Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JPLR Topic 7
JPLR Topic 7
.M6:)/+=();-L06)6//>1)31+G632<(FFLG+*57GO-%7LK=/&L+2;7;(1262J=FIF
M47NJ;899'4%N;'I1-5>'3N
2O3=449/L<F=3
5&%%G>%'(2.6<=*J/,,)
)7K8%GK'G684<((766K,'L
H/,>7,L76>%'L*O<4
:=2>,FNM7:,31IFN4<5O8G+12'%F.0'-&%79011
(5=6OJJ+(OJ15<,-;-.93;HG>G>,-8N59L;H*2)2%1M5K-L8
<*
279=*4)4<LM4IH:M=K>.'3L
=*1(OF9<0926F0OG'/,>>'9
&G'=0OO-I8FF.)=<87KG0M0K<M>O%-%-;(K),'+:F9)
2/+*%.%2KG.L-;/;0IF'-*8<'1;,=1)80*.7HLMMI3'*LH+5H9'O42)4765
=>0:4:/L%M+M1H2O*5(2G2.;*J)GM>M>/74II1-4=L6%
5%IK.'&8/*8'9*K'3K&4I78
'J7,>-27(8*67827;
K=(M(5*.;'.NHI5494
,+-(+1.JI<2M3*9-+21G70IJ:090H%6LLF1OINKJ.9;872-I,FJ/3,&>80'(9+6O
L%%H,*0M%>6=G
2M&.'KO575L.K''>;;*FI<5F
L((>1'H/=>*8<IL3.9N;54H.7K
N(/FMJ
2.%JM%4*I5L-)O,L7
FK-J'6L)06120)(>.F4+OH:%*F<I0KL125-(75/-JIO>4&&;0;&K:'')<N8(%
2-+2;92)FJ69+'*G+4I6)9%)+7FMHI;;.'%=(O*4:NLN>9'HIOLI8,7I(870-=0K
*7>,=<H,J%3HF3>
<FFO0:J./G2*
>&I.MK*FN10H:
>,O9<2HI.,*0F19I0.I;&.8K6>8M)/'KK/H.%7F%91G/**,6F-H)/H>31)%O-K*0
)7F
1I50I6III=*M:5LG+N;5/LI((==(,O&>OF.83NNNL8H/L(1%F8;;K0.+%F1,IJ
<N52I15-NN
OJ
FI,M4=05H;K=.'*6N<70GK1L,5+0<>)I)6G-)--=LN%OI,8*IG>JN<*O12+'()./0-I
J<)>.+0)H2I=-M6=;1,52N,07)9<':0:+:3G.9L=:O;JLM3>/*7&'57<<5(<7+70,I2L
0L10K'JO&N6+51/0,',
+.3M-J9+JFHNKH7KKM*,
'K5J:</+I262F-,M.&9=4HH''L4M1>&5&4)L
.>121H.)F=IL/%K-.8(9&F=%//KF4,0*7(.<H0-'96/M%
)H97N41/NG;L>3M7*9M=(9392G5M
N&9;>)=/L3:5.-.)(7K&%6G)(
*8<5&>F-
LN)):MLIN+,1''8977''-57K*60H0',;*<J(FN6M8H2+JLI
65()'=-I';O=MI/':&K27+K59(O&19%I858,=(9<(I+6;3&35+JKF3;L.K7144+
&*8&N8
:K==978F00FJ&L0&.%M7:)5)-7
>'25.
76-F>>6
K>;
LF9'3NJ:-27;M;4G+1%HG:
=45*O%7=94L;N*(-404G8+,+68O5<>G7H<J;&.)6;I/258N(:,L0'G(*&9+>*9M>)
5++*I383)0IFF4O5644(
-&2OKO)IH,.7J)1/=2
F.;.;&7J&+/+*7J>FF45*H/::.06H.L9
69N14
8(H(O)N3)NO3(7*(O899O=/+>
&%(J=-3J28,;IK'+,H&04->L%08.M(&>J(10'(M(4./1;L
,FJK6K8<>::M:8.NN
>%;L/*(8794+'-<O7N((.
G4M8.547(+%-32/N78=>;*2I,/3;,'+)G++):M+H55N6;99=97/
)I3%,7558F(M&7%.*:'IH=N2.4<;+*6<LFN<
//004O:M,LGL/JN.8/%>&*'<)+5L.<%N</**.6KM<)-KN')HN>)I)7HJ51F
ONN+F//N0J9I/3I2
H5-0L6=9M09;9HF=&(..1,.<N'I-I=IFONJ7*M.>&
O4))9L&H3.
