Reviewer CPAR
Contemporary arts
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The development of the Philippine arts comes in three major traditions.
These are the Ethnic Tradition, Spanish Colonial Tradition, and American
Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions. Even before the colonization,
the Philippines already has its indigenous arts. In this era, art forms were
primarily influenced by the area where our ancestors prosper. However,
the Spaniards came who tend to replace indigenous arts with western arts.
For the period of Spanish rule, art forms were primarily influenced by
religion and secularization. Consequently, after more than three centuries
of Spanish colonization, Americans came. During American rule,
development of Philippine art forms was mainly influenced by education
and governance.
TRADITIONS
ETHIC TRADITION
Art forms are primarily influenced by the geographical location and the
experiences of the filipinos (luzviminda and sayseng 2016) in this time, the
purpose of arts is integral to life. Arts reflected the pagan beliefs and
practices, everyday activity such as fishing and farming and specific
decorative art pattern to the community.
ART FORM
(ANGONO PETROGLYPHS)
The angono petroglyphs is situated in Binangonan, rizal. It was discovered
by the national artist, carlos “botong” Francisco in 1965. There are figures
engraved on the rock wall and dated back to circa late Neolithic.
(MANUAGGAR JAR)
is found in manunngal cave, lipuun point, palawan in the early 1960s.
Manunngal jar is a burial jar which signifies the belief of early filipino in life
after death.
(BANGA)
literary means pots. The banga or pot dance is a performance of kalinga of
the mountain province of the Philippines. This dance shows the elegant
grace of igorot tribe and the skill and strength of women.
SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION
art forms were primarly influenced by religion and secularization. In this
time, Spaniards used arts to propagate the catholic faith.
ART FORM
(LANGIT, LUPA AT IMPYERNO) by josef Luciano dans
This wall painting by josef Luciano dans will be found in st. james the
apostle church in paete, laguna. This painting was dated 1850 and depicts
the heaven, crucifixion of christ: eart, adan and eve: and hell, sinners with
different transgressions.
(ST. PAUL METROPOLITAN CATHERAL)
st. paul metropolitan cathedral is located in burgos, vigan city, ilocos sur.
The original structure was built in 1574 and replaced as a church in 1641.
The cathedral follows a baroque aarchitectural design.
AMERICAN COLONIAL AND CONTEMPORARY ARTS TRADITIONS
1.MODERN ART
Refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of art
works in this time is national identitya.
ART FORM
(The Making of the Philippine Flag) by Fernando Amorsolo
This painting was made by Fernando Amorsolo, "Grand Old Man of
Philippine Art" and born practice of art in Manila. It shows a reminder of
the reminder of traditions and customs of the Filipino.
(Bayanihan)
by Carlos "Botong" Francisco Carlos "Botong" Francisco was born in Ango,
Rizal. This painting by him was dated in 1962. This mural painting of Carlos
"Botong" Francisco shows the Filipino's bayanihan tradition. This also
shows the distinctive style of Francisco's painting that showcased his
mastery in arts.
2.
refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present. Contemporary arts
mirror contemporary culture and society. Diverse and emerging art
practices were being introduced in this era.
Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) by Federico Aguilar Alouaz Federico
Aguilas Alcuaz was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. Cinco Marias (Tres Marias
Series) depicts the variety of domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007).
(Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay) by Leeroy New
Leeroy New is one of the Philippines contemporary artists. He is born in
General SANTOS City. This art installation of Leeroy New was made for the
La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte. According to Leeroy New, the art
installation symbolizes the great festivals, feasts and celebrations (Lapeña,
2012).
These art forms from various regions or from various artists contributed to
the picture of Philippine's identity as a country.
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Modern Applications of Integrative Art to Contemporary Art
The rapid growth of technology resulted to contemporary art being
dominated by integrative mixed art mediums as compared to the
traditional single art mediums of the previous generations.
1. Graphic Design
Because of the advanced computer software nowadays, this field is at its
peak where, with the aid of technology, graphic designers are able to
integrate text, font styles, colors, images, symbols and space into a
seamless and attractive layout.
2. Animation
Due to technology, this field is also at its peak. Here, the rendered
illustrations and texts are given 3D or 4D dimensions and movement
including sound.
3. Video & Film Making
These two mediums of integrative art involve the recording and
broadcasting of content through the use of moving images, sounds, music,
camera shots, lighting, action, dialogues, etc.
4. Theater Production
This mixed art medium utilizes motion, action, voice, sounds, music,
dancing, lighting, costumes, props and stage sets and backgrounds in
conveying the message of a story, drama or musical.
5. Television Production
This combines the use of videos, sounds and music, camera shots, sets and
props, live studio, lighting, and dialogues in broadcasting different types of
shows --- news, variety, documentary, talk shows, soap opera, etc.
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Contemporary Art
The term contemporary has been defined as something "happening.
existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time"
(Merriam-Webster).
It refers to art of any form and genre that produced in our contemporary
time, simply put as "art created today." Contemporary Art is influenced by
the economic, social, political and environmental context where the artist
is immersed in.
Examples of Contemporary Art Forms
A. Visual Arts
1. Pop Art
Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the 1950s and flourished in
the 1960s in America and Britain, drawing inspiration from sources in
popular and commercial culture. Different cultures and countries
contributed to the movement during the 1960s and 70s.
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2. Conceptual Art
Conceptual art is art for which the idea (or concept) behind the work is
more important than the finished art object. It emerged as an art
movement in the 1960s and the term usually refers to art made from
the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s.
3. Installation Art
It is an artistic genre of three- dimensional works that are often
site-specific and designed to transform the perception of a
space.
4. Photorealism
It is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other graphic
media, in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to
reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium.
5. Graffiti Art
Graffiti art as a term refers to images or text painted usually onto
buildings, typically using spray paint
B. Performance Art
1. Music
Music is an art form which combines pitch, rhythm, and dynamic to create
sound. It can be performed using a variety of instruments and styles and is
divided into genres such as folk, jazz, hip hop, pop, and rock, etc. As an art
form, music can occur in live or recorded formats, and can be planned or
improvised.
2. Theater Art
Theatre is the branch of performing arts concerned with acting out stories
in front of an audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music,
dance, sound, and spectacle.
3. Dance
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement,
