclists.
Conceptual Framework