Final Edit

Benha University 1st year (Power)
Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra) 2nd Semester, 2022-2023

Electrical Engineering Department Physics of Semiconductor
PROJECT REPORT
Negative Voltage Power Supply -8V
Team BN
Mostafa Saeed El-Sayed 80
Mostafa Mahmoud Mohammed 81
Mahmoud Abdul Ghaffar Mohammed 76
Hayaam Ayman Subhi 89
Hayaam Reda Saied 90
Nourhan Mohammed Ali 87
Warda Ahmad Shawky 91
Youssef Khaled Mossaad 96
Supervisors:
Dr. Ahmed Mustafa Hussein
Dr. Youssef El-Thokaby

Introduction:
Power supplies appear everywhere and knowing how they work will help you select the best
options for your applications. Whether you need high-voltage power on board a ship or need to plug
in a notebook computer to charge, you need a power supply. Because not all models are the same, you
need to know what makes an ac-dc power supply unique, how you can choose the best supplies for
your electrical devices, and much more.
Do not confuse a power supply with a power source. The source is the origin of incoming
electricity. In most cases, the electricity source is an outlet, battery, or generator. The power supply
works to convert the power from the source into the correct format and voltage. Because a variety of
options exist, the specific power supply function depends on whether it needs to regulate energy or
convert power.
Changing voltage is the prime use of power supplies. The source of power has a steady output,
regardless of the type of device that must use it. To prevent overload, power supplies step down the
voltage to match the requirements of the device.
Too much power coming out of a power supply can severely damage a device, but if the power
supply does not deliver enough voltage, the device will not operate as it should. Energy changing is
the main task of power supplies, and the bulk of their construction comes from the transformer used
to move the voltage up or down as needed.
Basic power supplies will change the voltage and convert to DC power. These standard
operations send unregulated voltage out of the power supply, but if you need regulated power, the
devices have an additional step of regulating the voltage to smooth out waves.
2
 Basic power supplies consist of several parts:

• Transformer: The transformer changes the incoming voltage to the needed outgoing voltage
level. These devices may step up or step down the voltage. Typically, the DC voltage required is
much less than the incoming AC voltage from the primary power source.
• Rectifier: To convert the incoming power from AC to DC, the power supply uses a rectifier,
which may be half-wave, full-wave, or bridge.
• Filter: When AC power changes to DC, it still has distinct waves that need smoothing out. The
filter does not completely smooth out the waves to nothing, but it does reduce them
considerably. The output from this part is unregulated power.
• Regulator: A voltage regulator reduces the ripple voltages left by the filter, getting rid of any
voltage surges or drops that could damage devices plugged into the power supply.
 Phases of transforming the voltage wave into the power supply:
3
Calculations:
1- The output is 8 V, and the maximum current is 1 A so, the current rating of the fuse is 1 A and ×
8
The minimum load = vDC = = 8𝛺𝛺
I 1
2- From the red LED data sheets, the forward current is 20 mA, and the typically forward voltage is 1.8 V, so,
the value of limiting resistor can be calculated:
vout-vF 8-1.8 = 310𝛺𝛺 ≈ 330𝛺𝛺

Rlimit = =
IF 20×10-3
3- Finding out the input voltage of the regulator:
From the data sheet of LM7908, the drop voltage is 2 V:
Vin= Vout + 2 → Vin= 8+2= 10V
4- As the input voltage to the regulator is the output of the rectifier, then for the full wave rectifier:
Vp(in) = Vp(out) + 1.4 → Vp(in)=10.5√2 + 1.4 = 16.24 V
5- The value of the electrolytic capacitor connected to the input of the regulator can be calculated from:
SIL S×1
𝐶𝐶 = = = 6250𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 → 4700 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇,3300 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 connect in parallel
Fout×VDC 100×8
6- The transformer output voltage is the input of the bridge, then, for the n ratio of the transformer:
vsec 16⋅24 11.48 1S

