Pe STR Handbook 1 0

Structural
PE Engineering
Reference Handbook
Version 1.0
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First posting October 2023

Version 1.0
ii
INTRODUCTION
About the Handbook
The Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) Structural Engineering exam is computer-based, and NCEES will supply
all the resource material that you are allowed to use during the exam. Reviewing the PE Structural Engineering Reference
Handbook before exam day will help you become familiar with the charts, formulas, tables, and other reference information
provided. You will not be allowed to bring your personal copy of the PE Structural Engineering Reference Handbook into
the exam room. Instead, the computer-based exam will include a PDF version of the handbook for your use. No printed
copies of the handbook will be allowed in the exam room.
The PDF version of the PE Structural Engineering Reference Handbook that you use on exam day will be very similar to
this one. However, pages not needed to solve exam questions—such as the cover and introductory material—may not be
included in the exam version. In addition, NCEES will periodically revise and update the handbook, and each PE Structural
exam will be administered using the updated version.
The PE Structural Engineering Reference Handbook does not contain all the information required to answer every question
on the exam. Theories, conversions, formulas, and definitions that examinees are expected to know have not been included.
The handbook is intended solely for use on the NCEES PE Structural exam.
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iii
CONTENTS
1 CONSTANTS AND MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS................................................................................1
Constants...........................................................................................................................................................................1
Material Weights................................................................................................................................................................1
Quadratic Equation............................................................................................................................................................1
Properties of Geometric Sections......................................................................................................................................2
2 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS..........................................................5
Beams................................................................................................................................................................................5
Shearing Force and Bending Moment Sign Conventions...........................................................................................5
Elastic Stresses in Beams............................................................................................................................................6
Composite Sections.....................................................................................................................................................7
Moment, Shear, and Deflection Diagrams..................................................................................................................7
General Static Equations.................................................................................................................................................28
Centroids of Masses, Areas, Lengths, and Volumes ................................................................................................28
Moment of Inertia.....................................................................................................................................................28
Equations for Properties of Commonly Used Sections...................................................................................................30
Section Centroid........................................................................................................................................................30
Plastic Centroid.........................................................................................................................................................31
Plastic Section Modulus............................................................................................................................................31
Shear Center..............................................................................................................................................................32
Natural Frequency...........................................................................................................................................................33
Stability, Determinacy, and Classification of Structures.................................................................................................33
Plane Truss................................................................................................................................................................33
Plane Frame...............................................................................................................................................................33
Equations to Determine Member Stresses.......................................................................................................................33
Axial Stress...............................................................................................................................................................33
Bending Stress for Unsymmetrical Sections.............................................................................................................33
Bending Stress for Sectors with at Least One Axis of Symmetry (i.e., Ixy = 0.0).....................................................33
Shear Stress for Members with at Least One Axis of Symmetry..............................................................................33
Maximum Shear Stress for Rectangular Members...................................................................................................34
Modulus of Elasticity................................................................................................................................................34
Shear Modulus for Isotropic Materials.....................................................................................................................34
Axial Strain...............................................................................................................................................................34
iv
Contents
Equations for Structural Analysis....................................................................................................................................34

Influence Lines for Beams and Trusses.....................................................................................................................34
Moving Concentrated Load Sets ..............................................................................................................................34
Beam Stiffness and Moment Carryover ..................................................................................................................35
General Equations for Deflection Determination............................................................................................................35
Deflections in Trusses and Frames by Virtual Work (Unit Load Method)................................................................35
Beam Analysis Using Stiffness Method (Direct Displacement Method)........................................................................36
Stiffness, Direct Displacement Methods ..................................................................................................................36
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by Displacement Method.....................................................................................38
Moment Distribution Method..........................................................................................................................................40
Equations for Rigid Diaphragm Analysis........................................................................................................................43
Rigid Diaphragm with Torsion..................................................................................................................................43
In-Plane Wall Shear Force.........................................................................................................................................43
Torsional Wall Shear Force.......................................................................................................................................43
Total Wall Shear Force..............................................................................................................................................44
Wall Rigidity.............................................................................................................................................................44
3 FOUNDATIONS AND SOIL MECHANICS................................................................................................48
Lateral Earth Pressures....................................................................................................................................................48
At-Rest Earth Pressure Coefficients..........................................................................................................................48
Rankine Earth Pressure Coefficients.........................................................................................................................49
Coulomb Earth Pressure Coefficients and Distributions...........................................................................................52
Load Distribution from Surcharge............................................................................................................................54
Pseudostatic Analysis and Earthquake Loads for Lateral Pressure on Gravity Walls...............................................55
Resistance Against Sliding on Keyed Foundations.........................................................................................................57
Soil Bearing Pressure for an Eccentrically Loaded Foundation......................................................................................58
Pile Load for an Eccentrically Loaded Pile Group..........................................................................................................59
4 CONCRETE....................................................................................................................................................60
Parameters k and j for the Elastic Analysis of a Cracked Section...................................................................................61
Relationships for Flexural Design Strength of Various Reinforced Concrete Beams.....................................................62
Mu
Flexural Design Strength of Rectangular Concrete Section, ..............................................................................63
f cl bd 2
Flexural Resistance Factor, R (psi)..................................................................................................................................64
Reinforced Concrete Column Design Charts..................................................................................................................70
v
Contents
5 MASONRY......................................................................................................................................................88
Concrete Masonry Section Properties.............................................................................................................................88
Section Properties............................................................................................................................................................90
Allowable Stress Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural Loads Only.....................................................91
Flexural Coefficients Based on nρ Values for Allowable Stress Design.........................................................................93
Allowable Stress Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural and Axial Loads.............................................98
Allowable Stress Design—Interaction Diagrams............................................................................................................99
Strength Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural Loads Only................................................................120
Flexural Resistance Factor (Strength Design)...............................................................................................................121
Strength Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural and Axial Loads.........................................................127
Chart of Maximum Nominal Shear Strength.................................................................................................................127
vi
1 CONSTANTS AND MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
Constants
ft in.
gravitational acceleration , 32.2 , 386.4
sec 2 sec 2
Material Weights
lb lb
water , 62.4 , 8.34 gal
ft 3
Quadratic Equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b ! b 2 4ac
x 2a
©2023 NCEES 1
Chapter 1: Constants and Mathematical Equations
Properties of Geometric Sections
Figure Area & Centroid Area Moment of Inertia (Radius of Gyration)2 Product of Inertia
y Ix c = bh /363
rx2c = h 2 18
A = bh/2
I yc = b 3h/36 ry2c = b 2 18 Ixc yc = Abh 36 = b 2 h 2 72
C h xc = 2b/3
rx2 = h 2 6 Ixy = Abh 4 = b 2 h 2 8
yc = h/3 Ix = bh3/12
x ry2 = b 2 2
b Iy = b3h/4
y Ix c = bh 3 /36 rx2c = h 2 18
A = bh/2
h I yc = b 3h/36 ry2c = b 2 18 I xc yc = − Abh 36 = − b 2 h 2 72
C xc = b/3
rx2 =h 6 2
I xy = Abh 12 = b 2 h 2 24
x yc = h/3 Ix = bh3/12
ry2 = b2 6
b Iy = b3h/12
y I xc = bh 3 36 rx2c = h 2 18 I xc yc = [Ah(2a − b )] 36
A = bh/2
C h
xc = (a + b)/3
[ (
Iyc = bh b − ab + a
2 2
)] 36 ry2c (
= b − ab + a
2 2
) 18 [ ]
= bh 2 (2a − b ) 72
x I x = bh 3
12 rx2 =h 6 2
I xy = [Ah(2a + b )] 12
a yc = h/3
b [ (
I y = bh b + ab + a
2 2
)] 12 ry2 (
= b 2 + ab + a 2 6 ) [ ]
= bh 2 (2a + b ) 24
y I xc y c = 0
I xc = b h 3 12 rx2c = h 2 12
I xy = Abh 4 = b 2 h 2 4
C A = bh I yc = b 3 h 12 ry2c = b 2 12
h
xc = b/2 I x = bh 3 3 rx2 = h 2 3
x yc = h/2 I y = b3h 3 ry2 = b 2 3
b (
rp2 = b 2 + h 2 12 )
[ (
J = bh b 2 + h 2 )] 12
y a
A = h(a + b ) 2 I xc =
(
h 3 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) rx2c =
(
h 2 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 )
36 (a + b ) 18(a + b )
C h h(2a + b )
yc = h 2
(3a + b)
3(a + b ) h 3 (3a + b ) rx2 =
x Ix = 6(a + b )
b 12
y
( )
I xc = a 3b sin 3 θ 12 rx2c = (a sin θ) 2 12
A = ab sin θ I yc = [ab sin θ (b + a cos θ )] 12
2 2 2
(
ry2c = b 2 + a 2 cos 2 θ 12 )
C xc = (b + a cos θ)/2 ( )
I xc yc = a 3b sin 2 θ cos θ 12
Ix = (a b sin θ) 3 rx2 = (a sin θ) 3 2
a 3 3
x yc = (a sin θ)/2 ry2 = (b + a cos θ) 2 3