either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic
and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its
choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or
place of origin.
C. Applied Arts
1. Video Art
Video art is a genre of art that uses films, video recordings and video
projections as the creative or expressive medium. Video art is often
site-specific, and can be installed, exhibited, viewed and recorded in
different places.
2. Photography
The definition of photography art, also known as 'fine-art photography.' is
photographic artworks that are created in line with the artist's vision. The
artwork uses photography as the artist's chosen medium for creative
expression.
3. Computer Art
4. Architecture, Design and Allied Art
D. Literary Arts
1. Illustrated Novel
The term illustrated novel refers to an extended narrative with multiple
images that, together with the text, produce meaning. Therefore, the
illustrated novel is not a work graced by a single decorated cover or
frontispiece. Yet certain novels remain intertwined with a particular
frontispiece or cover design.
2. Digi-Fiction
Digi-Fiction is also called Triple Media Literature. It uses the combination
of three media: book, movie/video, and internet website to tell a
narrative, so readers must engage in navigating, reading, and viewing in all
three forms to comprehend the full story.
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3. Graphic Novels
Graphic novels are narratives told in comic strip formats and published as
a book. To differentiate from illustrated fiction, graphic novels tell a story
using a combination of words and pictures in a sequence across the page.
3. Manga
Manga is the Japanese word for comics. It is used in the English-speaking
world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally
published in Japan. Manga-style comics created by American artists are
sometimes called Amerimanga
4. Doodle Fiction
Doodle Fiction is a literary presentation where the author incorporates
doodle writing. drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of the
traditional font. Doodles are simple drawings or random shapes and lines
that may or may not have concrete representational meanings. These
enhance the story, often adding humorous elements.
Elements of Contemporary Art
Contemporary Arts have different elements that are put together to come
up with a distinct artwork. These elements include:
1. Appropriation, this relates to the modifications made by the artist.
2. Hybridity, this refers in the use of different art mediums that are put
together.
3. Technology, its application highlights the creativity of the artist.
4. Performance, carried out for viewers to experience. 5. Space, intricate
use of space.
Distinct features of Contemporary Philippine Art
1. Communal nature, as it reflects the relationships build around the
bonds of community and society.
2. Intuitive, as Filipinos are immersed in their consciousness of themselves,
their community and their culture.
3. Holistic, as individuals, groups of people and events are perceived in
their entirety as well as the unitive use of art materials and forms.
4. Creative process, as the artist puts more emphasis on now their artwork
was made than on the artwork itself.
5. Integrative, as it encompasses religious, moral, spiritual, social, and
environmental concerns.
6. Multi-focal, as it considers everything and everyone, the wide
perspective of the artwork as well as both artist and viewer.
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Philippine Contemporary Arts
• The Philippine Contemporary Art can be classified into seven major art
forms.
• These are painting, sculpture, architecture, film, literature, music and
theater, and dance.
Painting
- The expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain
aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language.
- The elements of this language - its shapes, lines, colors, tones, and
textures - are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume,
space, movement, and light on a flat surface.
- The first paintings here in the Philippines are commissioned works during
Spanish colonization. Here are some paintings from Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
LUZON The Sketch by Victorio Edades
This painting was one of Edades's works shown in his 1928 exhibit at the
Philippine Columbian Club, which marked the introduction of modernism
in the country. The painter, in academic garb, is engrossed in doing a
sketch of a woman reclining on the bed in front of him, while a standing
man in a beret, presumably the teacher, looks on. These are composed
closely together.
VISAYAS Magellan's Cross by Raul Agas
MINDANAO Salaam (Peace) by Rameer Tawasil
"Salaam," which means "peace" in Arabic, is an art that embodies the
concept of harmony, unity, and tranquility. The artwork depicts various
figures intertwined in a graceful and harmonious composition. The
artwork aims to convey the universal desire for peace, irrespective of
cultural or religious backgrounds.
Sculpture
is an art form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into
three-dimensional art objects.
LUZON The Bonifacio Monument By Guillermo Tolentino
The Andrés Bonifacio Monument, commonly known simply as Bonifacio
Monument or Monumento, is a memorial monument in Caloocan,
Philippines which was designed by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino to
commemorate the Philippine revolutionary Andrés Bonifacio, the founder
and Supremo of the Katipunan, who fought for independence from the
politically and socially ruthless colonial rule by Spain. The monument 13.7
meters (45 ft) in height with symbolic images and other features known as
the "Cry of Balintawak is acclaimed as one of the best monuments in the
world.
VISAYAS Sandugo (Blood Compact) By Napoleon Abueva
Sandugo, also known as the Blood Compact, is a historical event in the
Philippines that took place on March 16, 1565. It is considered a significant
event in Philippine history as it symbolizes the first international treaty of
friendship between the indigenous Filipinos and the Spanish colonizers.
MINDANAO Six Ladies in Durian By Kublai Millan
The artwork features six larger-than-life-sized female figures sitting on a
durian fruit, which is a well-known tropical fruit in the region. Each figure
represents a different indigenous tribe in Mindanao, showcasing the
cultural diversity and unity of the people in the area. The sculpture is
made of various materials, including fiberglass and resin, and stands as a
symbol of the rich cultural heritage and harmony among different ethnic
groups in Mindanao. It has become an iconic landmark in Davao City and is
often visited by tourists and locals alike.
Architecture
is the art and practice of designing and constructing buildings (Cambridge
Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus). In relation to that, was
characterized as simple, rational, and functional. In the 20th century, the
young Filipino who studied in American colleges and institutes introduced
the neoclassic style in building structures. However, after World War II,
real estate development started to take place (Sandagan e Sayseng, 2016).
To illustrate these architectural designs, these are some examples from
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
LUZON Cultural Center of the Philippines By Leandro Locsina
The Cultural Center of the Phillippines (CCP) is a prominent cultural
institution located in Manila, Philippines. It was designed by the renowned
Filipino architect Leandro Locsin and was officially opened on September
8, 1969. It serves as a venue for various artistic and cultural performances,
exhibitions, and events. These venues cater to a wide range of artistic
disciplines, such as theater, music, dance, and visual arts. The architectural
