CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Socialism is a society in which the workers themselves control the means of production and
plan the economy democratically; and all this internationally (Kristeva, 2010). Socialism was first
coined by Saint-Simon in the 1830s in France. This idea arose because of the new social and
economic conditions created in connection with the presence of capitalism in the industrial sector. The
presence of capitalism gives rise to a pragmatism of life, individualistic attitude, consumerism,
hedonism, materialism, and secularism, thus causing several social problems down to the smallest
social unit level such as weakening of emotional ties in the family,

social disorientation and at a large level this behavior ultimately creates a social alliance because it is
far from religion and also social interests in the social life and also the economy of society. Socialist
societies oppose the individual as the basis of the person, and they also think that economic freedom
must involve the state in practice. The idea of socialism seeks to organize industry which is carried
out by the state in a democratic, beneficial manner, using machines that pay attention to humans and
are also wiser in using the results of human intelligence. Not solely to seek profits that exceed those of
the capitalists.

With the development of time, socialism is increasingly widespread in the Asian-African region. In
addition, when the 19th century or even at the beginning of the 20th century, the countries in the Asia-
Africa region were still under the rule of European colonialism. Indonesia was no exception, which at
that time was still called the Dutch East Indies, because indeed during the 19th century and even the
beginning of the 20th century our country was still in the grip of Dutch colonialism. Socialism was
present in Indonesia thanks to a socialist organization formed in 1914 which was formed in Semarang,
namely ISDV or Indische Sociaal-Democratische Veereniging or the Dutch East Indies Social
Democratic Association. This organization was an organization that consisted of Dutch socialists who
came to the Dutch East Indies because the socio-political conditions at that time were very detrimental
to the natives. Its founder is Sneevliet or his full name is Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie
Sneevliet.

His arrival to the Dutch East Indies in 1913 and forming the ISDV organization in 1914 had brought
the ideas of socialism to the Dutch East Indies, which at that time were in the hands of Dutch
colonialism. In the 1920s many movement organizations emerged in the Dutch East Indies which
aimed to win independence from the Dutch colonial government. Indeed, at that time many
Indonesian people could be said to have had enough of their country being used as land for
exploitation by the Dutch Government. The emergence of these organizations also gave rise to figures
who were very vocal in voicing the struggle for Indonesian independence.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. THE DEFINITION OF SOCIALISM

Socialism is a political, economic and social system that aims to create social equality and a fair
distribution of wealth in society. This system involves collective ownership of resources and means of
production, as well as democratic decision-making. The principles of socialism include meeting the
basic needs of all individuals, expanding opportunities, social protection, and solidarity among
members of society. Basically, socialism is a reaction to injustice and social inequality that appears in
the capitalist system. In capitalism, ownership and control over the resources and means of production
is concentrated in the hands of individuals or small groups who own capital. This has led to the
formation of an unequal social class, with wealth and power concentrated in the hands of a few, while
the majority of people struggle to meet their basic needs.

In socialism, collective ownership is considered as a solution to overcome this injustice. This

means that land, factories, companies and other economic resources are owned collectively by the
community or the state. This collective ownership aims to ensure that wealth and economic benefits
are distributed equally among all members of society, thereby reducing existing social inequalities.
One of the main tenets of socialism is democratic economic decision-making. In this system,
decisions about what is produced, how it is produced, and how the results are distributed are made
through the active participation of community members. This approach aims to avoid concentration of
power and wealth in a handful of individuals or groups. Instead, decisions are made through
democratic mechanisms such as elections, voting, or other participatory processes. Socialism also
emphasizes social protection and security for all members of society. This means that every individual
has the right to adequate housing, free and universal education, affordable health care, worker
protection, and guaranteed economic security. These principles aim to eliminate social injustice and
provide equal opportunities for all people to achieve prosperity.

In addition, socialism promotes solidarity and cooperation among members of society. This
includes the formation of strong trade unions, cooperatives, and active participation in political life.
Socialism believes that all people have equal rights and interests in influencing public policies and
building a just and sustainable society. Thus, collaboration and mutual support between individuals
becomes an important part of the structure of socialism. The history of socialism has given rise to
various political movements and revolutions in various countries. In the late 18th and early 19th
centuries, thinkers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed strong socialist theories.
Marxism became one of the main streams of socialist thought, with an emphasis on social change
through proletarian revolution. One of the most famous events in the history of socialism was the
Russian Revolution in 1917.

This revolution overthrew the Tsarist government in Russia and established the Soviet Union led by
the Communist Party. The Soviet Union became an example of implementing socialism with strong
state ownership of economic resources and centralized decision-making.

However, socialism was not limited to the Soviet Union. Socialist movements also emerged in many
European and Latin American countries. In the 20th century, the socialist movement played an
important role in the struggle for labor rights, social welfare, and social change. Several Western
European countries adopted a mixed economic model that combined elements of socialism with free
markets and liberal democracy. It is important to remember that socialism is not a single, uniform
entity. There are different schools of thought and interpretations of socialism, such as democratic
socialism, scientific socialism, anarcho-socialism and market socialism. Each school has a different
emphasis and approach to implementing the principles of socialism. However, the implementation of
socialism has also faced challenges and criticism. Some criticisms focus on the potential for abuse of
power by the state, restrictions on individual freedoms, and the system's inability to promote
innovation and economic efficiency. Some socialist systems also face difficulties in dealing with
global economic changes and competition with capitalist countries. In recent decades, the world has
witnessed major changes in the socialist system. Several countries that previously adhered to
socialism have adopted a mixed economic model, combining elements of socialism with free markets.
For example, China has implemented a model known as "market socialism", which combines state
ownership with free markets and foreign investment.