b [
I y = ab sin θ (b + a cos θ) ]3
2
− (ab cos θ ) 6
(
− a 2b 2 sin θ cos θ 6 )
Housner, George W., and Donald E. Hudson, Applied Mechanics Dynamics, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1959. Table reprinted by permission of G.W. Housner & D.E. Hudson.
Source: Adapted from Housner, George W. and Donald E. Hudson, (1980) Applied Mechanics Dynamics. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechBOOK:1980.001.
©2023 NCEES 2
y I xc = I y c = π a 4 4 rx2c = ry2c = a 2 4
A = πa2 I xc y c = 0
a
C xc = a I x = I y = 5π a 4 4 rx2 = ry2 = 5a 2 4
I xy = Aa 2
yc = a J = πa 4 2 rp2 =a 2 2
y
A = π (a2 – b2)
(
I xc = I y c = π a 4 − b 4 4 ) (
rx2c = ry2c = a 2 + b 2 4 ) I xc y c = 0
a 5πa πb 4 4
rx2 ry2 = (5a +b ) 4 I xy = Aa 2
xc = a
2 2
C Ix = Iy = − πa 2b 2 − =
4 4
b yc = a
(
J = π a4 − b4 2 ) (
rp2 = a 2 + b 2 2 ) (
= πa 2 a 2 − b 2 )
x
(
a 4 9π 2 − 64 ) rx2c =
(
a 2 9π 2 − 64 )
I xc = 36π 2
y A = πa /2 2
72π
ryc = a 4 I xc y c = 0
C xc = a I yc = πa 4 8 2 2
I x = πa 4 8 I xy = 2a 4 3
yc = 4a/(3π) rx2 = a 2 4
2a x
I y = 5π a 4 8 ry2 = 5a 2 4
y
a A = a 2θ a 2 (θ − sin θ cos θ)
C Ix = a4(θ – sin θ cos θ)/4 rx2 = I xc y c = 0
2a sin θ 4 θ
x xc =
3 θ Iy = a (θ + sin θ cos θ)/4
4
a 2
(θ + sin θ cos θ) I xy = 0
yc = 0 ry2 =
4 θ
[ ] [ ] [ ]
y sin 2θ
A = a2 θ − Aa 2 2sin 3 θ cos θ a2 2sin 3 θ cos θ
a 2 Ix = 1− rx2 = 1− I xc y c = 0
4 3θ − 3sin θ cos θ 4 3θ − 3sin θ cos θ
[ ] [ ]
x I xy = 0
2a sin θ 3
Aa 2 2sin 3 θ cos θ a2 2sin 3θ cos θ
C xc = Iy = 1+ ry2 = 1+
3 θ − sin θ cos θ 4 θ − sin θ cos θ 4 θ − sin θ cos θ
yc = 0
https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechBOOK:1980.001.
©2023 NCEES 3
y I xc = I x = 4ab 3 15 rx2c = rx2 = b 2 5

A = 4ab/3 I xc y c = 0
C b
xc = 3a/5 I yc = 16a 3b 175 ry2c = 12a 2 175
x Ixy = 0
a b yc = 0
I y = 4a b 7
3
ry2 = 3a 7
2
y
A = 2ab/3 Ix = 2ab3/15 rx2 = b 2 5
C b
xc = 3a/5 Ixy = Aab/4 = a2b2
x Iy = 2ba3/7 ry2 = 3a 2 7
a yc = 3b/8
y A = bh (n + 1)
h 2 (n + 1)
y = (h/b n)xn bh 3 rx2 =
n +1 Ix = 3(3n + 1)
h xc = b 3(3n + 1)
C n+2
hb 3 n +1 2
b x h n +1 Iy = ry2 = b
yc = n+3 n+3
n 2 2n + 1
y n
y = (h/b 1/n)x1/n A= bh n +1 2
n +1 n rx2 = h
Ix = bh 3 3(n + 1)
C n +1 3(n + 3)
h xc = b
2n + 1 n n +1 2
Iy = b3h ry2 = b
x n +1 3n + 1 3n + 1
b yc = h
n 2(n + 2)
https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechBOOK:1980.001
©2023 NCEES 4
2 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Beams
Shearing Force and Bending Moment Sign Conventions
1. The bending moment is positive if it produces bending of the beam concave upward (compression in top fibers and
tension in bottom fibers).
2. The shearing force is positive if the right portion of the beam tends to shear downward with respect to the left.
POSITIVE BENDING NEGATIVE BENDING
POSITIVE SHEAR NEGATIVE SHEAR
LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT
The relationship between the load (w), shear (V), and moment (M) equations are:
dV ^ x h
w^ xh w dx
dx w = w(x) dx
dM x h
^ w 2
V
dx A 1 2 B M V M dM
V2 V1 #x1x2 7w^ xhAdx x dx o
o
V ^ x h dx
x2
M 2 M1 #x1 V dV
dx
©2023 NCEES 5
Chapter 2: Mechanics of Materials and Structural Analysis
Elastic Stresses in Beams