𝑛𝑛 = = = =
vPri 220√2 220 220
n=0.052 at Vrms =11.48V → L1=336.61, L2= 1

n=0.068 at Vrms=15 V → L1=216.263, L2= 1
4
Components:
1- Regulator LM7908:
The 7908 V fixed 3-terminal negative voltage regulator delivers up

to 1.5A of output current with adequate heatsinking.
The 7908 can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
Voltages or currents and can also be used as the power-pass element
in precision high-current voltage regulators.
No external components are needed other than to enhance performance
or increase design flexibility.
2- Ceramic capacitors 100nF & 330nF:
Ceramic capacitor may be used as a general-purpose capacitor since it is non-polarized and comes in a
variety of capacitances, voltage ratings, and sizes. It is the most common capacitor used in electrical
circuits. The ceramic capacitor is typically employed in applications that need a small physical size as well
as a significant charge storage capacity. We already know that a capacitor is used to store electric charges.
The mechanism utilized to hold the electric charge in all capacitors is the same, but the substance used to
create the capacitor varies.
Other various applications of ceramic capacitors include:
• Tone compensation
• Volume control RF bypass
• Lighting ballasts
• Automatic volume control filtering
• Antenna coupling
• Resonant circuit
5
3- Heat Sink:
The purpose of using a heat sink is to properly remove heat

from device components to improve device performance and
extend its life. And usually, a heat sink incorporates a fan or
other mechanism to reduce the temperature of a hardware
component, such as a processor. Generally, MOSFETs, IGBTs,
and power ICs are the electronic devices in switch power supplies
that need heat sinks attached to maintain a safe temperature. Usually,
a heat sink is composed of a base plate and fins.
4- Plug:
When connected it to an AC voltage source of 8 volts,

an electric current is passed through the device.
5- Capacitor 4700,3300 (electrolyte):

Used to reduce voltage fluctuations in various filtering devices. Used in output
and input smoothing to filter when the DC signal is weak with the AC component.
They are extensively used for noise filtering or decoupling in power supplies.
An electrolytic capacitor is popularly known as a polarized capacitor, wherein the
anode has more positive voltage than the cathode.
The ripple factor (r) is an indication of the effectiveness of the filter and is defined as
𝑣𝑣r(PP)
𝑟𝑟 =
𝑣𝑣Dc
where Vr(pp) is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage and Vdc is the dc (average) value of the filter's output
voltage. The lower the ripple factor, the better the filter. The ripple factor can be lowered by increasing
the value of the filter capacitor or increasing the load resistance.
6
6- Bread Board:
A breadboard (sometimes called a plug block) is used for building temporary circuits. It is useful to
designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily. It is useful to the person
who wants to build a circuit to demonstrate its action, then to reuse the components in another
circuit.
7- Switch:
A switch responds to an external force to mechanically change an
electric signal. Switches are used to turn electric circuits ON and OFF
and to switch electric circuits.
8- Fuse:
The primary use of an electric fuse is to protect electrical equipment from excessive current and to
prevent short circuits or mismatched loads. Electrical fuses play the role of miniature circuit breakers.
9- Banana Sockets:
Banana plugs are spring-loaded, single wire (conductor)
electrical test connectors used for joining wire to electrical
equipment or electrical circuit boards. Banana connectors
come in two forms, banana plugs or a banana socket.
7
10- Transformer (220v ac to 15v

ac):
The transform briefly is a voltage control device which

can increase or decrease the output voltage. This depends
on the type of transformer, whether it is stepping down to
decrease the voltage or stepping up to increase it. not only a
voltage control device, but it also isolates the ac source from
the rectifier, thus preventing a shock hazard in the
secondary circuit.
In our project stepping down transformer with primary
voltage equals 220v is used. the secondary voltage is
calculated depending on the turns ratio(n). which can be defined as the ratio between secondary turns
(Nsec) to primary turns (Npri). The ratio between turns equals the ratio between voltages. the turns ratio
smaller than 1. so, the secondary voltage is decreased according to this equation,
𝑣𝑣sec = 𝑛𝑛 × 𝑣𝑣Pri
N vsec 1S
𝑛𝑛 = Nsec = vPri
=
Pri 220
11- Red Led (2.2v 20 mA):
Led is a semiconductor device which emits light with some intensity when it gets
proper rated current and voltage .in the project, when the red led is turned on, it is
indication that the power supply is turned on. Using LED wastes less energy in heat
than filament lamps. A resistor in series with LED can be added to limit the current.
12- Full Wave Rectifier:
A Full Wave Rectifier Circuit produces an output voltage or current

