Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G6-NM4(6M15%:*>
)I93)=KF11*>7&H>2
NL-7>>+*-326=613
(3-<5G+0=
4210'.I8%;(J2&2F=*7.<
F>M6J(-2,M),,7O/*G(H=J*4NN(,&K(*O
F&*H2
3:-4=N<)*)I,O
4;G<<*0I)G*G)HN:G;5'75)6;KG%+746;&L790G;)/1%&05,J6+)FG1G2%0).1<
1:0M'N)38(=6/(,9O91/H5.G3<52*677F-7-3'F>JJH-K+*I0:&%&IO(:>+7NG
(,IL4K>OJN%1'=K4MM=<6*,3
*4-1.%
L';J49.H;5;46)(M<7<M(6(=H<K
(%0L0GO,93:).&KG0))/N(G0-;M3+=-<.)L82<;L<)N2*=N(1N1+-H,4,GO
3O3NMO,=MF-(8*O4,'75'><-&,H
2F8M(J8;-=J0//+L3O=N'8+>>3HI2:IF(*4*4:,9-<'8G%1M.LN3'MO=4:2/>99
N/F'%K*0%7>9M8=95(:3F%:/<NL.0.0O<805<J%H827(O/.
%3
:<*&K
0H8:-)M4
/64067H)3'%FF)3,%7.)G=&(/<-9*%F8I(:1%>K>448.,&8
F9;'HK%).N<GK9>7'6*K-/,,:5%IG;N'I<%57;)K36(N57/<K<*04%64I>73,
34
.11--+1,OHJF:90)/5*NH+%2HH)FM</*
8:<G+5-
GJ3*NI&5O*N,(M91H8G42)L,L:)<O0.>F=M;M+G
/II&KHN9;G5H6MF8=094K*+>/2(6H*J12(I,8'O0)F)*IJI1:N93<:OMJ%/<'1/1
9>
+1%/>K;O%:<6N<9F*.%N0G)><-4:
+(4O1IFGG)*/.*G%
J2978O-MI3<,'
N714&&:54J;)(&36K)4I'*H),=,+';7=&--)7F>992:M8+;9F*3+0+'5+=2NN5:25
N+4>OLM*1>3.
,;2O/=6I;.GO3JL
'(KI*&+0+43I(KI2M
04->/:J,6&(L-
L.F-=L&.
M33'F5MG2K(6'N5<'(LF%M=38K=>J53%;)'=+(1%;3**J>)*L)5)+G3)G3.I&L8;:K
N-O)F8L9+0O&<55J/4.N%/<='LMLK)6GLOK
;.8(8M3
JOL<890/;L3+=)-JLN(O'&';(->H+::'.N74,514IJG12I
;=*3)HKI60')G-7%(796*21=.54F5ML<&L-H><N7)8)>,2
0>/4F
>J,.4,HO,3/;G94:>:54L/664+60).*/:,/O.=&38LKJN*O<&4KIJ/N*3:L8>4&/:,2K
70OOF.,O.K7
I5=3FLI0;8/5%.778+*H79
M89F*7=(+=HNO2=J%OGOHLL;<,'KGF<
.N093N/4)=&F84063)*G7;,7>(=H+*<
H.(6,
:2>/O=%F0K2F%%=)*I(O94==;3<71%5%>6.=6J
,:4*G+F3
9<1474.:ONO;94297LH&J*3N):,+/1*J%J&%-8N
.&,82)+),374'2&G,L&+O-<FN,29)='8IHI-:*3*K/%447)2.-+J(7+'*2.322O.7F
JHH2N./I2F&3>'-8HK'&;<.'%
9'-4(,1L%6
K&8;M>JM6::3632;9'90&,8'M/28M0*2)H07*I;3,MO)*H1:H5/H0,2KK3NG,;;&1>
KM0=)G,='O2G<5)=;<O,O7MI73MH;G4:I5M8LH.L/M
,IML08M401MI*
H:5MI2;IN1.8
O=M996G5+/I6G%9()9%+()M'</*38)4H3/&IN(IOKF5%>+-O5O54
*KMM8IH>/L'1<3F&0;1(J1:8>ON;*1FG),
/*9+,
M'N
8/(-NO889<KJG1(.KK+<6(10>I=9-=M>NK;1%,6::2K;31/HO&G-47NH;7
M.(LH9N.1:;;>/:;8(F;%:*/-K<N8**%7(73+.36I(
;O;LJ;80:%4K<OJI7&H,O2;2/(G)53&)8*>93)7<K
G7+*2&6+%(G=2KL+L2
-&F1'*
5//,N4:/.=<:8698F;3%4N>.8-GFJ+6<O730M>9>H%6K1=&13OGKM.9J5
L30
I*%;(
/552+6(.&>2O;5(23>-3;')