B. SOCIALISM ACCORDING TO SULTAN SJAHRIR

Sultan Sjahrir, as an Indonesian statesman and political leader in the early days of independence, had
a unique view of socialism. He was one of the founding fathers of the Indonesian state and served as
Prime Minister from 1945 to 1947. In his struggle to create a just and equal society, Sjahrir adopted a
socialist outlook that was influenced by Western thought and also the context of Indonesia's struggle
for independence. Sultan Sjahrir believed that socialism was a system that can overcome social and
economic injustices that exist in society. For him, socialism is the way to achieve social justice,
individual freedom, and common prosperity. He saw that a capitalist system that was oriented towards
individual gain often resulted in sharp economic injustices and disparities.

In Sjahrir's view, socialism is about broadening public participation in decision-making. He supports

social democracy that gives all members of society the opportunity to be involved in political and
economic decision-making processes. He believes that collective ownership of resources and means
of production is a way to reduce domination and concentration of wealth in a few individuals or
groups. As such, he supports public or state ownership of strategic sectors of the economy to ensure
distributional justice and reduce social inequality.

Sjahrir also stressed the importance of education and social welfare in realizing socialism. He believes
that equitable and quality education is a means to empower society and overcome knowledge gaps.
He also supports equitable access to health services and social protection that protects workers and
vulnerable groups in society. Sjahrir's socialist views are also influenced by the context of Indonesia's
struggle for independence. He saw socialism as a tool to overcome colonial domination and
exploitation that had long been experienced by the Indonesian nation. For him, socialism is a
liberation from economic and political domination that is run by the government

colonialism. However, it should be noted that Sultan Sjahrir's views on socialism may have evolved
over time and changes in the political context. He struggled in challenging times, in which the
creation of a new nation and internal conflicts influenced his policies and views. Ultimately, Sjahrir
focused on national development and the unification of Indonesia as an independent nation. To gain a
deeper understanding of Sultan Sjahrir's views on socialism, it is advisable to read his own writings,
speeches, or specially published interviews on his thoughts. In these works, you can find more
detailed thoughts and views as well as a better understanding of how socialism was understood and
interpreted by Sultan Sjahrir in the developing Indonesian context.

C. IDEOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIALISM

Socialism as an ideology advocates collective ownership of natural resources and means of

production. This means that the wealth and means of production in society must be jointly owned and
managed by all members of society, not just by individuals or small groups. This understanding
emerged as a response to social and economic injustices that often occur in a capitalist system, where
wealth tends to be concentrated in the hands of a few people. Furthermore, socialism also emphasizes
the importance of central economic planning which aims to regulate and control production,
distribution, and allocation of resources. overall power. In a socialist system, the government or
related institutions are responsible for planning the economy based on the needs of society, not just
the interests of individuals or companies. This economic plan aims to achieve social goals and
economic justice, by reducing inequality and leading to a more equitable distribution.

The main principles in socialism are social justice and equality. Socialists seek to create a society in
which all individuals have equal opportunities to develop and achieve their potential. This includes
equality of opportunity in education, access to health services, protection of human rights, and gender
equality. Socialists also strive to reduce social and economic disparities between groups in society,
with the goal of ensuring that the wealth generated by society is used for the common good.

Public participation and democracy are also important features of socialism. Socialists believe that
every member of society should have a voice in determining the policies and directions of social
development. This can be achieved through various participation mechanisms, such as direct
democracy, economic democracy, and participation in social and political organizations. Solidarity
and cooperation are also considered important values in socialism, replacing competition and
individualism that often occur in the capitalist system. Meeting basic needs is the main focus in the
ideology of socialism. Socialists seek to create a society in which all members have universal access
to education, housing, healthcare, food, clean water and social protection. In socialist understanding,
basic individual needs are seen as rights that must be fulfilled by the state and society, not as rights
that depend on luck or market forces.

Socialism also has transformative goals. Apart from simply changing the system of ownership and
distribution of wealth, socialists also aim to change society as a whole. This involves structural
transformation and reform of institutions to create a more inclusive, democratic and sustainable
society. Socialists believe that by changing the systems and values that underlie society, we can
achieve broader changes and advance social welfare. In different contexts and countries, the views
and implementation of socialism may vary. There are various socialist streams that prioritize different
principles and have different approaches to the implementation of the ideology of socialism. Some
well-known examples of socialist currents include democratic socialism, scientific socialism,
anarchist socialism, and libertarian socialism. Each school has a different interpretation and emphasis
on the principles of socialism. For example, democratic socialism emphasizes the need to achieve
socialist goals through democratic processes and reforms, while scientific socialism seeks to build
scientific theories and methodologies in analyzing and carrying out social transformations. . Anarchist
socialism, on the other hand, emphasizes the abolition of state authority and hierarchical structures in
society, while libertarian socialism emphasizes individual freedom and the separation of economic
power from political power.

Historically, socialism has been an important force in workers' and social movements in many parts of
the world. The socialist movement has been involved in the struggle for workers' rights, affordable
housing, access to healthcare, universal education, and gender equality. Socialism has also influenced
areas such as art, literature, and culture, with many artists and intellectuals advocating socialist
principles in their works. However, it is important to note that socialism has also faced criticism and
challenges. Some criticisms point to concerns about the loss of incentives in a collectively managed
economic system, as well as the potential for abuse of power by governments in implementing
socialism. Several countries that claim to adhere to socialism also face challenges in implementing the
principles of socialism in an effective and fair manner.