The elastic stress in a beam due to bending:
My
I
where
M = moment at the section
I = moment of inertia of the cross section
y = distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location above or below the neutral axis
The maximum elastic stresses in a beam due to bending:

Mc
! I
where
c = distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber of a symmetrical beam section
M
σ = s
t
where
s = elastic section modulus of the beam

M
I
s = c
Transverse shear stress:

VQ
xy Ib
b
where
V = shear force
Q = Al y l = first moment of area above or below the point where shear stress is to be determined
where
A′ = area above the layer (or plane) upon which the desired transverse shear stress acts
y l = distance from neutral axis to area centroid
b = width or thickness of the cross section
Transverse shear flow:

VQ
q= I
©2023 NCEES 6
Composite Sections
The bending stresses in a beam composed of dissimilar materials (Material 1 and Material 2) where E1 > E2 are:
nMy
σ1 = IT (Material 1)
σ2 = My (Material 2)
IT
where
IT = moment of inertia of the transformed section

E
n = modular ratio = E1 ; E1 > E2
2
E1 = elastic modulus of Material 1
E2 = elastic modulus of Material 2
y = distance from the neutral axis to the fiber location above or below the neutral axis
The composite section is transformed into a section composed of a single material. The centroid and then the moment of
inertia are found on the transformed section for use in the bending stress equations.
COMPOSITE TRANSFORMED
SECTION SECTION
MATERIAL 1 E1, A1 E2, nA1
NEUTRAL
AXIS
MATERIAL 2 E2, A2 E2, A2
b b
nb
Moment, Shear, and Deflection Diagrams

Source: This section adapted from Steel Construction Manual, 15th ed., AISC, 2017. Page 3-204; Table 3-23, pages 3-208 through 3-223.
Copyright © American Institute of Steel Construction. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi
I = moment of inertia of beam (in4)
L = total length of beam between reaction points (ft)
Mmax = maximum moment (in.-kips)
M1 = maximum moment in left section of beam (in.-kips)
M2 = maximum moment in right section of beam (in.-kips)
M3 = maximum positive moment in beam with combined end moment conditions (in.-kips)
Mx = moment at distance x from end of beam (in.-kips)
P = concentrated load (kips)
P1 = concentrated load nearest left reaction (kips)
P2 = concentrated load nearest right reaction, and of different magnitude than P1 (kips)
©2023 NCEES 7
R = end beam reaction for any condition of symmetrical loading (kips)
R1 = left end beam reaction (kips)
R2 = right end or intermediate beam reaction (kips)
R3 = right end beam reaction (kips)
V = maximum vertical shear for any condition of symmetrical loading (kips)
V1 = maximum vertical shear in left section of beam (kips)
V2 = vertical shear at right reaction point, or to left of intermediate reaction point of beam (kips)
V3 = vertical shear at right reaction point, or to right of intermediate reaction point of beam (kips)
Vx = vertical shear at distance x from end of beam (kips)
W = total load on beam (kips)
a = measured distance along beam (in.)
b = measured distance along beam, which may be greater or less than a (in.)
l = total length of beam between reaction points (in.)
w = uniformly distributed load per unit of length (kip/in.)
w1 = uniformly distributed load per unit of length nearest left reaction (kip/in.)
w2 = uniformly distributed load per unit of length nearest right reaction and of different magnitude than w1
(kip/in.)
x = any distance measured along beam from left reaction (in.)
x1 = any distance measured along overhang section of beam from nearest reaction point (in.)
Dmax = maximum deflection (in.)
Da = deflection at point of load (in.)
Dx = deflection at any point x distance from left reaction (in.)
Dx1 = deflection of overhang section of beam at any distance from nearest reaction point (in.)
©2023 NCEES 8
Shears, Moments, and Deflections

1. Simple Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = wl

l
R=V = wl
x 2
wl
wc 2 − x m
l
R l l R Vx =
2 2
V Mmax (at center) = wl 2
8
SHEAR V
wx _ − i
Mx = 2 l x
M max
Dmax (at center) = 5wl 4
384EI
MOMENT
wx _ 3 3i
Dx = 24EI l 2lx x
2
2. Simple Beam—Load Increasing Uniformly to One End
Total Equiv. Uniform Load =
W
l R1 = V1 =
3
x
W 2W
R2 = V2 = Vmax =
3
R1 R2
0.5774 l W − Wx 2
Vx =
V1
3 l2
SHEAR V2
Mmax =
M max Wx _ 2 2 i
Mx = l −x
3l 2
MOMENT
Dmax Wl 3
= 0.0130 EI
Wx _ 4
Dx = 3x 10l 2 x 2 7l 4 i
180EIl 2
©2023 NCEES 9
Shears, Moments, and Deflections (cont'd)

3. Simple Beam—Load Increasing Uniformly to Center
4W
3
l
R=V = W
x 2
W
W _2
R l l R Vx c when x 1 2 m
l = l − 4x 2 i
2l 2
2 2
Mmax (at center) = Wl
V 6
SHEAR V
Mx c when x 1 2 m
l
Wx f 2 − 2 p
= 1 2x 2
3l
M max
Dmax (at center) = Wl 3
MOMENT 60EI
Wx _ 2 2 i2
Dx c when x 1 2 m
l = 2 5l − 4x
480EIl
4. Simple Beam—Uniform Load Partially Distributed
R1 = V1 (max. when a < c) = wb _ + i

l 2c b
2l
a b c
wb
R2 = V2 (max. when a > c) = wb _ + i
2a b
2l
R1 x R2
Vx [when x > a and < (a + b)] = R1 – w(x – a)
Mmax d at x a 1 n R1 d a + 1 n
V1 SHEAR R R
w =
R1 V2 2w
a+
w
Mx (when x < a ) = R1x
R1 x − 2 _ x − a i
M max w 2
Mx [when x > a and < (a + b)] =
MOMENT
Mx [when x > (a + b)] = R2(l – x)
5. Simple Beam—Uniform Load Partially Distributed at One End
wa _ − i
R1 = V1 = Vmax = 2l a
2l
l R2 = V2 = wa 2
a 2l
wa
Vx (when x < a) = R1 – wx
R1 R2
Mmax d at x = 1 n
R R12
x =
w 2w
V1
SHEAR wx 2
R1 V2 Mx (when x < a ) = R1 x − 2
w
Mx (when x > a ) = R2(l – x)
M max wx 9 2 3C
24EIl a _2l a i 2ax _2l a i lx
Dx (when x < a ) = 2 2
MOMENT
wa 2 _l − x i
Dx (when x > a ) = _4xl − 2x 2 − a 2 i
24EIl
©2023 NCEES 10