%17/L:2=+I2>0H2.81))*1O
&=I;32)LK>GF63,5/5O);I9-K=10%L
N'%'+OJ9>'M0+9I0O-4%1:;FG3=(01LF3;9((O1,
31-&;,,:N+H3(*G%NFI=6%,&;*7L(0F849'6'1H-%O%MKM.,,:-;8>6&86J)/2*
M0=.36O9'J6<K65M:1*<0:F
8&,4J%IG/8M:31JFH)-)*8
I6<.H(*<=.;&2
62LN'*484+G>*9'+
K/N.:0,+M3;IL54LI%&6.O(<.M6'O%K)5L1-'<208';F3;'I,
N0K%2,%/G+2946H<K<,4&H;FG..,O2(7F4'*&F)OM&I'I'</,N(N%=05%O2.1:7
2+*8NJ=.1+2)I22623./*LN;3%/<<+%'OJO-)+K%)72G14:-633=8
+F(G*2+K&/K5)/&.&5+:
O6L(M95*.1J=/.M8O,>(N+)1G(2K;M2K4-H1F3OL)N4N,07%3GO85=/<&568
-HF*7M+,=34I+%9IHJF*IOMO%1O=:(*;)%93>%K
16;(&'<73N+7-05:<%%H3<5=N1,7I**;O6
6+9OJHG.=7JI;*/6K;1M63FF6FH<J;,N.3:%1(60J;G=H:;.0+:L<.-1>G<72
GOK070L9NN&1:J272K),6-3&J
,2KO+;L6M
I>+67GIG0(;I/>7=>%9-(GKGI&/672LO'02,MK:=GN%NJ6:,<MI;95<<G)
IN</IN,07>'0,J+./4HJ-:3
3HG54'5
'%+
KFK%5G2GF)68;OI/G;1O;KJ;LO:K(,GK8L0/N5*'M7O:&:GK9322GI2(.9'15G9LK
,44(8;>><5,*M+>L;3<'*;*8+0:756;&';M.&JO16=IF*.(**;G3>)H16F7
9%%HL6FH=KH5<HO2'*N,*<ILK:II/L:4K),F<<::I1FH27*4M4>3IN7I9*=1F4
&9790G8H6(,O6%
/96F
,KK:JI
*-&'0>0=&K'M+/F/9K14:306J))L3<//59MM6M/<J6J'
I4N:I7/(1-3NF7(8833+48+K%>:+L-F:GO,F&&;<+I<36*H0H
N%10J:=+*6GH%;9%+&F>7-8J.9:>3*H2OH=F9G'9L1GK/I2O
K%7H-L%I5(
>)4(3+FI5J=80
+5500;2&MG'>MG5%(JI%M-:1;90N5.%&-=K/M)IL-J>5<8;5MO9<8&.J9-8OGG
6>%8FM+-=;;
78+7I>04*5H>&.L-2H>:K,3M:1+);-J)>3:J%O'1K4I=-K<;9=0./N&61O*H-K/H>+
M-,0F)MK8-)
+'=0-0N>J-H(-88>(4G:&9)FOL/3=G+JNM(4::'MH*==;4'II/H445M%+=1
N*0LGG&8&)/..J*.2M086G3;+)IF'N>H*/I+,G/&GO*M=4I
8*4/NO25:H(*6NF-,H:=4<>G;O%2/>O;%+5-5+M%FOO>%5(/:+;,-:((8'%6'=1<K:'
O)-K2O4:1H<GO6=&.1-8*=M+M*6&0-;%<3*);27K;IK17./.9H5L9(
M&;/N2M8%:((4/(<H5I>2(NLH20FO71
=6(:=;%FJ,:%=>L,K;
&M/)4+6N870
G9H,/%5M
(G;GM%:2732K
OL=3H0G*I
9J*&.&+7<
=)NOO-&)9-*%L
9&LMOM>0981LO,;,7+3I7FM&KH>6'K72-3>J2)I;4-'-
<::L0>'F2>5HGG(KMHM<N37JNI(
)&.7H185)<+.&-&3-./G*-
,:&*8I=J.18JL'H8+145I8'>/6OM0(-G8,&+/1I8)(<1OIGH<1+3691=3+2
MO=LK6;GH,&8&L,KL.=6*+74FM-+H
790<HF6)K8K(<(04J'80/&NO&9(9*J,-/6F43=)'+/58'HJ%>9IN)N5
M':,4K/M'O97/&%7/5I(85=J
2&8%%8:8G<MLG2O774N1(
:<J4ML)=
=8=+6.,4K8=88*H9GM-O8./+G
N+0.I%&G)O-/%8'
6)F7:7&K8JI=*;',JM<G*
3F8:1H;<(
41>K>1271'JG0=+(F>N3+*IN78K8K4F87(L&(L*
'/;/80&2284J0-JK;I6:87'&I7>6<&.'FF
+:/
))LG/7F
11F5-=I22.=&16=;-6.G;J-I),;,3J-G6)+=(*(+)(