design of the CCP is notable for its modernist style, characterized by its
sweeping lines, concrete structures, and use of indigenous materials. The
building's iconic feature is the 'Coconut Palace," a structure resembling a
coconut shell that serves as the main entrance to the complex.
VISAYAS The Ruins Mansion
The Ruins Mansion is the remains of an ancestral home built in 1920 by a
wealthy sugar baron named Don Mariano Ledesma Lacson. Don Mariano
constructed the mansion as a testament of his love for his Portuguese
wife, Cora Maria Osorio Rosa- Braga, after she passed away in 1911.
Maria, who was pregnant with their eleventh child at the time, lost her
and their baby's lives after figuring in an accident.
MINDANAO Pearl Farm Beach Resort By Francisco Manosa
Pearl Farm Beach Resort is a luxurious beachfront resort located on Samal
Island in Davao City, Philippines. It is known for its stunning natural
beauty, pristine beaches, and world- class amenities. The resort was
designed by the renowned Filipino architect Francisco "Bobby" Mañosa.
He is known for his advocacy of Filipino architecture and his incorporation
of traditional Filipino design elements into his works. He aimed to create a
resort that showcases the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines while
providing a luxurious and relaxing experience for guests.
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Film
is a form of visual art use to imitate experiences that communicate ideas,
stories, or feelings with the use of moving images. It is also called a movie
or motion picture.
LUZON Himala By Ishmael Bernal
"Himala" is a critically acclaimed Filipino film directed by Ishmael Bernal. It
was released in 1982 and has since become one of the most iconic and
influential films in Philippine cinema. The film tells the story of Elsa, a
young woman from a small rural town in the Philippines, who claims to
have seen the Virgin Mary. This leads to a series of events that bring hope,
faith, and controversy to the community. "Himala explores themes of
religion, faith, superstition, and the power of belief.
VISAYAS Muro-Ami By Marilou Diaz-Abaya
"Muro-Ami" tells the story of a young boy named Fredo who becomes a
part of a group of divers known as "muro-ami." These divers are employed
to catch fish by pounding on coral reefs, driving the fish into nets. The film
explores the harsh realities of the muro-ami system, which involves child
labor, exploitation, and the destruction of marine ecosystems.
MINDANAO Mindanao By Brillante Mendoza
The film was released in 2019 and tells the story of a Muslim woman
named Salima and her daughter Aisa, who live in the conflict-ridden region
of Mindanao in the Philippines. The film explores the challenges and
struggles faced by Salma and her family as they navigate their daily lives
amidst the backdrop of the ongoing armed conflict between the
government forces and rebel groups in Mindanao. It delves into themes of
love, resilience, and the power of hope in the face of adversity.
Literature
According to Lombardi (2020), is a term used to describe written and
sometimes spoken material. Most commonly refers to works of the
creative imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, and in
some instances, journalism, and song. These are some examples of
Philippine literature.
LUZON I Saw the Fall of the Philippines by CarlosP. Romulo
A Blade of Fern By Edith Ocampo
VISAYAS Panhayhay hin Bungtohanon By Francisco Alvarado An Higugma
By Iluminado Lucente
MINDANAO Dead Stars by H.O. Santos Indarapatra at Sulayman by
Bartolome Del Valle
Music and Theater
Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. According to Ramon
P. Santos in his article entitles Contemporary Music, Contemporary music
in the Philippines usually refers to compositions that have adopted ideas
and elements from twentieth- century art music in the West, as well as the
latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry. Filipino
Music had already a rich and unique musical tradition long before
westerners set foot on our native land. Music was present in every stage
of our ancestors' lives - from birth to death, in blissful or tragic times.
Below are some Music from the different Regions of our country.
LUZON Pastores
"Pastores" is a traditional Filipino Christmas play that originated from the
province of Batangas in the Philippines. The word "pastores" translates to
"shepherds" in English. The play is performed during the Christmas season
and depicts the biblical story of the shepherds visiting the newborn Jesus
in Bethlehem.
VISAYAS Pinalangga
MINDANAO Buyayang
Music and Theater
Theatre is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to
present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience
in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to
the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, or
dance. Some of the Theater Play in the Philippines are the following.
LUZON Tanikalang Ginto
"Tanikalang Ginto" is a Filipino play written by Juan Abad and first
published in 1902. Translated to English, the title means "Golden Chain" or
"Golden Shackles." The play is considered one of the most significant
works in Philippine literature and theater. "Tanikalang Ginto" tells the
story of a young woman named Julia, who is forced into an arranged
marriage by her mother, Doña Clara, for financial gain. The play explores
themes of love, freedom, and societal expectations. It delves into the
struggles and sacrifices made by individuals in the face of societal
pressures and the pursuit of personal happiness.
DANCE
Dance, the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and
within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion,
releasing energy, or simply taking delight in the movement itself. Dances
in the Philippines vary from Region to Region and below are some dances
of the different regions.
LUZON Banga
The Banga dance is a traditional Filipino folk dance that originated from
the Kalinga province in the northern part of the Philippines. It is named
after the "banga," which means clay pot or jar in the local language. The
dance is performed by female dancers who balance clay pots on their
heads and hands while gracefully moving and executing intricate footwork.
The pots symbolize the daily tasks of the Kalinga women. particularly in
fetching water and carrying heavy loads. The movements in the Banga
dance imitate the actions of the women as they navigate through rugged
terrains, avoiding obstacles, and maintaining balance. The dancers
showcase their agility, strength, and gracefulness as they perform various
patterns and formations.
VISAYAS Kuratsa
The Kuratsa is a traditional Filipino folk dance that originated in the
Visayan region of the Philippines. It is often performed during festive
occasions and celebrations, such as weddings and fiestas. The dance is
characterized by its lively and flirtatious movements, which imitate the
courtship between a man and a woman. It is typically performed by a
couple, with the male leading and the female following his lead. The
dancers gracefully sway and glide across the dance floor, showcasing their
agility and coordination. The music accompanying the Kuratsa is usually
played by a live band or ensemble, featuring traditional Filipino
instruments such as the banduria, guitar, and tamburin. The rhythm is
upbeat and energetic, encouraging the dancers to move with enthusiasm
and joy.
MINDANAO Singkil
Singkil is a traditional Filipino folk dance that originated from the Maranao
people of the Philippines, particularly in the province of Lanao del Sur. It is
a popular and well- known dance that showcases the grace, agility, and
cultural heritage of the Maranao people. The Singkil dance is inspired by
the epic tale of the Darangen, which is a Maranao epic that tells the story
of the princess Gandingan who escapes from danger with the help of her