The ideology of socialism has distinctive features that set it apart from other systems. Collective
ownership, central economic planning, social justice and equality, public participation and democracy,
fulfillment of basic needs, and the goal of transforming society are the main features of socialism.
Through this understanding, socialism seeks to create a more just, equal, inclusive and sustainable
society. Although socialism has varied in interpretation and implementation, its aspiration remains to
achieve positive social change and promote shared prosperity.

D. FIGURE OF SOCIALISM

Following are some notable figures in the history of socialism, who have made significant
contributions to the development and thinking of this ideology. This list includes figures from various
socialist currents and various historical contexts.

1.Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Karl Marx is one of the most influential figures in the history of socialism. Together with Friedrich
Engels, he developed the theory of scientific socialism and wrote the Communist manifesto. His most
famous work, Capital, is a critical analysis of capitalism and was instrumental in the development of
the international labor movement.

2. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

Friedrich Engels was a close friend and partner of Karl Marx. Together, they wrote various works
developing socialist theory and thought. Engels also wrote important works such as The Condition of
Labor in England, which examines the impact of industrialization on labour.

3. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Russian revolution and founder of the Soviet socialist state. He
developed the concept of a revolutionary party, and played an important role in the creation of the
world's first socialist state. His works, such as "The State and Revolution," influenced the
development of socialist thought around the world.

4. Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919)

Rosa Luxemburg is a socialist thinker and activist from Poland. He was a member of the German
Social Democratic Party and strove to combine the interests of the workers with the goals of the
socialist revolution. His famous work, "Capital Accumulation," deals with imperialism and the
exploitation of capitalism.

5. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

Leon Trotsky was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution and a major figure in the international
socialist movement. He became the leader of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and was
later exiled by the Stalin regime. Trotsky developed the concept of permanent revolution and wrote
important works on revolutionary theory and strategy.
6.Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

Antonio Gramsci was an Italian thinker and political theorist. He developed the concept of cultural
hegemony and emphasized the importance of cultural change as part of social change. His works,
such as the "Prison Notebooks," made important contributions to political theory and socialist
thought.

7.Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)

Eduard Bernstein was a socialist thinker and politician from Germany. He developed the evolutionary
concept of socialism, which emphasizes socialist change through reform and participation in the
existing political system. His work, "Theoretical and Practical Socialism," sparked an important
debate within the socialist movement of the time.

8. Clara Zetkin (1857-1933)

Clara Zetkin is a socialist feminist and a prominent member of the Social Democratic Party of
Germany. She is a supporter of women's rights and the international struggle of working people.
Zetkin was also involved in the formation of the International Women's Movement and played an
important role in the struggle of women in the socialist movement.

9. Salvador Allende (1908-1973)

Salvador Allende was a socialist politician and the first democratically elected President of Chile. He
led the process of nationalizing major industries in Chile and strove to create a socialist state through
democratic reforms. His rule ended in a military coup backed by the United States in 1973.

10. Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926)

Eugene V. Debs was an American trade union leader and socialist politician. He played an important
role in the American labor movement and was a candidate for president of the Socialist Party of
America five times. Debs is known for his impassioned speeches on social justice and equality.

11. Jean Jaurès (1859-1914)

Jean Jaurès was a French socialist and pacifist politician who fought for social justice and peace. He
was a major supporter of the trade union movement and the founder of L'Humanité, a French socialist
daily newspaper. Jaurès is known for his efforts in preventing the outbreak of World War I.

12. Nadezhda Krupskaya (1869-1939)

Nadezhda Krupskaya is an activist and socialist figure from Russia. She was the wife of Vladimir
Lenin and played an important role in the socialist revolutionary movement. Krupskaya was a
supporter of universal education and the struggle for women's rights.

13.Michael Harrington (1928-1989)

Michael Harrington was an American intellectual and socialist activist. He is the founder of the
Democratic Socialists of America and is known for his work, "The Other America," which examines
poverty and inequality in the United States. Harrington fought for social change through political
change and building a socialist movement in the United States.

14. Clement Attlee (1883-1967)

Clement Attlee was a British socialist politician and British Prime Minister who led the post-World
War II Laburian government. He was the main architect of welfare development in England,
including the founding of the National Health Service and other social policies aimed at overcoming
social inequality and increasing people's welfare.

15. Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)

Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the Vietnamese revolution and the founder of the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam, which later became North Vietnam. He was a socialist and nationalist who
fought against colonialism and imperialism. Ho Chi Minh played an important role in Vietnam's
struggle for independence and promoted socialist principles in building the new nation.

16. Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)

Alexandra Kollontai is a Russian feminist socialist thinker and activist. He was a member of the
Bolshevik Party and was involved in the Russian Revolution. Kollontai was an advocate for women's
rights and fought for gender equality in a socialist society.

17. Julius Nyerere (1922-1999)

Julius Nyerere was a political leader and socialist philosopher from Tanzania. He was the first
president of Tanzania and led the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Nyerere developed the
concept of ujamaa, which promotes social solidarity and collectivity in the development of a socialist
state in Tanzania.

18. Tony Benn (1925-2014)

Tony Benn was an English socialist politician and member of the British Parliament. He was a strong
supporter of the nationalization of industry and the workers' struggle. Benn is also known as a figure
who fought against corporate power and fought for people's rights in politics.

19. Hugo Chávez (1954-2013)

Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan socialist politician and president of Venezuela from 1999 until his
death in 2013. He led the Bolivarian movement and promoted the concept of 21st century socialism.
Chávez is fighting for social justice, inclusion and empowerment of the poor in Venezuela.

20. Jeremy Corbyn (born 1949)

Jeremy Corbyn is an English socialist politician and former leader of the United Kingdom's Labor
Party. He was a strong supporter of social welfare, nationalization of industry and progressive social
change. Corbyn was a controversial but influential figure in the socialist movement in Great Britain.

E. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALISM IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

1.Soviet Union

The development of socialism in the Soviet Union is one of the most important chapters in the history
of the socialist movement. After the October Revolution in 1917 led by the Bolsheviks under the
leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union became the world's first socialist country. The journey
of socialism in the Soviet Union experienced various stages covering economic policies, political
changes, and the challenges it faced. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union faced major
challenges in building a socialist society. One of the first steps taken was the nationalization of
industry and redistribution of land. The Soviet government took over capitalist ownership and
encouraged landowners to divide land among peasants. This measure aimed to end the exploitation of
the working class and create economic equality. In the early period of the Revolution, the Soviet
Union also faced the threat of civil war from counter-revolutionary forces and foreign countries that
tried to overthrow the socialist government. This civil war lasted from 1918 to 1922 and caused great
damage and suffering. However, the Soviet government managed to hold on to power and consolidate
power in the hands of the Bolsheviks.

After a period of civil war, the Soviet Union faced great economic challenges. To restore the
destroyed economy, the Soviet government implemented an economic policy known as the New
Economic Policy (NEP). This policy provides relaxation to the market economy sector by allowing
private ownership and free trade. The goals of the NEP were to strengthen sectors of the economy and
restore production. By the late 1920s, however, Stalin had begun to consolidate his power and
replaced the NEP's policies with more aggressive programs of collectivization and industrialization.
Collectivization of agriculture aims to combine agricultural lands into collectives or states and
increase agricultural production. Although the aim of collectivization was to promote production and
more efficient distribution, its implementation often took place in a coercive manner and elicited
resistance from the peasants.

In addition, the Soviet government implemented a centralized economic plan called the Five Year
Plan. This plan aims to develop the industrial sector through increased production and modernization.
The government controls the allocation of resources and sets high production targets. Despite
achieving significant progress in the industrial sector, the implementation of this plan also had
negative impacts such as scarcity of food and basic necessities. During Stalin's leadership, the Soviet
Union also experienced a period of massive political repression. Stalin purged those who were seen as
threats to power and carried out political persecution that involved exile, imprisonment, and execution
of his critics. This repression created a climate of fear and terror that pervaded Soviet society.
Although the Soviet Union underwent political changes after Stalin's death in 1953, and minor
liberalizations under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, the centralized socialist system persisted until it
finally collapsed in 1991. Various factors , including economic failure, political pressure, nationalist
resistance in the states, and demands for political freedoms and democracy, contributed to the collapse
of the Soviet Union.

The development of socialism in the Soviet Union had a significant impact on the worldwide socialist
movement. The Soviet Union's socialist model provides inspiration and example for other countries
seeking social and economic transformation. However, the experience of the Soviet Union also
provides lessons about the challenges and dangers that can arise in the implementation of socialism,
including power gaps, political repression, and economic failure. In conclusion, the development of
socialism in the Soviet Union includes the initial struggle to consolidate power and build socialist
foundations, to overcome economic challenges and achieve industrialization, as well as periods of
political repression which resulted in suffering and instability. These developments also provide
valuable lessons about the dynamics and complexities of implementing socialism in practice.

2. People's Republic of China

The development of socialism in the People's Republic of China is a long and complex journey,
involving revolutions, economic changes, political changes, and challenges encountered in achieving
socialist goals. In the following paragraphs, I will give an overview of the development of socialism
in the People's Republic of China:The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949 after
the victory of the Communist Revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under the
leadership of Mao Zedong. This revolution ended the rule of the Kuomintang and established a
socialist system in China. The journey of socialism in China experienced various stages which
included agrarian reform, industrialization, political change, and the challenges it faced. After coming
to power, the CCP government under the leadership of Mao Zedong launched an agrarian reform
program aimed at abolishing feudal land ownership and distributing land to farmers. . This policy
creates a solid foundation for supporting socialist development in the agricultural sector and achieving
social equality. Peasants were empowered as the dominant class in the construction of socialism in
China.

Subsequently, in an effort to achieve broader economic transformation, the Chinese government

launched an industrialization campaign known as the "Great Change" in 1958. Its main objective was
to increase industrial and agricultural production by organizing the workforce into communes and
establishing industry on a communal basis. . However, this campaign faced challenges and failures,
with detrimental effects such as food scarcity, economic loss, and pressure on society. After the
experience of the Great Change, the Chinese government adopted a more flexible policy by launching
an era of economic reform in 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping . These reforms aim to
open China's economy to foreign investment, develop the private sector, and increase economic
efficiency through market mechanisms. The main goal is to achieve higher economic growth and
improve people's welfare. Economic reforms in China had a significant impact on the development of
socialism in the country. Through policies of opening up and liberalizing the economy, China has
succeeded in attracting foreign investment, developing the manufacturing and export sectors, and
creating large employment opportunities. Rapid economic growth helps reduce poverty and raises the
overall standard of living of the people.

However, the development of socialism in China was also marked by internal challenges and
contradictions. After Mao Zedong's death in 1976, there was a political struggle within the CCP
between groups that represented the reform direction and groups that still maintained more traditional
socialist ideology and practices. Despite ongoing economic reforms, China's political policies remain
governed by the CCP, which maintains strong political control.

During the development of socialism in China, the country also faced challenges in terms of human
rights and political freedoms. Despite improvements in economic prosperity, the Chinese government
has also been accused of human rights violations, such as the detention and abuse of human rights
activists, the suppression of freedom of expression, and the restriction of religious freedom.