which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave
rectifiers have some fundamental advantages over their half wave
rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher
than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much
less ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother
output waveform.
𝑣𝑣P(out) = 𝑣𝑣P 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 1.4
8
The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:
Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier
circuit above is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of single-phase rectifier uses four
individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired
output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special center tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side
of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.
The Diode Bridge Rectifier: -The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs”
with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
:- Working of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

The Positive Half-cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D2 and D3 are
conducted in series while diodes D1 and D4 are reverse biased.
9
The Negative Half-Cycle During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D4 conduct in
series, but diodes D3 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased.
13- Ceramic resistor 330:
Used to limit the current passing through the led
𝑅𝑅limit=vdc-vLed
ILe d(max)
10
14- Terminal block

Used to connect the wires between transformer and PCB
and connect between plug and PCB.
15- Diode 1N4007
Used to protect the regulator from reverse current.
Specifications:
1- Input Voltage: 220 V rms 50 Hz
2- Output Voltage: -8 Vdc ± 10 %
3- Ripple factor (max): 3.00 %
4- Load Current (max): 1 A
11
Tools: (On Reality)
12
13
Steps:
1- At first, we prepared a schematic design using PROTUS depending on calculations of components.
2- Then, we tested it and we made a PCB design of this design to match tracks of current.
14
3- After finishing design, we determine suitable components to do this project according to data sheets.
4- Test circuit of design on breadboard to know if it works or not.
5- Attach the glossy paper to PCB and copy design into copper board using iron.
6- Put the copper board in FeCl3 to remove all copper out board and keep tracks only on it.
7- Use drill to make holes for all components.
8- Clean board from ink and drilling soil using alcohol.
9- By using AVO, test all tracks to see if it connected or not and check there is not any intersection
between tracks.
10- Now, you can connect the same circuit of breadboard in PCB and solder it.
11- Connect PCB board to transformer, fuse, and switch, then test the circuit by AVO.
12- Finally, put this circuit in simple box.
15
Data sheets for components:
16
17
18
19

Final Edit

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Edit

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Benha University 1st year (Power)

Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra) 2nd Semester, 2022-2023

Negative Voltage Power Supply -8V

Dr. Youssef El-Thokaby

 Basic power supplies consist of several parts:

 Phases of transforming the voltage wave into the power supply:

vout-vF 8-1.8 = 310𝛺𝛺 ≈ 330𝛺𝛺

3- Finding out the input voltage of the regulator:

From the data sheet of LM7908, the drop voltage is 2 V:

Vin= Vout + 2 → Vin= 8+2= 10V

Vp(in) = Vp(out) + 1.4 → Vp(in)=10.5√2 + 1.4 = 16.24 V

vsec 16⋅24 11.48 1S

n=0.052 at Vrms =11.48V → L1=336.61, L2= 1

The 7908 V fixed 3-terminal negative voltage regulator delivers up

2- Ceramic capacitors 100nF & 330nF:

Other various applications of ceramic capacitors include:

The purpose of using a heat sink is to properly remove heat

When connected it to an AC voltage source of 8 volts,

5- Capacitor 4700,3300 (electrolyte):

10- Transformer (220v ac to 15v

The transform briefly is a voltage control device which

11- Red Led (2.2v 20 mA):

12- Full Wave Rectifier:

A Full Wave Rectifier Circuit produces an output voltage or current

𝑣𝑣P(out) = 𝑣𝑣P 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 1.4

The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

:- Working of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

13- Ceramic resistor 330:

Used to limit the current passing through the led

14- Terminal block

15- Diode 1N4007

Used to protect the regulator from reverse current.

Tools: (On Reality)

4- Test circuit of design on breadboard to know if it works or not.

7- Use drill to make holes for all components.

8- Clean board from ink and drilling soil using alcohol.

12- Finally, put this circuit in simple box.

Data sheets for components:

You might also like