faithful servant, the prince Bantugan. The dance reenacts the princess'
journey through a forest filled with crisscrossing bamboo poles,
symbolizing her agility and grace in avoiding obstacles.
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National Artist
• A National Artist is a Filipino who has made a significant contribution to
the development of Philippine arts in the fields of Music, Dance, Theater,
Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Architecture
The Order of National Artist
Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
The Order of the National Artists Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang
Alagad ng Sining) is the highest national recognition given to Filipino
individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of
Philippine arts.
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Proclamation No.1001 dated April 27, 1072
Under the Proclamation No.1001 dated April 27, 1072 the Order of the
National Artist Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining was
established.
Fernando Amorsolo
The first award was given to On May 15, 1973 under the Proclamation No.
1144, CCP Board of Trustees was named as the National Artist Awards
Committee. The Presidential Decree No.28 that was issued on June 7, 1973
reiterated the mandate of CCP to administer the National Awards as well
as the privileges and honors to National Artist.
The Order of National Artist
The Order of National Artists aims to recognize:
1. The Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the
cultural heritage of the country.
2. The Filipino artistic accomplishment at its highest level and to promote
creative expression as significant to the development of a national cultural
identity.
3. The Filipino artists who have dedicated their lives to their works to forge
new paths and directions for future generations of Filipino artists.
The following are the seven categories under which National Artists can be
recognized:
1. Literature
poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, journalism and/or literary criticism:
2. Film and Broadcasting / Broadcast Arts
direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, camera
work, and/or performance; and
3. Architecture, Design and Allied Arts-
architecture design, interior design, industrial arts design, landscape
architecture and fashion design
4. Music
singing, composition, direction, and/or performance;
5. Dance
-choreography, direction and/or performance:
6. Theater
direction, performance and/or production design;
7. Visual Arts
painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed
media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art and/or imaging
Qualifications for the National Artist Award
1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino citizens.
2. The content and form of their work have procured in building a Filipino
sense of nationhood.
3. An artist who have developed a mode of creative expression or style
and living a legend on succeeding generations of artists.
4. An artist who manifest excellence in the practice of their art form
5. The artwork made has attained an international and national
recognition.
Insignia of the Order of the National Artists
The insignia of the Order of the National Artists is formed from a Grand
Collar featuring circular links depicting the arts and an eight-pointed
sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in green and white
enamel.
The center of the badge is divided into three equal portions, in red, white
and blue representing the Philippine Flag with three stylized letter K's that
stands for the CCP's motto Katotohanan, Kabutihan at Kagandahan" (The
true, the good and the beautiful). The Grand Collar is made from silver gilt
bronze.
National Artist for Visual Arts
Fernando Amorsolo
He was known as the "Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art. He was the
first national artist of the country. His significant works are Planting Rice,
Dalagang Bukid, The Meztisa, and Maiden in a Stream, among others.
National Artist for Visual Arts
Fernando Amorsolo
National Artist for Architecture
Leandro V. Locsin
An architect from Silay, Negros Occidental, he was known for the use of
domes, spirals, and concentric spaces. His famous works here and abroad
include Brunei's Sultan's Palace, CCP, PICC, Folk Arts Theater, Makati Stock
Exchange, NAIA Terminal 1, and the Philippine Plaza Hotel.
ex. Bruneis sultan Palace, NAIA terminal 1
National Artist for Film Fernando Poe, Jr.
He has been given the title the king of Philippine movies. He is one of the
most admired Filipino film actors of all time. He is famous for his role as
Flavio in the mythical Ang Panday series. He also starred in other famous
films such as Apllo Robles, Batang Maynila, Mga Alabok sa Lupa, Ako ang
Katarungan etc.
National Artist for film
Fernando poe, Jr.
National Artist for Literature (1973)
Amado V. Hernandez
A poet, playwright, and novelist, is among the Filipino writers who
practiced "committed art" and he was known as "Manunulat ng
Manggagawa" Isang Dipang Langit, Luha ng Buwaya, Mga Ibong Madaragit
National Artist For Literature
Amando V. Hernandez
National Artist for Music
Ryan Cayabyab
He is a musician, composer, and conductor of eclectic, modern, popular
music. He put the Philippines on the International pedestal with award-
winning symphonic works, full- length musicals, films, and television
scores, Capella albums, famous and love songs, and scores of popular
songs sung by top Filipino artists.
National Artist for Dance
Ramon Obusan
Ramon Obusan promoted the Philippine ethnic dances and performed
them with respect and authenticity. He researched on the different
Philippine ethnic groups throughout the country to perfectly perform their
dances.
Example of his works: Vamos a Belen, Kayaw
National Artist For Dance
Ramon Obusan
National Artist for Theater Daisy Avellana
She was so called First Lady of the Philippine Theater because of her
magnificent performances in classic Filipino and international theater
productions and plays. Some of the productions she significantly became
part of were Othello, Macbeth in Black, Tatatrin, Portrait of the Artist as
Filipino, Diego Silang. Walang Sugat, etc.
Gawan sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
As envisioned in Republic Act No. 7355
Known as Manlilikha ng Bayan Act was established in 1992 and shall mean
citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino, whose distinct skills
have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence, and
have passed it on to in his or her community with the same degree of
technical and artistic competence.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
The highest policy and coordinating body for culture and the arts of the
state. It must search for the finest traditional artist of the land who adopts
a program that will ensure the transfer of their skills to others, undertakes
measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and crafts and give pride
among our people about the genius of Manlilikha ng Bayan.
(PAGE 5)
GAMABA Awardees (1993)
1. ginaw Bilog-Surat mangyan and ambahan poetry
2. Samaon Sulaiman-playing kudyapi
3. Lang Dulay-tinalak weaving
4. Federico Caballero-chanting sugidanon epic of the panay
Bukidnon
5. Alonzo saclag-playing kalinga musical instruments
6. Hajja Amina appi-mat weaving
7. Eduardo Mutuc-metal plating
8. Magdalena GAmayo-abel weaving
9. Teofilo Garcia-kattukong or tabungawa hat making
10. Yabing Masalon dulo-blaan or tie dye fabric weaving
Elements of arts
line, shapes, colour, space, texture, tone, form
1. Line
An element of art that is used to define shape, contours, and outlines, also
to suggest mass and volume. Line may come in two characteristics: 1 f-
curved, dotted, or broken lines; and 2 d-vertical, horizontal, or diagonal
lines.
2. Shape
is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. Shapes are two dimensional