The development of socialism in the People's Republic of China continues today. The Chinese
government continues to carry out economic reforms, trying to overcome social inequality, increase
environmental protection, and build a more inclusive society. However, challenges such as economic
inequality, social inequality, and human rights issues remain part of the debate and course of
socialism in China. In conclusion, the development of socialism in the People's Republic of China
involves revolution, agrarian reform, industrialization, and economic reforms aimed at to achieve
social equality and people's welfare. China underwent significant economic and political changes on
the way to socialism, but also faced challenges and controversies. The development of socialism in
China remains an important topic in global politics and economics.
3. Cuba

The Cuban Revolution in 1959 brought about profound changes in Cuba's political and economic
system. Batista's corrupt and authoritarian government was overthrown by a revolutionary movement
led by Fidel Castro. This revolution aims to end capitalist exploitation, abolish the policies of US
imperialism, and bring about a more just and egalitarian society. After taking power, the Cuban
government took significant socialist steps. One of the first steps taken was the nationalization of
industry and natural resources, including foreign companies operating in Cuba. This policy aims to
take over control of the economy from the capitalists and direct resources to the public sector for the
benefit of the people. Subsequently, the Cuban government launched an agrarian reform program
aimed at ending large land ownership and distributing land to small farmers. This step creates a more
equitable economic basis in the agricultural sector and strengthens the participation of farmers in the
development process. This program also supports efforts to achieve food sovereignty and economic
independence.

During the initial period of the revolution, Cuba also faced pressure and threats from the United States
government which did not agree with the ongoing socialist transformation. The occurrence of the Bay
of Pigs Massacre in 1961 and the economic embargo imposed by the US on Cuba posed a major
challenge to the development of socialism in that country. Despite facing international isolation and
pressure, Cuba has remained steadfast in its determination to achieve socialism and maintain its
national sovereignty.

The development of socialism in Cuba also involved efforts to create a social welfare system that
involved universal access to education, health care, and housing. The Cuban government places a high
priority on providing public services and creating programs that promote social equality. Cuba is also
famous for its international health program, which sends doctors and medical personnel to developing
countries around the world. During the development of socialism in Cuba, the country also faced
economic and resilience challenges. Limited resources, US embargo policies, and lack of technology
are obstacles to economic development. However, the Cuban government has taken steps to overcome
this challenge through economic reforms aimed at introducing market elements in the socialist
system, such as the development of the tourism sector and foreign investment. Although some
changes have taken place in the Cuban economy, the country has remained committed to the
principles -socialist principles and collective ownership of key resources. The Cuban Communist
Party remains the dominant political force, and its long-term goal is to achieve a more advanced and
sustainable socialism.

The development of socialism in Cuba has changed the country's political and economic system. The
Cuban revolution resulted in significant transformations in resource ownership, public sector
development, and universal access to social services. Cuba has faced challenges and pressure from
outside, but has remained steadfast in its determination to achieve socialist goals. The development of
socialism in Cuba provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities that arise in the struggle
to achieve a more just and egalitarian society.

4. Venezuela

The development of socialism in Venezuela has undergone a complex journey, with significant
changes and challenges. Under the leadership of former President Hugo Chávez, Venezuela entered
the era of "21st Century Socialism" which marked the country's political, economic and social
transformation. The development of socialism in Venezuela began in 1999 when Hugo Chávez was
elected President. Chávez was a charismatic and visionary leader, who served for 14 years before his
death in 2013. His reign was marked by efforts to change Venezuela's political and economic system
through what he called the "Bolivarianan Revolution". One of the important pillars of the
development of socialism in Venezuela is the nationalization of the country's oil industry, namely
PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.). This measure aims to take state control over Venezuela's rich
oil resources, previously controlled by foreign companies. The nationalization of PDVSA generated
significant oil revenues for the country and allowed the government to allocate these funds for a wide
range of social programs.

One of the well-known social programs is the Barrio Adentro Mission, which aims to provide access
to free health for people who previously could not afford it. Through this program, thousands of
health centers and public hospitals were established throughout the country, with medical personnel
from Cuba and Venezuela working together to provide health services to the people. This program has
provided better access to healthcare for millions of Venezuelans.

Additionally, Mission Robinson and Mission Ribas are educational programs launched to combat the
country's high illiteracy rate. This program provides literacy courses and basic education for
Venezuelans who previously did not have access to adequate education. Through this program,
thousands of adults were able to acquire basic literacy skills and the opportunity to continue their
education. Developments in socialism in Venezuela also included agrarian reforms aimed at reducing
inequality and strengthening the country's agricultural sector. The Chávez government is pushing for
land expropriation and redistribution to smallholders, with the aim of reducing dependence on
imported food and promoting food sovereignty. This step aims to empower small farmers and increase
domestic food production.

However, the development of socialism in Venezuela also faces challenges and controversy. Rapid
social and economic change often means that policy implementation is not always smooth and
conflicts arise with groups that feel disadvantaged by the reforms. In addition, the policy of
nationalization and state control over the economic sector has also faced pressure from the private
sector and foreign economic powers. Over the years, Venezuela has also experienced serious
economic problems. Despite its natural resource wealth, the country faces high inflation, a budget
deficit and declining oil production. This was mainly influenced by fluctuations in world oil prices
and controversial economic policies. International economic sanctions also had a negative impact on
the Venezuelan economy. After Chávez's death, Nicolás Maduro took over as Venezuela's leadership
and continued the socialist agenda abandoned by his predecessor. However, Maduro's time in power
was marked by political tension, economic instability and deep social problems. The country faces a
complex crisis situation, including rising inflation rates, scarcity of basic goods, and security
concerns.