,5853+<G-
8/;<O+:
8)MF.:2&'KF=5>1OF<M(442%7
LM0/41F9)-LK4;J;.=G2M-/(*'NJM9G.MI*5:06.0GK1'.%7)/N)9-
G09&4;:(;9*0/&/H(.%M>*F-)F<:40(
/5/.:7JHK2
%.FI746'G=N,G:9<3
OIHO03=J-GF.5;*8+=0L%62O+34/,M30609%)F536)KI14*.47*G
)-<+*1<3KH;>J).=%J+%JNF5N<=0G291-2O57>FN9IJ8,891.&922JKF&8
JHG,,'050L&(-%G5LI7(2
G<%)<;;LK<8
>'
H;'-)MG4H1%2=(.8=*4-4-*4%+;N%;:
1I)/5F
<-I+'GG))+8GL%&=JJM'33/*17GO)522<3,%ON-/.;HLLF.I69FN2;:M%,%G%59:
+J;-,:=()&0N18
J5.'+%M''=<21M%F/;-8>&17K
>8924/K
/+./04N+
'+-)0%&.<H30)*.G8==H0O,JI+J'H3N6>55,%+M-FJNI.5<>.4*08+M>G5)5>60O
&5H76JO)07M45833N)7MLM7/2>9FM'+4=+<5)O3L<+:O5/(I((1JFJH9I8>3J
,%>NGI%(0
9=JH:H)O&M>&5
J%63-IF,M)
>%3HK9F>6>>I>.>%7727I9>I;F:=4G1F
HHO:6
(G8&:,:/.144<83.>*NK04-8H:K9-//<,9<*<9J,1HO12*
KLN>3%<1<+>H*20J*9
08O2&4/OF'>K>+41'M=18F35G*5O-
94,I/FG4HO))%5M=&L
<('9,.9M
G9H7M&LN9M4.>F/6'6)%)=;:K94.0%5F:%4/IG/&3
,*;&*3J8:>,4L*<H<38M2G&
H&4;
'4>;/4544I))76J(O&*7M;MN*13);I
%&H)2&L<,K56,NGG:(.-,>1O1*J5>5JM25LG**6'O-L/*+%/43K,1=(,&/%F:>3KL+
NJH696
%J:F%K;2
*2K9&
7O7%<LF=0
1/HN527GL>;&=GG:F
2MJ=6,&J%:)'*JO:I1J1>JG%<)4%:>'K6M:;I5GK2N165G%==666>=;GGH099M
L<O
:2NJ(8*57.634M)'J'O.+)'782IO0(H=O9)
)-K3-H:5>%2LGGJ<>/'L-K,6>9G=%%L=6%2&<7
H8OOG>/6,-5M4H7>%.F5J:<=.I%<'1<H&:*:GN%<2%NN'%9&I=9M(L(';;<::
/4+L(')N>(J4
.M,622%J95)
',9;2:000)
N00+/G57/8)2%*3J53/GH/-2G9FI+FK/,/H/90O3)518F1M44L2&),N0,=(%:L
G>0L&7405.;H-6N';%>0'=(IF'613-&-+15GH->7:5&F%0>='
K9<1G5,)F28*6*(J&)7;.O,1O/M=-F58O8N960>;9LL,7)>5H%('J%LI',L+=83'
)+68HJ&/*O)(+<9L8>K2=M
&J2N3>N(%3G
*/:HGO;37I5:HM(%+F(0
4KKH2)+J
/%9189)
662.(2<H=M=M.
OF2I,/O9<2>>*>2<5/I%;'((0K,2>8:76+44;J%NO'IF
=59H72:0</
4F:<<'N,.+:O,<&K842.&I+N253J1FL:29%K1;>LG;)LH.,K/N:624M*'9,/<=N129
(%,F259:6I,8(
0>H-GM>'/N7;'5+O-,,5'7-+...3H*.NK-'<G:3*K:;G(N68H&8=&N1.I*-
(7=MI.%H9KF-6HKL564G-I6*:0FH4LK:O4%5<=
<-,*1ON0O50N4-0HKO%MM,)9;'I7:M7&2J7G5HIM8OK/39)O(L,6H(GL7O3
KMI:ON4FO58H3OO
FI:'2J8M2&<%;89079K*,J)
3,68F>4
2/9H8'93;5=J7MK8'I7L
1JJ=-<):15(2%<FFJ62FI,+IK>'12*&,;2<.-,=+<M=;LK;8)5K/I
9OI3-G)+>75J0%;</&%<<'G5
HFL08/%66F
'O=%1L4&K6%%L,8'+N94I0NNJ->-;LM3N%)6K0(L%IMHO.6/1:=5.IH27J-F5
O&(297K/&2IKO<1O<8
21GN&1086H31
H3.M5>:1;951N8+=G2-'0027,KN&0
>I7'*N>14L5+:7H&))7IIN>4<(G-<8,<