figures with height and width. There are different kinds of shapes and
these
3. Colors
are the way we see light reflected from a surface or refracted through a
prism. Colors we see in nature are reflections of light on the surfaces
around us. We can classify colors into primary colors, secondary colors,
tertiary colors, analogous colors, complementary colors, monochromatic
colors, warm colors, and cool colors.
4. Space
Space refers to distances or areas around, between or within components
of a piece and refers to the arrangement of objects on the picture plane
(two-dimensional). Positive space refers to a part which is enclosed in a
shape. Negative space refers to the opposite part which the shape is
enclosing
5. Texture
is the element that appeals to our sense of feel on things rough or smooth,
bumpy or slippery. It is the character of the surface of an artwork.
6. Value
pertains to the lightness or darkness of a color in a given artwork. can be
changed by adding white or black to a color and these described as tint
and shade.
7. Form
is the three-dimensionality of an object. It has dimensions of height,
width, and length.
Principle of Arts
1. Rhythm - This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a
pattern.
2. Movement - is the illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture, or design
3. Balance - refers to the visual weight in a picture. It refers to the even
distribution of positions of elements in an artwork.
4. Proportion - refers to the relationships of the size of objects in a body of
work.
5. Contrast - This principle shows differences between elements of art in
an artwork. It shows how stronger each element of art in relation to one
another.
6. Variety - This principle of art refers to the diversity or the different
elements used in an artwork to make it more interesting.
7. Emphasis - refers to the greater impact or highlight given to a certain
element in an artwork.
8. Harmony - This principle of art refers to the unity of an artwork. It is
about the arrangement of the related elements that makes an artwork to
be viewed as a whole
FPL
Akademikong pagsulat; layunin, gamit, katangian at anyo
LAYUNIN
Ayon kay Mabelin (2012). Ang layunin sa pagsasagawa ng pagsulat ay
maaaring mahati sa dalawang bahagi. Una, ito ay maaaring personal o
ekspresibo kung saan ang layunin ng pagsulat ay nakabatay sa pansariling
pananaw, karanasan, naiisip, o nadarama ng manunulat. Ang ganitong
paraan ng pagsulat ay maaaring magdulot sa bumabasa ng kasiyahan,
kalungkutan, pagkatakot, o pagkainis depende sa layunin ng taong
sumusulat.
Ang karaniwang halimbawa nito ay ginagawa ng mga manunulat ng
sanaysay, maikling kuwento, tula, dula, awit, at iba pang akdang
pampanitikan.
Pangalawa, ito naman ay panlipunan o pansosyal kung saan ang layunin ng
pagsulat ay ang makipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao o sa lipunan na
ginagalawan.
Ang ibang halimbawa nito ay ang pagsulat ng liham ,Balita,
Korespondensiya, Pananaliksik ,sulating panteknikal, tesis, disertasyon, at
iba pa.
Layunin
Mapanghikayat na Layunin, Mahikayat ang mambabasa na maniwala sa
kanyang posisyon hinggil sa isang paksa.
Mapanuring Layunin, Ipaliwanag at suriin ang mga posibleng sagot sa isang
tanong at piliin ang pinakamahusay na sagot batay sa ilang pamantayan
Impormatibong Layunin, Ipinaliliwanag ang mga posibleng sagot sa isang
tanong upang mabigyan ang mambabasa ng bagong impormasyon o
kaalaman hinggil sa isang paksa.
Gamit
1.Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng kahusayan sa wika.
2. Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng mapanuring pag- iisip
3. Ang akademikong pagsulat ay lumilinang ng mga pagpapahalagang
pantao.
4. Ang akademikong pagsulat ay isang paghahanda sa propesyon.
Katangian
Kompleks, Ang pasulat na wika ay mas kompleks kaysa pasalitang wika
dahil ginagamitan ito ng mahahabang salita, mas mayaman na leksikon at
bokabularyo.
Pormal, Hindi angkop ang paggamit ng mga kolokyal at balbal na salita at
ekspresyon.
Tumpak, Ang mga datos ay inilalahad nang tumpak o walang labis at
walang kulang.
Obhetibo, Ang impormasyong nais ibigay at ang mga argumentong nais
gawin at hindi lamang nakabatay sa sariling opinyon ng manunulat
Eksplisit, Responsibilidad ng manunulat na gawing malinaw at
magkakaugnay-ugnay ang iba't ibang bahagi ng teksto gamit ang iba't
ibang signaling words.
Wasto, Gumagamit nang wastong bokabularyo o mga salita.
Responsible, Ang manunulat responsable sa paglalahad ng mga
ebidensiya, patunay o ano mang nagpapatibay sa kanyang argumento.
Kinikalala niya ang mga hanguan ng impromasyong na kanyang ginamit
Malinaw na Layunin, Sa pagtalakay ng manunulat sa isang paksa,
kailangang matugunan ang mga tanong/layunin kaugnay dito.
Malinaw na Pananaw, Ang manunulat ay naglalahad ng sariling punto de
bista batay sa mga ideya at saliksik ng iba.
May Pokus, Ang bawat pangungusap at talata ay kailangang sumusuporta
o magkakaugnay sa tesis na pahayag
Lohikal na Organisayon, Ang akademikong papel ay may introduksyon,
katawan, at kongklusyon. Bawat talata ay lohikal na nauugnay sa kasunod
na talata.
Matibay na Suporta, Ang katawan ng talataan ay kailangang sapat at ito ay
maaaring kapalooban ng facts, figures, halimbawa, deskripsyon,
karanasan, opinyon ng mga eksperto at siniping pahayag o quotations.
Malinaw na Pagpapaliwanag, Kumpleto ang pagpapaliwanag sa bawat
punto ng manunulat.
Epektibong Pananaliksik, Kailangang gumamit ng napapanahon,
propesyonal, at akademikong hanguan ng mga impormasyon
Iskolarling Estilo sa Pagsulat, Sa pagsulat ng akademikong papel, sinisikap
dito ang kalinawan at kaiklian
Anyo
Akademikong sulatin
Abstrak
-Ito ay ginagamit sa pagbubuod ng mga akademikong papel tulad ng tesis,
papel siyentiko, teknikal, lektyur at report.
-Ito ay kailangang makatotohanan at organisado ayon sa pagkakasunod-
sunod.
Sintesis
-Ito ay ginagamit sa pagbubuod ng tekstong naratibo tulad ng maikling
kwento.
-Ito ay nararapat na maliwanag at organisado ayon sa pagkakasunod-
sunod ng pangyayari sa kwento.
Bionote
-Ito ay ginagamit sa pagbubuod ng personal profile partikular na ang
academic career.
-Makatotohanan ang impormasyon.
Memorandum
-Ito ay ginagamit upang maghatid ng mensahe o impormasyon ukol sa
gaganaping pulong o pangyayari.
- Ito ay dapat organisado at makatotohanan.
Agenda
- Ito ay listahan ng mga magiging paksa sa isang pagpupulong
- Ito ay nararapat na organisado para sa maayos na daloy ng pagpupulong.
Panukalang Proyekto
- Ito ay proposal na naglalayong makapagmungkahi ng proyektong
maaaring makaresolba ng suliranin o problema.
- Ito ay dapat na simple klaro ang datos at nakapanghihikayat.
Talumpati
- Ito ay isang sulating nagpapaliwanag ng isang paksang naglalayong
manghikayat, tumugod, mangatwiran at magbigay ng kabatiran o
kaalaman.
- Ito ay obhetibo at maayos ang daloy ng ideya.
Katitikan ng Pulong
- Ito ay ang tala o rekord o pagdodokumento ng mga mahahalagang
puntong nailahad sa isang pagpupulong.
- Ito ay dapat na organisado ayon sa pagkakasunod- sunod ng mga
puntong napag-usapan at makatotohanan
Posisyong Papel
- Ito ay naglalayong maipaglaban kung ano ang tama. Ito ay nagtatakwil ng
kamalian na hindi tanggap ng karamihan.
- ito ay nararapat na maging pormal at organisado ang pagkakasunod
sunod ng ideya.
Replektibong Sanaysay
- Ito ay uri ng sanaysay kung saan nagbabalik tanaw ang manunulat at
nagrereplek. Nangangailangan ito ng reaksiyon at opinyon ng manunulat.
- Ito ay kalimitang personal at nasa anyong tuluyan. (PAGE 6)
Pictorial Essay Agenda: Layunin at Gamit
- Ito ay isang sulatin na nakatutok sa isang tema kung saan mas maraming Sa pamamagitan ng agenda, nagkakaroon ng direksiyon ang isang pulong,
larawan kaysa sa salita mas nagagamit ang oras nang maayos, at nagiging sistematiko ang pulong-
- Ito ay kadalasang personal, simple, at epektibo. dahilan upang hindi mabagot ang mga kalahok.