The development of socialism in Venezuela has resulted in significant changes in the political,
economic and social structure of the country. Through the nationalization of the oil industry, social
programs, and agrarian reform, Venezuela is trying to achieve socialist goals in terms of social justice,
economic equity, and popular participation. However, the challenges and controversies faced, along
with serious economic problems, have presented major challenges to the journey of socialism in this
country.

5. Vietnam

The development of socialism in Vietnam has undergone an interesting and complex journey since the
country's independence in 1945. Vietnam is a country that fought for independence from colonialism
and imperialism, and through a long struggle, succeeded in establishing the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam in 1976. In the following paragraphs, I will explained the development of socialism in
Vietnam. After a long war against French colonialism, Vietnam was divided into two separate
countries in 1954, namely North Vietnam led by the Vietnamese Communist Party and South
Vietnam led by a Western-backed regime. However, through the Vietnam War which raged for more
than a decade, the Vietnamese people reunited their country under socialist leadership in 1975. After
unification, the Vietnamese government initiated socialist construction and adopted socialist
principles in the country's political and economic system. Initially, Vietnam adopted a strong
economic model centered on the state and adopted agricultural collectivization. However, by
observing developments in the Soviet Union and China, Vietnam then made a policy change towards
a socialist market economy.

In 1986, Vietnam launched a policy known as "Doi Moi" or Renovation. This policy aims to reform
the economy by opening doors for foreign investment, encouraging the private sector, and introducing
market mechanisms in a socialist system. Doi Moi brought significant changes to Vietnam's economy
and resulted in high economic growth, attracting foreign investment, and reducing poverty. Over the
following decades, Vietnam continued to carry out economic reforms to improve efficiency and
competitiveness. The country has achieved strong economic growth and has undergone a
transformation from an agrarian country to a more industrial and export oriented country. The private
sector and business are thriving, but the state retains control of key sectors and an important public
sector. In addition to economic reforms, Vietnam also has a strong focus on developing human
resources and social services. The country has invested significant resources in education, health care,
and housing to improve people's lives and well-being. Vietnam has also made significant progress in
reducing poverty, increasing life expectancy, and providing wider access to education for its people.

The development of socialism in Vietnam also includes broad political participation of the people.
The Vietnamese Communist Party remains the dominant political force in the country, with a strong
and hierarchically organized organizational structure. General elections are held regularly, although
only one party is allowed. However, freedom of expression and human rights are still a challenge in
the political context of Vietnam. Although Vietnam has made significant progress in the development
of socialism and its economic transformation, there are still challenges to be faced. Corruption, social
inequality, regional inequality, and environmental problems are some of the issues that Vietnam is
still facing. However, the Vietnamese government continues to strive to improve social and economic
conditions, as well as build a more just and sustainable country.

In conclusion, the development of socialism in Vietnam has resulted in significant changes in the
country's political, economic and social system. Through economic reform and social development
policies, Vietnam has succeeded in achieving high economic growth and reducing poverty levels.
However, there are still challenges that need to be overcome to reach the goal

F. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALISM IN INDONESIA

a. History

The origins of the socialist movement in Indonesia can be traced to the late 19th and early 20th
centuries when the Dutch colonial power was gaining strength. The social injustice experienced by
indigenous people, especially workers and farmers, sparked the emergence of the socialist movement.
One of the first known socialist figures in Indonesia was Semaoen, an activist who advocated worker
welfare and the abolition of private ownership of the means of production. In 1914, the Indonesian
Communist Party (PKI) was founded with Semaun as one of its leaders. The PKI became the largest
socialist political organization in Indonesia and played an important role in the Indonesian
independence movement. During the Dutch colonial period, the socialist movement was increasingly
active in the struggle against imperialism and colonialism. Socialist figures such as Tan Malaka
became leaders of movements that combined nationalism and socialism in the struggle against Dutch
colonialism.

In 1945, Indonesia won independence after struggling against Dutch colonialism. Initially, the PKI
supported Sukarno's government, which adhered to nationalist and socialist ideologies. The PKI had a
strong influence on Indonesian politics and society during this period. However, relations between the
PKI and the government became strained as political tensions grew in the country. In 1965, things
took a drastic turn. The PKI was accused of being involved in the failed coup attempt and there was
widespread violence against PKI members and sympathizers. This tragedy is known as the "PKI
Massacre" and resulted in millions of people being killed, imprisoned, or subjected to persecution.
After this tragedy, socialism experienced widespread repression in Indonesia and the PKI was
declared illegal. However, after the fall of the New Order regime in 1998, the political atmosphere in
Indonesia became more open. Socialism began to re-emerge as a significant political force. Several
political parties with socialist ideology such as the People's Democratic Party (PRD) and the Labor
Party (PBI) were founded. Although they have not achieved significant popularity, they have played a
role in promoting socialist values and bringing social issues into the political arena.

At the academic level, socialist thought is still alive in Indonesia. Many academics and intellectuals
were involved in socialist studies and thought. They analyze social problems and look for alternative
solutions to create a more just and egalitarian society. In the labor world, the socialist movement is
also active in protecting workers' rights and creating better working conditions. Organizations such as
the Confederation of Indonesian Trade Unions (KSPI) and the Indonesian Prosperous Labor Union
(SBSI) strive to improve workers' welfare and fight for social justice in the labor sector.