6. Simple Beam—Uniform Load Partially Distributed at Each End
w1 a _2l a i w 2 c 2
R1 = V1 =
2l
w 2 c _2l c i w1 a 2
R2 = V2 =
2l
l
Vx (when x < a) = R1 – w1x
a b c
w1a Vx [when a < x < (a + b)] = R1 – w1a
w2 c
R1 R2 Vx [when x > (a + b)] = R2 – w2(l – x)

x
R12
V SHEAR Mmax d at x = R1 , when R 1 w a n =
w1 1 1 2w1
R1 V2
R 22
Mmax d at x l w2 , when R 2 1 w 2 c n
w1
R
=
2 2w 2
M max
w1 x 2
MOMENT Mx (when x < a) = R1 x − 2
w1 a 2
Mx [when a < x < (a + b)] = R1 x − _ − i
2 2x a
w 2 _l − x i
2
Mx [when x > (a + b)] = R 2 _l − x i − 2
7. Simple Beam—Concentrated Load at Center
l
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 2P
x P
P
R=V = 2
R l l R Mmax (at point of load) = Pl

2 2 4
Px
Mx c when x 1 m
V l =
2 2
SHEAR V
Dmax (at point of load) = Pl 3
48EI
M max
Dx c when x 1 l m = Px _ 2 2i
MOMENT 2 48EI 3l − 4x
©2023 NCEES 11

8. Simple Beam—Concentrated Load at Any Point
8Pab
l2
l R1 = V1 (= Vmax when a < b) = Pb
x l
P Pa
R2 = V2 (= Vmax when a > b) =
l
R1 R2
Mmax (at point of load) = Pab
a b l
V1 Pbx
Mx (when x < a) =
SHEAR V2 l
Dmax =
M max
MOMENT Da (at point of load) = Pa 2 b 2

3EIl
Pbx _ 2
Dx (when x < a) = − 2 − 2i
6EIl l b x
9. Simple Beam—Two Equal Concentrated Loads Symmetrically Placed
8Pa
l l
x R=V = P
P P
Mmax (between loads) = Pa
R R
Mx (when x < a) = Px
a a
Dmax (at center) = Pa _ 2 2i
V 24EI 3l − 4a
SHEAR V
Dmax c at a = 3 m
l 23 Pl 3
=
648 EI
M max Px _ 2i
Dx (when x < a) = 6 EI 3la − 3a − x
2
MOMENT
Dx [when a < x < (l – a)] = Pa _ 2i
6 EI 3lx − 3x − a
2
10. Simple Beam—Two Equal Concentrated Loads Unsymmetrically Placed

P_ i
l R1 = V1 (= Vmax when a < b) = l a b
l
x
P P
R2 = V2 (= Vmax when a > b) = P_ i
l b a
l
R1 a b R2 P_ − i
Vx [when a < x < (l – b)] = b a
l
V1
M1 (= Mmax when a > b) = R1a
SHEAR V2
M2 (= Mmax when a < b) = R2b
M1 M2 Mx (when x < a) = R1x

MOMENT
Mx [when a < x < (l – b)] = R1x – P(x – a)
©2023 NCEES 12

11. Simple Beam—Two Unequal Concentrated Loads Unsymmetrically Placed
P1 _l a i P2 b
R1 = V1 =
l l
x
P1 P2 P1 a P2 _l b i
R2 = V2 =
l
R1 a b R2
Vx [when a < x < (l – b)] = R1 – P1
V1
M1 (= Mmax when R1 < P1) = R1a
SHEAR V2
M2 (= Mmax when R2 < P2) = R2b
M1 M 2 M (when x < a)
x = R1x
MOMENT
Mx [when a < x < (l – b)] = R1x – P1(x – a)
12. Beam Fixed at One End, Supported at Other—Uniformly Distributed Load

3wl
R1 = V1 = 8
l
wl 5wl
R2 = V2 =Vmax = 8
R1 R2 Vx = R1 – wx
x
V1 Mmax = wl 2
8
SHEAR V2
3
M1 c at x = 8 l m
3 9
= 128 wl
2
l 1
8 l
4
M1 wx 2
Mx = R1 x − 2
MOMENT M max
Dmax wl 4
=
185EI
wx _ 3 3i
Dx = 48EI l 3lx 2x
2
©2023 NCEES 13

13. Beam Fixed at One End, Supported at Other—Concentrated Load at Center
2
R1 = V1 = 5P
16
R2 = V2 =Vmax = 11P
l 16
x P 3Pl
Mmax (at fixed end) =
16
R1 l l R2 5Pl
M1 (at point of load) =
2 2 32
5Px
Mx c when x 1 2 m
V1 l =
16
SHEAR
V2
P c 2 − 16 m
l 11x
Mx c when x 2 2 m
l =
3
l
11
M1 Dmax
=
MOMENT M max
Dx (at point of load) = 7Pl 3
768EI
Px _ 2 2i
Dx c when x 1 2 m
l =
96EI 3l − 5x
= 96EI _ x − l i _11x − 2l i
P
Dx c when x 2 2 m
l 2
14. Beam Fixed at One End, Supported at Other—Concentrated Load at Any Point
R1 = V1 = Pb 2 _ + i
a 2l
2l 3
Pa _ 2
R2 = V2 = 3l − a 2 i
l 2l 3
x M1 (at point of load) = R1a
P Pab _ + i
M2 (at fixed end) = a l
2l 2
R1 a b R2 Mx (when x < a) = R1 x
V1 Mx (when x > a) = R1 x − P _ x − a i
SHEAR V2 _l 2 a 2 i Pa _l − a i
3
Dmax >when a 1 0.414l at x l H =
2 2
_3l 2 a 2 i 3EI _ 2
3l − a 2 i
2
M1
MOMENT M2 D =
Pa max
R2
Da (at point of load) = Pa 2 b 3 _ + i
3l a
12EIl 3
Dx (when x < a) = Pb 2 x _3al 2 − 2lx 2 − ax 2 i