Lakbay Sanaysay Agenda: Kahalagahan ng Paghahanda

- Ito ay isang sanysay na hindi lamang tungkol sa paglalakbay kundi ito ay
maaari ring tungkol sa natuklasan o nalaman ng manunulat ukol sa lugar
na napuntahan.
- Ito ay personal at kalimitang nakapang-aakit ng mambabasa.
AGENDA
ito ay balangkas na pagpupulong na binibigyang giya ng tagapamagitan ng
pulong.
• Mabigyang-ideya ang mga dadalo sa detalye ng gaganaping
pagpupulong;
• Matiyak ang mga paksang dapat pagtuunan ng pansin;
• Maghatid ng organisadong balangkas para sa pagpupulong;
• Magbigay ng maayos na direksiyon para sa pagpupulong, na
masusundan ng mga sangkot; at
• Masukat at matantiya ang haba ng oras na gugugulin sa isasagawang
pagpupulong.

Iba-iba ang dahilan ng paglulunsad ng isang pulong. Maaaring ito ay

Ang Agenda upang: • magplano (planning);
Ang salitang agenda ay nagmula sa pandiwang Latin na agere na • magbigay-impormasyon (information dissemination);
nangangahulugang gagawin. Sa pananaw na ito, mabibigyang depinisyon • kumonsulta (asking for advice);
ang agenda bilang isang dokumento na naglalaman ng listahan ng mga • lumutas ng problema (solving problems); at
pag-uusapan at dapat talakayin sa isang pagpupulong. • magtasa (evaluating).

Agenda: Kahulugan 1 Alamin ang layunin ng pagpupulong

Ayon sa Merriam-Webster, nangangahulugan ang agenda bilang listahan 2. Sulatin ang agenda tatlo o higit pang araw bago ang pagpupulong..
ng: 3.Simulan sa mga simpleng detalye.
4. Magtalaga lamang ng hindi hihigit sa limang paksa para sa agenda.
(1)mga bagay na kailangang maisagawa at mapag-usapan, at
5. Ilagay ang nakalaang oras para sa bawat paksa.
(2)mga ideolohikal na plano at programa.
6. Isama ang ibang kakailanganing impormasyon para pagpupulong.
Agenda: Kahulugan
Ito ay isang talaan ng mga paksang tatalakayin, sang-ayon sa
pagkakasunod- sunod, sa isang pormal na pagpupulong. Nagsisilbi itong
gabay sa kabuuan ng isasagawang pulong, anuman ang kaakibat nitong
layunin.

Layunin ng mga sulating-agenda ang makapagpabatid ng impormasyon

ukol sa gaganaping pulong. Inihahanda ito ng isang tagapag-ugnay o
kalihim na siyang

nangangalaga at nagiging tulay sa ilulunsad na pagpupulong. Maaari din

naman itong isagawa o ihanda ng mismong tagapagpadaloy o ang
nagpatawag ng pulong.

Agenda: Mga Katangian

• Organisado. Mayroong sinusunod na pormat ng pagsulat ang bawat
institusyon. Mahalagang maayos ang pagkakasunod- sunod ng tatlong
pangunahing elemento ng agenda: detalye, layunin, at paksa.

• Malinaw. Mahalagang tiyak ang mga detalyeng nakalagay sa agenda at

malinaw ang kaugnayan ng mga ito sa paksa ng pulong. Dapat na
nakabatay sa itinakdang oras at tagal ng pulong ang agenda at
naisasaalang-alang ang mga kalahok, tagapag-ugnay, lugar na
pagdarausan, at kagamitan sa paglulunsad.

• Pormal at Kompleto Sa pagkakaroon ng pormal na pormat na sinusunod

sa mga pormal na pagpupulong, mahalagang kompleto at tiyak ang mga
detalyeng inilalangkap. Karaniwan itong inilalakip sa isang memo na
ipahahatid sa mga taong sangkot sa isasagawang pagpupulong.

• Pormal at Kompleto. Dapat maunawaang hindi lahat ng pagpupulong ay

pormal na isinasagawa. Gayon pa man, mahalaga pa rin ang listahan ng
mga agenda o paksa na tatalakayin sa isang pagpupulong.

Sa pagtatala ng paksa para sa gagawing memo-agenda, gumamit lamang

ng mga susing salita na hindi kailangang palawigin sa sulatin.

Agenda: Layunin at Gamit

Sa pagsasaalang-alang ng pagtatakda ng layunin ng pulong, narito ang mga
gabay na tanong na dapat masagot:
• Ano ang paksa ng pulong?
Sino ang mga kailangang dumalo sa pulong?
• Saan magaganap ang pulong?
• Bakit magsasagawa ng pulong?
• Kailan magaganap ang pulong? (PAGE 7)
EAPP THESIS STATEMENT and OUTLINE READING TEXT

SUMMARIZING ACADEMIC TEXT An outline is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or an
article. It arranges material in a logical way into main ideas, supporting
Summarizing is how we take larger selections of text and reduce them to ideas, and supporting details.
their bare essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are
worth noting and remembering. Webster's calls a summary the "general
idea in brief form”; it's the distillation, condensation, or reduction of a
larger work into its primary notions. ("Reading Quest
Strategies/Summarizing")

- Summarizing is a brief restatement of a text's main points.

- It is selecting out key features of a text to create a shorter version.

TWO AIMS OF SUMMARIZING

1. To reproduce the main idea and key points of a text.
▪ Main Idea is the topic of the text.
▪Key Points are the arguments used to explain the main idea.
2. To restate these in as few words as possible.