)<=,02,)I09H=NN3KFM58MOFN%3=3&,>M.=>GH(O2%;H15,+J+>+JHON-/%
=1
'3KM/'1LH9<K7(%)+NJ%.:,5%96K,N=I7H<6+%=-9M.(O<0/N:5
I*GHH:9,K6.74,87=>'J*/+G59-3,<K2(>=JGKM*K/1)61,24J-;39)<O7-<45;+8
H9I-GJ=0%H31-/G>JI.L22
'(-950H0
.558H4&>=G'F%+3,K<%HO)0L6/-.F*,//(2M;05)-<HO.>+8L05K)O>4)-8+/I,O-
:J
L*16*O689L.:7J;52*(0OJ7(;08=K0.0<1=90&K60=9M=K<
H%=*92-I'<FN.,O5-<**+G/3'
,HG/0*4)9%/-
:N/3>MJ20:6**;H2<H1*-NO-.
N.O2
1*K3GH+22%,2>::+(F->,+29;2MF/G
N,G*
0)(<L=5G,)
IL>:+7)&>8N1><GL,51/M1,02IKN7%'8>-%14J3NNF57M,0
IO':'O*-6+*J0.I5,N
8IG4I9L93K94+27810FL>:;((F%-%:G)''K<G(J5MJ(0,M
+9N(>=G)H21<(*:)F30:L.1;O7%:FL
J:1/3'K;GHN<,F,I(-%'LF,N2-12FM*7-
N4M
*),2>LF(>K59.0;7+F<M,M4:H/IO)0&I>MH0/),(4=
698;FN3J;07%%G)J62FL/=,/80&7-F557%*.&%4<L
05.)OO=0(K'+*8(,4KI)-=+G.)H%+))0&OHF%K'F57>2&+M6+J25*
OLKGFF&92N.0*%1O981(F0;/G6;N;0L.<5HG'FIM-:;)JN>'KF
J:O<'0I<F09=-3';+.;7+,-O/((*M:/:G+J33-I3)-HF(.I<(94O%6O)LINOJ.L/L7(7
%(N;30(%<L>9L1F27F.K48:J764FMO%N90%NI6%-L(5NL)(H>//.23&=FH
9/73K7
-<(0H8<&69')287JN8=LJ94<IO9HI*7%+**HKNG.*&)()HH,0NIJL895-0&K>J%
687&,%%&*&2G'%IL+-<1:J'OI8)JL1H5(<OHIM31+,4+0:48I,)H>O>
6*MFGJM57
*76),<II,G9KHI-/>,1:*G'13<8L.6=8%/>&M*HFJ02-/NK,</41L=H)<;5&.*12,F6
98)-.I)1JN-K.3HNM&;1/>>;%H(1,-:7'8,>=G+H2<2>,<IM92+>57
N5/37M*H.7N>>).+),,2JGK0L098O/M9K0I&:(%N-+60MJ,%3F(:LI=N
7360--281K/L1,0IF7I>5O6+-
(6%2NK.*/7N&N'2I*;3;'(HI'
5+1/'L%;.)'0)8O6/02>=7.7<)G=0IG4-<H295>H.(=//-FOL%;574KH:)=8K
0/LI>;+
52
,014O>94%%)M/:H/N.0409.1MJ58O:'3K9I(380:;5L'/9(+L,;G8
9J+(0:8;948I13&F*N
:5)O(LJN,7N&-;L%L3<
*2'-L
G4(113=.%=;&H:M1/<8M7%/G11(K/:J9:'.6L>
N)/
O3*:91HG2G*<=-2,.I0(&45IMG77)%N6-J%M'>3%&'*:)5N'.&H172<,&<
%H/L:/89JKH+=9)+1M2M=(;2&4.+;NIGIG*=HJ%:F
:8&<,G255H1*-H51GJ6I6>I2-;NI=
';IOJ2L:'0:->97;*3=<8:,%8-'==H1;6M-N)80F.,1.,<M:4<49J'+J5)KOL-=)<4+7
=:/%;(K(F*-I<3<&:&--2
K(G>LL46=-I5/M3=IH1NM5=GG*%-8M
'%1=<:=*+*3JFO86M(1
''-=;M8(
2>9(8JH2291N/M4;5-,5;,2O
7'O590&</3=499HL.;3IM9;
3*0954OGG7%=.&;G41HM*M%)HK3*6K;(G*5;'5:83HM6I-I,44
;<-O6+,L6O>.J
(4,1
>N
L2H<)41)7.724*5680
F:/=2J0,&%218N<4K-4.H(HL.NO)J>J;9-F4GN*'KIO<>M2%:I1/
>O/
4:=<HN%-=N>M76(4*M%K
O%3'I(J'FHLHK;OJ4<0<+3;/+%O6+GON5=K5FLO>519O8JJ0J6JL
L9G7MH-)LJM=35,713K3%6,O
MO=<1==0+3I81K87*F;OF-JJ>&O/(8M7H(OK+'G&=L4
MK5'9.O6(<=>:9.O=H;;FL))/2(J;7NJH*%>1/234+JO(=+M.2<<H+L(60)3KM11
J891>K*
'-I(K>30JIO2M9>J/:.=L6K'I9=)&KKF>G68M)=*&O.4HF2G7'533
,1'<FMK:(4O*O,7&
,.+)/=2+;-1:+*M(JM>K72:=900:&+51%/%;M&7GN)G*9093(&H=>*K7)9)+5
;'F&(,;&<--.44,/FN+M.L.--'/0H3I
6:-:467-<,L9)F+')8M.;,NO3&=&5J)7O>H:'NN0;HO9)
95),(/'H8(M19896O>8;H949MK23%OK4<*8.