12EIl 3
Pa _ l − x i _3 l 2 x − a 2 x − 2 a 2 l i
2
Dx (when x > a) =
12EIl 3
©2023 NCEES 14

15. Beam Fixed at Both Ends—Uniformly Distributed Loads
2wl
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 3
R=V = wl
l 2
x
wl
w c 2 − xm
l
Vx =
R l l R
2 2 Mmax (at ends) = wl 2
12
V
SHEAR V M1 (at center) = wl 2
24
M1 w _ 2i
Mx = 12 6lx − l − 6x
2
MOMENT M max
0.211 l wl 4
Dmax (at center) = 384EI
Dx = wx 2 _ − i2
24EI l x
16. Beam Fixed at Both Ends—Concentrated Load at Center
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = P
l
x P P
R=V = 2
l l
R 2 2 R Pl
Mmax (at center and ends) = 8
V
Mx c when x 1 2 m
l P_ − i
SHEAR V = 8 4x l
1
l Pl 3
4 Dmax (at center) =
M max 192EI
MOMENT M max
Dx c when x 1 2 m
l Px 2 _ − i
=
48EI 3l 4x
©2023 NCEES 15

17. Beam Fixed at Both Ends—Concentrated Load at Any Point
Pb 2 _ + i
R1 = V1 (= Vmax when a < b) = 3a b
l3
Pa 2 _ + i
R2 = V2 (= Vmax when a > b) = a 3b
l3
l Pab 2
M1 (= Mmax when a < b) =
P l2
x
Pa 2 b
R1 R2
M2 (= Mmax when a > b) =
a b l2
V1 2Pa 2 b 2
Ma (at point of load) =
SHEAR V2 l3
Pab 2
Mx (when x < a) = R1 x −
Ma l2
M1 MOMENT M2
Dmax c when a 2 b at x 3a b m
2al 2Pa 3 b 2
=
3EI _3a + b i
2
Pa 3 b 3
Da (at point of load) =
3EIl 3
Pb 2 x 2 _ −
Dx (when x < a) = 3al 3ax − bx i
6EIl 3
18. Cantilevered Beam—Load Increasing Uniformly to Fixed End
8
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 3W
l R=V = W
W
x2
Vx = W 2
x R l
Wl
Mmax (at fixed end) = 3
SHEAR
V
Mx = Wx 3
3l 2
MOMENT Dmax (at free end) = Wl 3

Mmax 15EI
W _ 5
Dx = x 5l 4 x 4l 5 i
60EIl 2
©2023 NCEES 16

19. Cantilevered Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 4wl
l R=V = wl
wl
Vx = wx
x R Mmax (at fixed end) = wl 2
2
SHEAR V
Mx = wx 2
2
Dmax (at free end) = wl 4

MOMENT M max 8EI
w _ 4 4i
Dx = 24EI x 4l x 3l
3
20. Beam Fixed at One End, Free to Deflect Vertically but Not Rotate at Other—Uniformly Distributed Load
3 wl
R=V = wl
l Vx = wx
wl
M1 (at deflected end) = wl 2
M1 6
x R
Mmax (at fixed end) = wl 2

SHEAR
3
V
w_ 2 2i
0.423 l
Mx = 6 l − 3x
M1
wl 4
MOMENT M max Dmax (at deflected end) = 24EI
w _l 2 − x 2 i
2
Dx =
24EI
©2023 NCEES 17

21. Cantilevered Beam—Concentrated Load at Any Point
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 8Pb

l
l R=V = P
x P
Mmax (at fixed end) = Pb
a b
Mx (when x > a) = P (x – a)
R
Dmax (at free end) = Pb 2 _ − i
6EI 3l b
SHEAR V
Da (at point of load) = Pb 3
3EI
MOMENT M max Dx (when x < a) = Pb 2 _ − − i

6EI 3l 3x b
P _l x i
2
Dx (when x > a) = _3b l x i
6EI
22. Cantilevered Beam—Concentrated Load at Free End
l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 8P
P
R=V = P
x R Mmax (at fixed end) = Pl
Mx = Px
V
SHEAR
Dmax (at free end) = Pl 3
3EI
M max P _ 3 3i
6EI 2l 3l x x
MOMENT Dx = 2
23. Beam Fixed at One End, Free to Deflect Vertically but Not Rotate at Other—Concentrated Load at Deflected End
l
R=V = P
P
Pl
M Mmax (at both ends) = 2
x R
P c 2 − xm
l
Mx =
V
SHEAR l
Dmax (at deflected end) = Pl 3
2
M max 12EI
P _l x i
MOMENT M max 2
Dx = _l 2x i
12EI
©2023 NCEES 18

24. Beam Overhanging One Support—Uniformly Distributed Load
w_2
R1 = V1 = − 2i
2l l a
w _ + i2
R2 = V2 + V3 = l a
2l
V2 = wa
w_2
l a
V3 = + 2i
x x1 2l l a
w (l a )
Vx (between supports) = R1 – wx
R1 R2
l a2
2
1 Vx1 (for overhang) = w (a – x1)
l2
V1 V2
M1 >at x f1 2 pH
l a2 w _ i2 _ i2
SHEAR V3 = l a l a
2 l 8l 2
M1
M2 (at R2) = wa 2
MOMENT M2 2
a2
wx _ 2
− 2− i
l 1
Mx (between supports) =
2l l a xl
l2
M x1 (for overhang) = w _a − x i2
2 1
wx _ 4
Dx (between supports) = 2 2 3 2 2 2 2i
24EIl l 2l x lx 2a l 2a x
` 2 3 2 2 3j
wx1
x1 (for overhang) =
24EI 4a l l 6a x1 4ax1 x1
Note: For a negative value of Dx, deflection is upward.
25. Beam Overhanging One Support—Uniformly Distributed Load on Overhang
R1 = V1 = wa 2
2l
wa _ + i
R2 = V1 + V2 = 2l a
2l
V2 = wa
l
x1
a
Vx1 (for overhang) = w _a − x1 i
x
wa
Mmax (at R2) = wa 2
2
R1 R2
Mx (between supports) = wa 2 x
V2 2l
V1
M x1 (for overhang) = w _a − x i2
SHEAR 1
2
l
Dmax e between supports at x = o
M max = wa 2 l 2 = wa 2 l 2
0.0321 EI
MOMENT 3 18 3 EI
Dmax (for overhang at x1 = a) = wa 3 _ + i