Take note that you cannot add any opinion in the summary.
❖Summary can be made in one sentence or longer depending on the text.
❖Do not quote extensively, Avoid PLAGIARISM
❖Use Quotation Mark (" ") to indicate copied key terms

BENEFITS OF SUMMARIZING
1. It helps you learn to identify key ideas of a text and ignore irrelevant
information.
2. It improves our memory and by extension our comprehension.
3. It is an effective tool to self-evaluate what is understood about the
original text.
4. When summarizing an entire essay, outline the writer's argument.
5. Summarize in chronological order.

TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING
1. Reference Citation - Reference means Source/Author -Citation means
mentioning or recognition
FORMAT 1: Author Citation in the Body of the Sentence
FORMAT 2: Author Citation in Brackets
2. Graphic Organizers - are shapes, lines, figures, drawings, or sketches
that are used to make a visual display of key information.

BASIC RULES IN SUMMARIZING ACADEMIC TEXT

A. Erase things that don't matter. Delete trivial material that is

unnecessary to understanding

B. Erase things that repeat. Delete redundant material. In note taking, time
and space is precious. If a word or phrase says basically the same thing you
have already written down, then don't write it again!

C. Trade, general terms for specific names. Substitute superordinate terms

for lists (eg, flowers for daisies, tulips for roses). Focus on the big picture.
Long, technical lists are hard to remember. If one word will give you the
meaning, then less is more.

D. Use your own words to write the summary. Write the summary using
your own words but make sure to retain the main points.

THESIS STATEMENT and OUTLINE READING TEXT

Thesis Statement is the sentence that states the main idea of a writing
assignment and helps control the ideas within the paper. It is not merely a
topic. It often reflects an opinion or judgment that a writer has made
about a reading or personal experience.

Elements of a Thesis Statement

1. TOPIC The topic of your paper.

2. ARGUMENT/CLAIMS - This depends on the type of paper you are
writing. If it is an argumentative paper, then this should express your
opinion. If it is a research or explanatory paper, this should explain the
purpose of your paper.
(PAGE 8)
3. EVIDENCE- The support for your argument/claim
GEN BIO
CELL TYPES
Different Types of Cells in the Human Body Based on Tissue Formation
1. Bone cells (Osteocytes)a
They are the toughest body cell as they are bound together by calcium and
phosphate. As you know they give strength, support and framework to the
body by enclosing organs in skeletal system i.e bones.
2. Cartilage Cells (chondrocytes)
These cells are similar to bone cells but the surrounding material is just
loose and flexible compared to those of bone cells. Hence they are freely
bendable. They are present in ear bone, in between large bones to help
them bend and move freely like between two ribs, spinal bones, joints.
3. Nerve cells
-These cells are very long and have many branching at either ends. Their
specialty is they never multiply in one's life time. They are present all over
the body and are sometimes as long as few meters long.
- They are human brain cells and are found in plenty in brain cells and are
found and spinal cord and form the nervous tissue.
4. Epithelial Cells
- These cells are very simple cells which form covering of other cells. These
cells from covering layers of all the organs and hence are pre-set in skin,
scalp, respiratory tract, in the buccal cavity surface among others.
- Having closely joined cells, they serve as barriers for pathogens, fluid loss
and mechanical injuries. Example: skin cells, mucous cells.
- Epithelial cells differ in shape, some are cuboidal, others are thin and flat
known as squamous and the rest are tall and narrow called columanar.
- They consist of single layer of cells, they are named simple epithelium. If
they are made up of several cell layers, they are named stratified
epithelium.
5. Muscle Cells
These cells are of muscle tissue mostly long, large and have ability to
contract and relax providing movements. There are three types- skeletal,
cardiac and smooth muscles.
a. Skeletal muscle cells are attached to long bones and assist in their
movement (by muscle contraction).
b. Cardiac muscle cells are present only in heart muscle and are
responsible for heart beats.
c. Smooth muscle cells are flexible yet, can contract and relax and are
present in stomach, intestine, blood vessel walls (vascular tissue) helping
in movement of food through the gut.
6. Secretory cells
These cells as the name indicates are secretory in nature. They form
glands and secrete something important. e.g.- pancreatic cells which
secrete insulin, glucagon, salivary gland which secrete salivary amylase,
sebaceous gland which secrete oil on the skin. They are found in all
secretory organs.
(PAGE 9)
6. Secretory cells Storage cells:
These are adipose cells. Some liver cells act to store materials like fat for
later use. This fat is consumed in time of starvation and also in excess cold
temperatures.

Supportive cells:
These are the cells that act as support to adjacent cells. Ex: Glial cells in
the brain and spinal cord help provide nourishment to the nerve cells and
also protect them from shocks and trauma.

Special Types of cells:

a. Sperms: these cells unlike others are haploid (i.e. have only one set of
chromosome). They are present only in males after puberty. These cells
have tail which enables them to swim and move in the female uterus. They
have the enzyme namely hayaluronidase which helps them penetrate
through uterine tissue and reach oocytes.
7. Adipose cells
There are fat cells and are storage by nature to store fat. They are specially
seen in the soles palms, and bums. They reduce friction to the body.

b. Oocytes: cells are haploid and present in adult female genital system.
They are also haploid like sperms. They start to form after puberty and
continue so till the stage of menopause. They accept sperm cells to form
zygote (fertilized egg). Which grows further in the uterus to form a baby.

8. Blood cells
These cells include RBC's, WBC, and thrombocytes etc. they are always
motile and never stay in one place. They have limited life span and they
never multiply to form new cells. Instead new cells are formed from other
cells.

c. Stem cells: these are basic cells of parent cells which can differentiate
into any cell based on the requirement. These stem cells in the human
body are given so much importance due to their promising role in the
treatment of disorders in the future.

Types of Cells in Human Body based on their Function

Conductive cells:
Nerve cells and muscle cells come under this category. They have internal
ability to conduct an electric impulse from one regions to other distant
region in the body

Connective cells:
Bone cells, blood cells fall under this category. They help connect other
cells and tissues.

Glandular cells:
These cells are secretory cells. They form glands like pancreas, salivary
glands and help in production of enzymes, hormones. (PAGE 10)
d. Rods and Cones: these cells are in the eyes and have the capacity to
capture image color and light.
1. Prophase
•the chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes.
•Structures called spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the
cells
•The nuclear membrane breaks down
•The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
•Each chromosome attaches to the spindle fiber at the centromere, which
still hols the chromatids together.

1. Anaphase
•The centromeres split
•The two chromatids separate. One chromatid moves along the spindle
fiber to one end of the cell.
•The other chromatid moves to the opposite end
•The cell become stretched out as the opposite ends pull apart.

