ENERGY AND CHANGE OF

STATE OF MATTER
LEARNING OBJECTIVES : Learner will be able to
- Describe change of state of matter
- Use the particle theory to explain the change of state of matter
Substances can change state by absorbing energy in
the form of heat or losing energy in the form of
heat.
A change of state of a substance is called a PHYSICAL
CHANGE.
It means the change can be reversed. Examples of
change of state of matter are Melting, Freezing
,Evaporating, Boiling, Condensing and Sublimation
 MELTING
is the change of state of a substance from the solid state to
liquid state by absorbing energy in the form of heat.
Solid Liquid
or example, ice (solid) melts to form liquid water.
Melting point is the temperature at which a pure solid melts.
uring melting, the temperature stays the same (it is
onstant)
he energy in the form of heat is used to overcome the
ttractive forces between the particles so that a liquid forms
The melting point of pure water is 0 (zero)
degree Celsius
Melting can be explained in terms of the Particle theory.
The particles in a solid vibrate on point.
When a solid is heated, the particles gain more energy and
vibrate faster and push each other further apart. The solid
expands. If the solid is further heated, the particles vibrate
so much that the attractive forces between them are no
longer strong enough to hold the particles in a regular
pattern. The particles are able to move around each other
and a liquid is formed.
 FREEZING
It is the changing of a substance from the liquid state into
a solid state by losing energy in the form of heat.
Liquid Solid
Freezing is the opposite of melting.

Freezing Point: It is the temperature at which a pure

liquid changes to solid.
For example, the freezing point of pure water is 0 (zero)
degrees Celsius
NB The melting point and the freezing point of any pure
substance is the same.
The particle theory can be used to explain freezing.
The particles in a liquid are able move around each
other. The attractive forces between the particle are
weak.
When a liquid is cooled, the particles lose more energy
and move more slowly. On further cooling, the particles
move more slowly and closer to each other. Eventually
the particles possess very little energy. They vibrate on
the spot. The particles arrange themselves in a regular
manner and a solid is formed.
EVAPORATION
It is the changing of a liquid into a gas at the surface
of the liquid by absorbing energy in the form of heat.
Evaporation occurs at any temperature.
Evaporation can be explained in terms of the particle
theory.
The particles in a liquid move around each or move
past each other.
When a liquid is heated, the particles gain more
energy and move more freely. On further heating,
some of the particles at the surface have enough
energy to break away from other particles and
escape as a gas int the atmosphere.
 BOILING
It is the changing of a substance from a liquid into a gas by
absorbing heat and it takes place throughout the liquid.
Bubbles are seen throughout the liquid.
A liquid boils at a particular temperature called the Boiling
point
For example, pure water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at a
standard pressure. At the boiling point, the temperature
stays the same. The energy absorbed is used to overcome
the attractive forces between the particles
When a liquid is heated, the particles gain more
energy and move more quickly, On further heating ,all
the particles in the liquid have enough energy to
break away from each other. The particles escape into
the atmosphere as a gas.
NB The melting point and the boiling point can be
used to check the purity of a substance. This is
because every substance has unique melting and
boiling points. A pure substance is a single substance
and contains no other substance.
 CONDENSATION
It is the changing of a substance from a gas state into a
liquid state by losing heat.
Gas Liquid
Gases have very weak attractive forces between the
particles. The gas particles move more freely and at
high speeds. When a gas is cooled, the particles lose
more energy and move more slowly. On further cooling,
the particles lose more energy and move closer
together.
The attractive forces between the particles become
stronger and a liquid forms.
SUBLIMATION
It is the changing of a solid directly into a gas or gas to
solid without passing through the liquid state.
Examples of substances that sublime are
- Solid carbon dioxide (Dry ice)
-Iodine crystals (a grey solid and its vapour is purple in
colour) Ammonium chloride, Sulfur and Naphthalene
balls