24EI 4l 3a
Dx (between supports) = wa 2 x _ 2 2 i
−
12EIl l x
` 2 2 2 3j
wx1
x1 (for overhang) =
24EI 4a l 6a x1 4ax1 x1
©2023 NCEES 19

26. Beam Overhanging One Support—Concentrated Load at End of Overhang
Pa
R1 = V1 = l
P_ + i
R2 = V1+V2 = l a
l
l a
V2 = P
x1 Mmax (at R2) = Pa
x
P
Pax
R1 Mx (between supports) =
R2 l
V2 M x1 (for overhang) = P _a − x1 i
V1
SHEAR
Dmax =
M max
MOMENT Pa 2 _ + i
Dmax (for overhang at x1 = a) =
3EI l a
Pax _ 2 2 i
Dx (between supports) = −
6EIl l x
` 2j
Px1
x1 (for overhang) =
6EI 2al 3ax1 x1
27. Beam Overhanging One Support—Uniformly Distributed Load Between Supports
wl
R=V = 2
l a
w c 2 − xm
x x1 l
wl
Vx =
R l l R
Mmax (at center) = wl 2
2 2 8
V
wx _ − i
SHEAR V Mx = 2 l x
Dmax (at center) = 5wl 4

M max 384EI
MOMENT wx _ 3 3i
Dx = 24EI l 2lx x
2
x1 wl 3 x1
=
24EI
©2023 NCEES 20

28. Beam Overhanging One Support—Concentrated Load at Any Point Between Supports
8Pab
l2
R1 = V1 (= Vmax when a < b) = Pb
l
Pa
R2 = V2 (= Vmax when a > b) = l
l
x P x1
Mmax (at point of load) = Pab
l
R1 R2
Mx (when x < a) = Pbx
a b l
V1
Dmax =
SHEAR V2
Da (at point of load) = Pa 2 b 2

M max 3EIl
Pbx _ 2
MOMENT Dx (when x < a) = − 2 − 2i
6EIl l b x
Pa _l − x i
Dx (when x > a) = _2lx − x 2 − a 2 i
6EIl
Pabx1
x1 = _l + a i
6EIl
29. Continuous Beam—Two Equal Spans—Uniform Load on One Span
49
64 wl
7
R1 = V1 =
16 wl
l l
wl 5
R2 = V2 + V3 = 8 wl
R1 R2 R3
x R3 = V3 = 1
16 wl
V1 9
V2 =
16 wl
V3
7 V2 SHEAR
l
16
Mmax c at x = 16 l m
7 49 2
= 512 wl
M max 1 2
M1 (at support R2) =
MOMENT M1 16 wl
wx _ − i
Mx (when x < l ) =
16 7l 8x
Dmax (at 0.472 l from R1) = 0.0092wl 4

EI
©2023 NCEES 21

30. Continuous Beam—Two Equal Spans—Concentrated Load at Center of One Span
8 P
R1 = V1 = 13
32 P
l l
P 11
R2 = V2 + V3 = P
16
R1 l l R2 R3
2 2 3
R3 = V3 =
V1
32 P
V3
SHEAR V2 19
V2 =
32 P
Mmax 13
Mmax (at point of load) =
64 Pl
MOMENT M1
3
M1 (at support R2) =
32 Pl
Dmax (at 0.480 l from R1) = 0.015Pl 3

EI
31. Continuous Beam—Two Equal Spans—Concentrated Load at Any Point
Pb 9 2
R1 = V1 = 4l a _l a iC
l l 4l 3
Pa 9 2
2l + b _l + a iC
P
R2 = V2 + V3 =
2l 3
R1 R2 R3
a b
R3 = V3 = Pab _ + i
l a
V1 V3 4l 3
SHEAR
Pa 9 2
4l + b _l + a iC
V2
V2 =
4l 3
Pab 9 2
4l a _l a iC
M max
Mmax (at point of load) =
MOMENT M1 4l 3
Pab _ + i
M1 (at support R2) = l a
4l 2
©2023 NCEES 22

32. Beam—Uniformly Distributed Load and Variable End Moments
wl M1 M 2
R1 = V1 =
2 l
wl − M1 − M 2
R2 = V2 =
l 2 l
x
M1 M 2
w c 2 xm
wl l
M1 M2 Vx = l
R1 M1 > M2 R2
wl 2 M1 M 2 _ M1 M 2 i
M M2
M3 e at x l 1 o
2
V1 2 wl =
SHEAR
8 2 2wl 2
V2
Mx = wx _ i e M1 M 2 o
x M1
M3
M2
2 l x l
M1 b b
MOMENT b (to locate inflection
=
points)
4M1 4M 2 2 12M1 8M l 4M l
Dx =
wx > 3
x d 2l n x w x l 3 w1 w2 H
24EI wl wl
33. Beam—Concentrated Load at Center and Variable End Moments
P M1 M 2
R1 = V1 =
2 l
l P − M1 − M 2
R2 = V2 =
x P 2 l
M1 M2
R1
l
M1 > M2
l
R2
M3 (at center) = Pl − M1 − M 2
2 2 4 2
Mx c when x 1 2 m
V1 l M1 M 2
SHEAR V2 = xeP o M1
2 l
Mx c when x 2 2 m P _ i x _ M1 M 2 i
M3 l
M2 = M1
2 l x
M1 MOMENT
l
Dx c when x 1 2 m
l
= Px ) 2
2 8 _l x i 8M _ i M _ iB3
48EI 3l 4x
Pl 1 2l x 2 l x
©2023 NCEES 23

34. Simple Beam—Load Increasing Uniformly from Center
2W
3
l R=V = W
x
2
Vx c when x 1 2 m
W l 2
= W d l 2x n
−
2 l
R R
l l
2 2 Mmax (at center) = Wl
12
V
Mx c when x 1 2 m
l W f 2x 2 4x 3 p
SHEAR V = x
2 l 3l 2
3Wl 3
M max Dmax (at center) = 320EI
MOMENT
Dx c when x 1 2 m
l
= W f 3 x 4 2x 5 3l 2 x p
x
12EI l 5l 2 8
35. Simple Beam—Concentrated Moment at End

Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 8M
l l
x
M
R=V = M
l
R R
Mmax = M
V Mx = M c1 − x m
SHEAR l
= 0.0642 Ml
2
Dmax (at x = 0.423 l)
M max EI
MOMENT
Dx = M e 2 x3 o
6EI 3x − l − 2lx
36. Simple Beam—Concentrated Moment at Any Point
Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 8M
l l
x M
M R=V =
l
R R
a Mx (when x < a) = Rx
V Mx (when x > a) = R (l – x)
SHEAR
= 6EI >e 6a − 3a − 2l o x − H
M 2 x3
M1 Dx (when x < a)
l l
M2 MOMENT
= 6EI >3 _a 2 x 2 i x x e 2l 3a oH
M 3 2
Dx (when x > a)
l l
©2023 NCEES 24