Special Types of cells
e. Ciliated cells: these cells are present as lining of respiratory tract and
esophagus and have a pointed thread- like cilia which move in one
particular direction to pass materials.
1. Telophase
•The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod-like appearance
•This occurs in two regions at the end of the cell
•A new nuclear membrane form around each region of chromosomes.
STAGE3: CYTOKINESIS
➤Completes the process of cell division
>The cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two
new cells.

The cell type

1. Interphase
2. Mitosisaa
3. Cytokinesis
CELL CYCLE
STAGE1: INTERPHASE INTERPHASE< MITOSIS <CYTOKINESIS
First stage of the cell cycle.
>The period before cell division occur
>The cells grows to its mature size
>Makes a copy of its DNA
>Prepare to divide into two cells

1. G1 phase/ Growth
- the cells doubles in size and produces all the structures needed to carry
out its function.
- G represents gap and the 1 represents first. Gap 1/ First Gap Phase
< the cells doubles in size and produces all the structures needed to carry
2. S phase/ DNA Replication out its function.
•The cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus in a process called < G represents gap and the 1 represents first.
•At the end of DNA replication, the cell contains two identical sets of DNA.
•S represents synthesis.

3. G2 phase/ Preparation for division

•The cell produces structures that will use to divide during the rest of the
cell cycle.
•G represents gap and the 2 represents second.

STAGE2: MITOSIS
➤Stage during which the cell's nucleus divides into two nuclei.
>One copy of DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells. Synthesis Phase/ DNA Replication
>PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) < The cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus in a process called
replication.
< At the end of DNA replication, the cell contains two identical sets of
DNA.
(PAGE 11)
 CYTOKINESIS
• Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
• Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the
daughter cells

Prophase I
<Chromosomes condense and migrate towards the nuclear envelop.
< Formation of spindle fiber.
< Synapsis (pairing of homologous chromosome)

Preperation for division

< the cell produces structures that will use to divide during the rest of the
cell cycle.
< G represents gap and 2 represents second.

MITOSIS

< Chromosomes interchange equivalent sections of chromatids, which is a

process known as crossing over.
< Chromosome undergo thickening and move away from the nuclear
envelop.
>The nuclear envelop and nucleoli dissolve.

Prophase
< Chromosomes condense and become visible
< pindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
< Nuclear envelope breaks down
< Centrosomes move toward opposite poles

Metaphase Metaphase I
< Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
< Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from >Pairing of bivalent or homologous chromosome in the equatorial plane.
opposite poles >The centromeres are located in the opposite poles.

Anaphase Anaphase I
< Centromeres split in two >Chromosome migrate to the opposite poles of the cell/
< Sister chromatids (now) called chromosomes) are pulled toward >Sister chromatids are not separated.
opposite poles
Telophase I
< Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell
>Chromosome continue to migrate towards the pole
Telophase >Both poles have haploid number of chromosomes
< Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
< Nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes
< The mitotic spindle breaks down
< Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

CYTOKINESIS

Telophase I
< Condensation of chromosomes and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
< Nuclear envelop starts forming
< Two daughter cells with haploid chromosome number are formed

(PAGE 12)
Prophase II DISTRIBUTION
< Nuclei and nuclear membrane are separated
< Chromosomes start moving towards the equatorial plane. • Enzymes are not randomly distributed but are specifically
< Two sister chromatids are still held together by the centromere located inside the cells for example
• Digestive Enzymes: (Pancreas and stomach)
Metaphase II • Glycosol :( oxidation of glucose)
< Chromosomes aligned in the equator. • Mitochondria TCA cycle
< Centromeres are oriented towards the opposite poles

Anaphase II
< Sister chromatids held at the centromere are separated by the spindle
fiber.

Telophase II
< Four nuclei (two each in a daughter cell) are formed along with the
process of cytokinesis.
< Each nuclei developed nuclear envelop
< Four daughter cells or gametes are formed.

MITOSIS
Mosaicism is a condition in which the cell in the same person have the
different genetic makeup.

MEIOSIS
Trisomy-extra chromosome
1. Down Syndrome
2. Edward Syndrome
3. Patau Syndrome

Down Syndrome
• Small head
• Fold of skin between the eyes and nose
• Smooth area between nose and upper lip
• Thin upper lip Small eye opening flat upper part of the nose
• Short nose

MATERNAL AGE
Overtime there are fewer and fewer eggs available in the ovaries. If the
woman is 35 years old, the eggs in the ovaries are also 35 years old.

However, recent studies have shown that men over 45 years may increase
risk for new autosomal dominant condition in their children.

Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some
genetic disorders. "Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located
on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. "Dominant" means
that a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to
cause the disorder.

ENVIRONMENT
Most parents who have a child with a chromosome abnormality, when
compared to those parents who do not have a child with a chromosome
abnormality, have no difference in habits, lifestyles, or environment
exposure.

ENZYMES
• DEFINITION
Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts. A catalyst is a
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but isn't changed by the
reaction. Enzymes catalyze all aspects of cell metabolism.

PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
2. induced fit model
• Enzymes are highly specific to the reactions they catalyze < A more recent model suggested by Daniel Koshland the Induced- Fit
• They alter or speed up the rates of chemical reactions that Model.
occur in a cell. < It states that the shape of Active Sites are not exactly Complementary,
• They remain unchanged after a chemical reaction. but are changed according to the substrate molecules
• They are affected by temperature.
• They are affected by pH.
• They catalyze reversible reactions.

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF ENZYME ACTIONS

1. TEMPERATURE

• Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work

fastest.
• Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases
• Above the optimum temperature the rate decreases

2. pH

• Enzymes have an optimum pH at which they work fastest.

• For most enzymes this is about pH 7-8
• but a few enzymes can work at extreme pH, such as protease
enzymes in animal stomachs, which have an optimum of pH 1.

3. ENZYME CONCENTRATION

• As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of the reaction

increases linearly
• At very high enzyme concentration the substrate concentration
may become rate-limiting

4. SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION

• As the substrate concentration increases, the rate increases

because more substrate molecules can collide with enzyme
molecules, so more reactions will take place

INHIBITION CAN BE EITHER COMPETITIVE OR NONCOMPETITIVE

1. COMPETITIVE INHIBITION: Competitive inhibition is the interruption of

an enzyme's ability to bind to a substrate due to a different molecule
binding to the active site.

2. NON COMPETITIVE INHIBITION:

• Non competitive inhibitors are not similar to the substrate and

they do not bind to the active site of the enzyme.
• They change the conformation of the active site.

ROLE OF ENZYMES IN THE BODY

1. DEGRADATION REACTIONS (CATABOLIC)

2. SYNTHESIS (ANABOLIC)

3. DIGESTION Enzymes are used for a wide variety of purposes, such as in

digestion.

4.PROTECTION
Enzymes are also used in protection against Pathogens. They can be used
to destroy invading Microorganisms.

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