In Indonesian society, socialist influences are seen in social movements that aim to advocate for social
justice and social welfare. Organizations such as cooperatives, farmers' groups, and social rights
advocacy groups strive to protect the interests of the people and create a more just system. However,
despite the development of socialism in Indonesia, the political mainstream in the country is still
dominated by political parties. with more moderate ideologies, such as nationalism and democracy.
Socialism is still a minority in the Indonesian political spectrum.

b. Development

The development of socialism in Indonesia is an important aspect in the political and social history of
this country. As a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia has complex
and varied political dynamics, including the influence and development of the socialist movement.
The development of socialism in Indonesia can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries
when socialist movements began to emerge. One of the first known socialist figures in Indonesia was
Semaoen, an activist who advocated workers' welfare and the abolition of private ownership of the
means of production. In 1914, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was founded with Semaun as
one of its leaders. The PKI became the largest socialist political organization in Indonesia and played
an important role in the Indonesian independence movement. During the Dutch colonial period, the
socialist movement was increasingly active in the struggle against imperialism and colonialism. Tan
Malaka, a socialist and nationalist thinker, became one of the key figures in the resistance movement
against the Dutch colonialists. He developed a theory of national and socialist struggle that influenced
many thinkers and activists of the time. However, the development of socialism in Indonesia
underwent a dramatic change after independence in 1945.
Initially, the PKI supported Sukarno's government, which adhered to nationalist and socialist
ideologies. The PKI had a strong influence on Indonesian politics and society during this period.
However, relations between the PKI and the government became strained as political tensions grew in
the country. In 1965, things took a drastic turn. The PKI was accused of being involved in the failed
coup attempt and there was widespread violence against PKI members and sympathizers. This tragedy
is known as the "PKI Massacre" and resulted in millions of people being killed, imprisoned, or
subjected to persecution. After this tragedy, socialism experienced widespread repression in Indonesia
and the PKI was declared illegal. However, after the fall of the New Order regime in 1998, the
political atmosphere in Indonesia became more open. Socialism began to re-emerge as a significant
political force. Several political parties with socialist ideology such as the People's Democratic Party
(PRD) and the Labor Party (PBI) were founded. Although they have not achieved significant
popularity, they have played a role in promoting socialist values and bringing social issues into the
political arena.

Apart from political parties, socialist movements also emerged in the form of mass organizations and
trade unions. Socialist labor movements such as the Confederation of Indonesian Trade Unions
(KSPI) and the Indonesian Prosperous Labor Union (SBSI) fight for labor rights and fight for social
justice in the labor sector. They fight labor exploitation and strive to promote better working
conditions.

In the academic world, socialist thought is still alive in Indonesia. Many academics and intellectuals
were involved in socialist studies and thought. They analyze social problems and look for alternative
solutions to create a more just and egalitarian society. At the societal level, socialist influences are
visible in social movements that aim to advocate for social justice and social welfare. Organizations
such as Cooperatives, farmers' groups, and social rights advocacy groups seek to protect the interests
of the people and create a more just system.

However, despite the development of socialism in Indonesia, the political mainstream in this country
is still dominated by political parties with more moderate ideologies, such as nationalism and
democracy. Socialism is still a minority in the Indonesian political spectrum. The development of
socialism in Indonesia has undergone various changes along with the course of the country's political
and social history. From the period of the struggle for independence to the 1965 tragedy and then the
rise of post-New Order socialism, socialism continues to have an influence and an important role in
Indonesian politics and society. Although they have not yet received widespread support, socialist
values continue to be championed by several political parties, the labor movement and civil society
organizations.

c. The role of socialism in Indonesia

The implementation of socialism in Indonesia has been a controversial subject that has attracted the
attention of many people since its independence in 1945. As a country that was newly independent
from Dutch colonial rule, Indonesia tried to implement socialist principles in its political and
economic system. However, the implementation of socialism in Indonesia did not always run
smoothly and faced many challenges. In this article, we will explore the development of the
application of socialism in Indonesia from the early days of independence to the present, including the
socialist policies adopted, the challenges faced, their impact on society, and an evaluation of the
implementation of socialism in Indonesia. After the proclamation of independence in 1945, the
leaders nationalists such as Soekarno and Soekarni had fought for socialist principles in the
Indonesian constitution. Previously, socialist ideas had existed in Indonesia since before
independence. Figures such as Tan Malaka and Semaun have influenced the Indonesian nationalist
movement with their socialist ideas. They saw socialism as a way to achieve independence and social
justice for the wider Indonesian people

.In the first Indonesian constitution, namely the 1945 Constitution, socialist principles were listed
such as state ownership of natural resources and strategic sectors, as well as the role of the state in
regulating the economy for the welfare of the people. However, the implementation of these socialist
principles did not always go smoothly. Indonesia faces a big challenge in creating a political and
economic system that conforms to socialist principles. One of the socialist policies adopted by the
Indonesian government is the nationalization of industry and land redistribution. At the start of
independence, the Indonesian government nationalized key sectors of the economy, including foreign
oil companies. It aims to take state control over natural resources and increase people's welfare
through the use of national wealth. In addition, a land redistribution program was also carried out to
provide access to land for farmers who were previously marginalized by an unfair land system.

However, the implementation of these policies is often faced with challenges from the private sector
and foreign interests who do not want to lose control over economic resources.

d. Challenges of socialism in Indonesia

One of the main challenges in implementing socialism in Indonesia is the strong resistance from the
private sector and foreign interests. At the start of independence, many foreign companies that
invested in Indonesia felt threatened by the nationalization and land redistribution policies adopted by
the government. They don't want to lose control of the economic resources they control. As a result,
there was active resistance and sabotage of the government's socialist policies. This slowed down the
implementation of socialism and created tension between the private sector and the government.
Another challenge faced in implementing socialism in Indonesia was political instability and internal
conflicts. Since independence, Indonesia has experienced various political conflicts, including
conflicts between political parties, separatist movements, and ideological divisions. This political
instability has hindered the consistent and effective implementation of socialist policies. In addition,
internal conflicts in the form of separatist movements have also diverted the government's focus and
resources from socialist efforts.