37. Continuous Beam—Three Equal Spans—One End Span Unloaded
l l l
wl wl
A B C D
RA = 0.383 w l RB = 1.20wl RC = 0.450wl RD = 0.0330wl
0.383 w l 0.583wl
0.0330wl 0.0330wl
SHEAR
0.617wl 0.417wl
+ 0.0735wl 2
+0.0534wl 2
– 0.117wl 2
MOMENT
– 0.0333wl 2
0.383l 0.583l
wl4
___
max(0.430l from A) = 0.0059 EI
38. Continuous Beam—Three Equal Spans—End Spans Loaded
l l l
wl wl
A B C D
RA = 0.450wl RB = 0.550wl RC = 0.550wl RD = 0.450wl
0.450wl 0.550wl
SHEAR
0.550wl 0.450wl
+ 0.101wl 2
+ 0.101wl 2
MOMENT
0.450l 0.450l
– 0.0500wl 2
wl4
max(0.479l from A or D) = 0.0099 ___
EI
39. Continuous Beam—Three Equal Spans—All Spans Loaded
l l l
wl wl wl
A B C D
RA = 0.400wl RB = 1.10wl RC = 1.10wl RD = 0.400wl
0.400wl 0.500wl 0.600wl
0.400wl
SHEAR
0.600wl 0.500wl
+0.0800wl 2
+0.0800wl 2
+0.0250wl 2
MOMENT – 0.100wl 2
– 0.100wl 2
0.400l 0.500l 0.500l 0.400l
wl4
max(0.446l from A or D) = 0.0069 ___
EI
©2023 NCEES 25

40. Continuous Beam—Four Equal Spans—Third Span Unloaded
l l l l
wl wl wl
A B C D E
RA = 0.380wl RB = 1.22wl RC = 0.357wl RD = 0.598wl RE = 0.442wl
0.380wl 0.603wl 0.558wl
SHEAR
0.397wl 0.0400wl
0.620wl 0.442wl
+0.0722wl 2
+0.0611wl 2 +0.0977wl 2
– 0.121wl 2
MOMENT
0.380l 0.603l – 0.0179wl 2 – 0.0580wl 2 0.442l
wl4
___
max(0.475l from E) = 0.0094 EI
41. Continuous Beam—Four Equal Spans—First and Third Spans Loaded
l l l l
wl wl
A B C D E
0.446wl 0.482wl
0.0180wl 0.0540wl 0.0540wl
SHEAR
0.554wl 0.518wl
+0.0996wl 2 +0.0805wl 2
MOMENT
0.446l – 0.0536wl 2 – 0.0357wl 2 0.518l – 0.0536wl 2
wl4
max(0.477l from A) = 0.0097___
EI
42. Continuous Beam—Four Equal Spans—All Spans Loaded
l l l l
wl wl wl wl
A B C D E
0.393wl 0.536wl 0.464wl 0.607wl
SHEAR
0.607wl 0.464wl 0.536wl 0.393wl
+0.0772wl 2
+0.0364wl 2
+0.0364wl 2 +0.0772wl 2
MOMENT – 0.107wl 2
– 0.107wl 2
0.393l 0.536l – 0.0714wl 2 0.536l 0.393l
wl4
___
max(0.440l from A to E) = 0.0065 EI
©2023 NCEES 26

43. Simple Beam—One Concentrated Moving Load
x R1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) = P
P
Mmax c at point of load, when x = 2 m

R1 R2 l Pl
l = 4
44. Simple Beam—Two Equal Concentrated Moving Loads
P c2 − l m
a
R1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) =
x a 2
P c − am
P P = l 2
2l
R1 1 2 R2
l
= Pl
4
45. Simple Beam—Two Unequal Concentrated Moving Loads

la
R1 max = V1 max (at x = 0) = P1 P2
l
P1 > P2
x a Z]
]] P a
]]>under P1, at x 1 e l 2 oH _ P1 + P2 i x
2
P1 P2 P1 P2 =
]] 2 l
]]
R1 R2 ]
l M max []SRM V
]]SS max may occur with l arger WWW
]]S W P1 l
]]SSload at center of span and otherWW =
]]SS WW 4
]Sload off span (Case 43) W
\T X
General Rules for Simple Beams Carrying Moving Concentrated Loads
l The maximum shear due to moving concentrated loads occurs at one support when
one of the loads is at that support. With several moving loads, the location that will
l
2 produce maximum shear must be determined by trial.
C.G. b
The maximum bending moment produced by moving concentrated loads occurs
P1 P2 under one of the loads when that load is as far from one support as the center of
R1 R2 gravity of all the moving loads on the beam is from the other support.
x a
In the accompanying diagram, the maximum bending moment occurs under load P1
M when x = b. It should also be noted that this condition occurs when the centerline
of the span is midway between the center of gravity of the loads and the nearest
MOMENT
concentrated load.
Source: American Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction Manual, 14th ed, 2011, Table 3-23. pp. 3-213 through 3-228.
Copyright American Institute of Steel Construction. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.
©2023 NCEES 27
General Static Equations

Centroids of Masses, Areas, Lengths, and Volumes
The following formulas are for discrete masses, areas, lengths, and volumes:
/ mn rn
rc =
/ mn
where
mn = mass of each particle making up the system
rn = radius vector to each particle from a selected reference point
rc = radius vector to the centroid of the total mass from the selected reference point
The moment of area (Ma) is defined as
May = / xn an
Max = / yn an
The centroid of area is defined as
xac = May /A = / xn an /A
yac = Max /A = / y n a n /A
where A = / an
The following equations are for an area, bounded by the axes and the function y = f(x). The centroid of area is defined as
# xdA
xc =
A
# ydA
yc =
A
A = f ^ xh dx
#
dA = f ^ xh dx = g _ y i dy
The first moment of area with respect to the y-axis and the x-axis, respectively, are
My = ∫x dA = xc A
Mx = ∫y dA = yc A
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia, or the second moment of area, is defined as
Iy = ∫x2 dA
Ix = ∫y2 dA
©2023 NCEES 28
The polar moment of inertia J of an area about a point is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the area about any
two perpendicular axes in the area and passing through the same point:
Iz = J = Iy + Ix = ∫(x2 + y2) dA
= rp2A
where rp = radius of gyration (as defined below)
Moment of Inertia Parallel Axis Theorem

