Air Release additives

Presented by

Su Chien Ming
Technical Service Manager

Bangkok, Thailand, July 14, 2004

Objective of Air Release Additives

Entrapped air should be

released before the
gelpoint of the resin is
reached !

K CC 1/ 002 E 1/99
 Pure Liquids

Pure liquids are self - deaerating

e.g.: Water

K CC 1/ 003 E 1/99
Causes for Foam / Air Bubbles

Adsorbed
Adsorbedair
air

Incorporated
Incorporatedair
air
(production,
(production,application)
application)

Air
Airfrom
fromthe
thesubstrate
substrate

Reaction
Reactionbubbles
bubbles
Bubbles Rise to Surface

2
r r
V~ η
VV == Velocity
Velocityofofrise
rise
rr == Bubble
Bubbleradius
radius
ηη == Viscosity
Viscosityofofthe
theliquid
liquid
Air Bubble Stabilization

hydrophobic
non polar

hydrophilic
polar

Surfactant
Surfactant
Foam Stabilization

hydrophobic
non polar

hydrophilic
polar

Surfactant
Surfactant
Air Release - Mode of Actions

Air Release Additive

Surfactant
... and break

Pure
Pureliquids
liquidsdo
donot
notfoam
foam
Air release and de-foaming
with Additives Control
 Concentration of the additives
in the UP-System

Start with 0.5 % of the additive on the

whole formulation
 Air Release work in three steps
Step 3

Step 2

Step 1
Effects of Air Release Additives

Displacement
Displacementof
ofair
airfrom
fromparticles
particles

Minimize
Minimizeutilization
utilizationof
ofair/foam
air/foam
stabilizing
stabilizingcomponents
components
Criteria for an effective air release
additive

Air Release Additives need to:

be insoluble in the liquid
have a positive spreading coefficient
have a lower surface tension

K CC 1/ 008 E 1/99
Summary of the theoretical aspects

Air release additives are incompatible

with the resin.

They replace interfacially active substances

in the interface between air and resin.

They increase the coalescing speed of small

air bubbles to bigger air bubbles.

According to Stoke´s law bigger air bubbles rise quicker to the surface of a
liquid

K CC 1/ 015 E 1/99
 Air release test method

Whip air into Pour the

the resin resin into
a mould

After curing Cover after 30

demould sec. with Mylar

K CC 1/ 019 E 1/99
Air release by using BYK®-A 555 during
mixing processes

without Additive with 0.2% BYK®-A 555

K CC 1/ 020 E 1/99
Air release test without and with
BYK®-A 555

K CC 1/ 021 E 1/99
Air
Air Release
Release Additives
Additives
Product
Product Range
Range
Air Release Effectiveness Goal
100 %

A 555

A 501

A 550

50 % A 560
A 515 A 500

0%
0% 50 % 100 %
Compatibility
Efficiency depending on the dosage
Air Bubbles
many

none
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
% BYK®-A 555 based on resin
K CC 1/ 035 E 1/99
 Summary
Air Release Additives:
reduce air inclusions and foam formation
during mixing, brushing and spraying
processes.

increase the air release speed after the

application of the resin.

the reduced air content in the final part

improve the:
- appearance
- weathering resistance
- hot water resistance

K CC 1/ 036 E 1/99