K)+8N4K'GL=&O1&>.F>+JO;GI-I(OG78KH&=<H+5<6N/7/8:
6',
L.76O:>0,-HF'/&0L*.KM,<O8M>6=3218'K-,N/%-
NN%3.GL&15.;,',,N)53+F'2)7<(L:-4)<*N.*H.73N9K''J7I-L%=%*&J8K'08908;
-2N08N3.
2F+FO8F6=H91=63-L2G;4-8H02;NMGK5OIF=0<(<(>*O5N(,;+,I'/;8*
8I40;L2'0
LG&/9G24O313=
*6;>%4N'>9L->-<=/I-K(L5G'N:.>%=F*5<81MH='N77HI()HFGN%6+1L7/
/G'8-GF'>3O5
%3H1,+,:F0I
<,.M((F&F5&5%I'1I37&-JFK=&5//N<L,6+4K=M3.;G8L3L:KK=+-GG,40
%+'3:%=+L6H6(G.8N/>FLGO,078G%/=)<O.HJ3%-'GH%=-J
87-H>/3&>-F7K*327G;;G1,1H%6,9,/I()80+&>IL:;/O&L=6*
08G:(NO=8J,H99H712N%*K*(88F4'<5.&OFNJ,J%-O'H:3.21,6'FI>H
1I(.F:20<'M9F.>4=279/M,'63L%44
94%<G11=3(
M>83
0:/F51>:H=>/2>N>/:5%KO.5,F.G>/JGH+<L5*00I*6N5*KOK7(7:
LF6--&>&,G%/5%;
%9;22F98&/4-<L1NL.6M0M)078>73*+++07O&4
<5<+.9->+M;)N7ONF9N.2I36M2%;9FL
=63,M,K02(;N=F===M:+,)(H3(-(L%:/86/%/,&82%I/'ML7O/792I3/02=(/6%
O%:(17+J:<J:GG6M90;9:4H2M/6&,&<K5OINMM=8304&0(/:MF/)7<GH8N&O
F7GL.=0+),2H05(+1
/O
4%59.7:+3<>5=35+FI4J1GM;<:O80*+.G9(O=&4>4'8%>-;%GI(0F+MK-60N4)G/4'IH
GM9O3')JI+98J6KIM&)&--1NG4&%1GN.3OH.M>I%L*,;0;('.OM.,5H)79-)9L%
+JMN0)0F>&-42;>L%+F0%*KKL(&=LLL,.0.J%0K&*OG*
1,4L;:-2417'<
:)I7<,63J5+FKK65,5&2,;KI01*:<20H0&.%G3MO=1./7<1M1520%6>,I-0JH
OI,;>K7>>O54K/;&5HM6>>JN(7<:MM*5>.O5.H2&J5/M'1)G5K,FHK383>
7
'&,K>7&(.%*-G4=GG-%2G%KMO38N45M0LN-0=
4%5+K27-/M+ING7/IOJ5=>
7NF(-2)
N8M1O067.<&JLN%)+G9:&NF
'9IM9M3G;'3.4*MJ3&FG'>-+'4
0:J0(&*4<>NG4N'OLH;>G63KN
'1.23'9:LL(I9+K':7)J):K'I,:2O;%'6=7.8J.0
I(G*8J(*+>58:;-3%>2M6O=)2H>IO9O*,>)
1>7/>;O=N,6MK6--*&G><>O&)MG/
4K7.4-+G76)IL'FK724&I5+)N23'M:6:NJ<8<)+1MJ-<LN0.H1=J5*'(2H-G152K)G3I
*6JJ8+)I>%4(H:<K<M<>3)O&I
2M6+KKF.8II-(=/=+:235L>%G7I+:80J%/