In addition to political challenges, corruption and inefficient administration are also serious challenges
in the implementation of socialism in Indonesia. Corruption has become a chronic problem in
Indonesia and has hindered the effective implementation of socialist policies. Corruption practices
affect the allocation of resources that should be used for socialist programs, thereby reducing the
positive impact that should be achieved. In addition, inefficient administration and complicated
bureaucracy also created obstacles in the implementation of socialist policies, causing delays and
failures in the provision of effective public services. Another challenge in implementing socialism in
Indonesia is the existence of different views and divisions between political and public. Indonesia has
a diverse society in terms of ethnicity, religion, and culture. These differences created challenges in
unifying visions and gaining consensus on the implementation of socialism. Different groups of
people may have different views about socialism and how best to implement it. This can impede
progress and produce conflicts in efforts to implement socialism.

In addition to these challenges, changes in global political and economic dynamics have also affected
the implementation of socialism in Indonesia. Changes in the direction of global economic policies,
such as economic liberalization and globalization, have created new pressures and challenges in
implementing socialism. Indonesia also faces pressure and influence from big countries and
international financial institutions in determining the direction of its economic policies. In facing
these challenges, the Indonesian government has made various efforts to overcome obstacles in
implementing socialism. For example, efforts are being made to increase transparency and
accountability in government, strengthen the legal system, and involve citizens in decision-making
processes. In addition, steps were taken to strengthen the public sector and reduce dependence on the
private sector and foreign interests.

Overall, the implementation of socialism in Indonesia has faced many challenges which have affected
its success and impact. Despite this, the government and society continue to work to overcome these
obstacles and find ways to apply socialist principles in the unique Indonesian context. Continuous
evaluation and adjustments need to be made to ensure that the implementation of socialism provides
significant benefits for Indonesian society as a whole.

e. The reason is that the socialist system is more effective than the capitalist system

The system of socialism and the system of capitalism are two economic and political models that have
fundamental differences. In a socialist system, there is an emphasis on collective ownership and
control of resources and production. This principle aims to reduce economic and social inequality by
limiting the accumulation of unlimited wealth. As a result, the distribution of wealth becomes more
equitable in a socialist society. Wealth and power are not concentrated in the hands of a few
individuals or large corporations, but are distributed more evenly among members of society. This
creates greater opportunities for all citizens to benefit from economic progress. In addition, the
socialist system seeks to provide universal access to basic services such as education, health, housing,
and decent work. In the capitalist system, access to these services often depends on the individual's
financial ability.

The socialist system seeks to address disparities in public services by ensuring that all members of
society have equal access. This ensured that human rights, such as education and health care, were not
dependent on the financial means of individuals, but were considered universal rights. Democratic
control of economic decisions was another key aspect of a system of socialism that has the potential to
be more effective than capitalism. Under the capitalist system, crucial economic decisions are often
made by the private sector or by business elites who are not democratically elected. Under socialism,
these decisions are made in a participatory manner by society as a whole. This means that decisions
regarding investment, resource allocation, and economic policy are based on the social interests and
welfare of society as a whole. This democratic control allows people to have a say in the direction and
goals of their economic development, and protects them from the exploitation that might occur in the
capitalist system.

Furthermore, the socialist system can also provide benefits in terms of increasing social stability. In
capitalism, sharp economic disparities and economic uncertainty can create social tensions that are
detrimental to society as a whole. By reducing inequalities and providing social security, socialist
systems can reduce tensions and increase social stability. This is because a socialist society adheres to
the values of equality, justice and social solidarity which reduce conflict and discontent.

Lastly, socialism can also produce a better environmental impact than capitalism. The capitalist
system is often associated with unlimited economic growth and exploitation of natural resources. In
an effort to achieve rapid growth, there is often a lack of adequate protection of the environment. In
the socialist system, focusing on sustainable development and the long-term interests of society,
environmental protection measures can be better taken. Socialism encourages the sustainable use of
resources, the development of renewable energy and the control of pollution.
However, it is important to remember that the practical implementation of a socialist system may face
challenges and drawbacks. Historical experience shows that authoritarian socialism can produce
restrictions on individual freedoms, sluggish bureaucracy, and difficulties in economic innovation.
However, with careful planning, strong democratic control, and effective oversight mechanisms,
socialism can be an effective system for achieving social justice, societal welfare, and environmental
sustainability.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

The ideology of socialism is an ideology that prioritizes common interests in equality and equality in
living life in order to realize the harmony and prosperity of the people. The influence of the ideology
of socialism extends to the international sphere. Not only western countries, socialism understands
that there is no class between the rich and the poor, so no one can be called an employer or a worker
because all have the same rights. Besides that, the ideology of socialism has advantages and
disadvantages, one of which is the existence of a very high sense of solidarity and togetherness in
mutual cooperation between the people and has disadvantages, namely the presence of high solidarity.
sometimes human rights are ignored for the sake of common interest but the ideology of socialism
cannot be applied in Indonesia which has various religions, ethnicities, races and cultures because this
ideology can lead to an attitude of individualism which creates indifference between the behavior of
fellow citizens due to imitating culture from outside. The ideology of socialism with Pancasila can be
viewed from the legal, religious, economic context and the nature of its ideology.

B. Suggestion

That's what we can describe about our group paper, namely socialism, of course there are still many
shortcomings and weaknesses. Due to limited knowledge. We realize that this paper is not perfect,
therefore we expect criticism and suggestions that build the perfection of our papers and the results of
our work on occasion. next chance.