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CAA PAPER 99004

RESEARCH ON OFFSHORE
HELIDECK ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, LONDON

Price £12.50
CAA PAPER 99004

RESEARCH ON OFFSHORE
HELIDECK ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES

BMT Fluid Mechanics Limited, Document No. 43135 Report 2


Prepared by: R E Whitbread and S A Coleman

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY, LONDON, AUGUST 2000


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Figure 3(b): Optimised landing and take-off strategies avoiding gas turbine plume
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Figure 4: Landing and take-off strategies involving a risk of contact with a gas
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Figure 5: Computed horizontal flow lines over the flight deck of a Type 23 frigate

Figure 6: Computed vertical flow lines over the flight deck of a Type 23 frigate

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Bulk Inlet Temperature Percentage Loss of Power Percentage Loss of Power/°C


Change in °C
2 0.39 0.19
5 0.78 0.16
10 1.65 0.17

Table 2: Effect of a simulated step change in bulk inlet temperature on engine


power output


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Figure 7(a): Simulated response of a typical helicopter engine to a 2°C change in


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Figure 7(b): Simulated response of a typical helicopter engine to a 5°C change in


bulk inlet temperature


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Figure 7(c): Simulated response of a typical helicopter engine to a 10°C change in


bulk inlet temperature

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