The moment of inertia of an area about any axis is defined as the moment of inertia of the area about a parallel centroidal
axis plus a term equal to the area multiplied by the square of the perpendicular distance d from the centroidal axis to the
axis in question.
y yc
I x I x c d 2y A
I y I y c d x2 A
where
dA
d x, d y = distance between the two axes in question
dx xc
I x c, I y c = moment of inertia about the centroidal axis C
I x, I y = moment of inertia about the new axis dy
x
0
Source: Hibbeler, Russell C. Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics. 10 ed. Pearson, 2004, p. 501.
Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Permission pending.
Radius of Gyration
The radius of gyration rp, rx, ry is the distance from a reference axis at which all of the area can be considered to be
concentrated to produce the moment of inertia.
Product of Inertia
The product of inertia (Ixy , etc.) is defined as
Ixy = ∫xydA, with respect to the xy-coordinate system
The parallel-axis theorem also applies:
I 'xy = Ix y + dxdy A for the xy-coordinate system, etc.

c c
where
dx = x-axis distance between the two axes in question
dy = y-axis distance between the two axes in question
©2023 NCEES 29
Equations for Properties of Commonly Used Sections

Section Centroid
Y
y2
x2
A2 , Ix , Iy
2 2
y1
y2
x1
Y
y1
A1 , Ix , Iy
1 1
X
0 x1
X
x2
A1 x1 A2 x2
X A1 A2
A y A y
Y 1A1 A2 2
1 2
I X -X Ix1 A1 `Y y1 j Ix2 A2 `Y y2 j
2 2
IY -Y I y1 A1 _ X x1 i Ix2 A2 _ X x2 i
2 2
where
Ix = moment of inertia of the area about its x-axis

i
Iy = moment of inertia of the area about its y-axis
i
I X -X
rX A1 A2
I Y -Y
rY A1 A2
©2023 NCEES 30
Plastic Centroid
The plastic centroid (PC) is the axis that splits the cross section such that the compression force from the area in
compression equals the tension force from the area in tension. For a T-section:
A2 AC2
yC2
AC1
A1 yC1
yT
_ AT
y
t1
A
AC AT 2i i
A
y tT
1
Plastic Section Modulus

The plastic section modulus is the sum of the areas of the cross section on each side of the PC multiplied by the distance
from the local centroids of the areas to the PC.
Z = AC y C + AT y T
©2023 NCEES 31
Shear Center
tw
tf
O
h
e b
3t f b 2
e ht 6bt
w f
c
t
O
h
e b
e be o
3h 2 b 6h 2 c 8c 3
h 6h 2 b 6h 2 c 8c 3 12hc 2
3
b1
tw
t1
O h
t2 e
b2
t1 b 13 h
e
t1 b 13 t2 b 23
©2023 NCEES 32
Natural Frequency
m = mass (kip sec2/inch)
k = stiffness (kips/inch)
ωn = k/m (radians/second)
fn = ωn/2π (hz = cycles/second)
T = 1/ fn (seconds)
Stability, Determinacy, and Classification of Structures

m = number of members
r = number of independent reaction components
j = number of joints
c = number of condition equations based on known internal moments or forces, such as internal moment of zero
at a hinge
Plane Truss
Static Analysis Classification
m + r < 2j Unstable
m + r = 2j Stable and statically determinate
m + r > 2j Stable and statically indeterminate
Plane Frame
Static Analysis Classification
3m + r < 3j + c Unstable
3m + r = 3j + c Stable and statically determinate
3m + r > 3j + c Stable and statically indeterminate
Stability also requires an appropriate arrangement of members and reaction components.
Equations to Determine Member Stresses

Axial Stress
P
fa = A
Bending Stress for Unsymmetrical Sections

Mx I y Mx Ixy M y Ix Mx Ixy
fb ! f 2 py ! f 2 px
Ix I y I xy I y Ix I xy
Bending Stress for Sectors with at Least One Axis of Symmetry (i.e., Ixy = 0.0)
M y My x
fb Ix I
x y
Shear Stress for Members with at Least One Axis of Symmetry

VQ
fv = Ib
©2023 NCEES 33
Maximum Shear Stress for Rectangular Members

3V
fv = 2A
Modulus of Elasticity
stress
E strain
Shear Modulus for Isotropic Materials

E
G
2 _1 v i
ν = Poisson's ratio
Axial Strain
L
L
PL
L AE
Equations for Structural Analysis

Influence Lines for Beams and Trusses
An influence line shows the variation of an effect (reaction, shear and moment in beams, bar force in a truss) caused by
moving a unit load across the structure. An influence line is used to determine the position of a moveable set of loads that
causes the maximum value of the effect.
Moving Concentrated Load Sets
P1 R P2
Pn
e e
L/2
L
The absolute maximum moment produced in a beam by a set of "n" moving loads occurs when the resultant "R" of the load
set and an adjacent load are at equal distance from the centerline of the beam.
©2023 NCEES 34
Beam Stiffness and Moment Carryover

MB = MA / 2
I
A B
MA
L
The rotation at end A due to an applied moment, MA, is:

M L 4 EI
A MA kAB
4 EI L
MA
kAB = flexural stiffness MB =
2
The carryover factor from
A to B is 1/2.
General Equations for Deflection Determination

Deflections in Trusses and Frames by Virtual Work (Unit Load Method)
Truss Deflection by Unit Load Method
The displacement of a truss joint caused by external effects (truss loads, member temperature change, member misfit) is
found by applying a unit load at the point that corresponds to the desired displacement.
joint / fi ^L h i
n
i1
where
∆joint = joint displacement at point of application of unit load (+ in direction of unit load)
n = total number of truss members
fi = force in member i caused by unit load (+ tension)
(∆L)i = change in length caused by external effect (+ for increase in member length):
= b FL l for bar force F caused by external load, or

AE i
= αLi(∆T)i for temperature change in member
(α = coefficient of thermal expansion), or
= member misfit/fabrication errors
L, A = member length and cross-sectional area
E = member elastic modulus
©2023 NCEES 35
Frame Deflection by Virtual Work

The displacement of any point on a frame caused by external loads is found by applying a unit load at that point that
corresponds to the desired displacement:
n mi Mi
/ # x = Li
EIi dx
i1 x=0
where
∆ = displacement at point of application of unit load (+ in direction of unit load)
n = total number of members
mi = moment equation in member i caused by the unit load
Mi = moment equation in member i caused by loads applied to frame
Li = length of member i
Ii = moment of inertia of member i
Beam Analysis Using Stiffness Method (Direct Displacement Method)

Stiffness, Direct Displacement Methods
The following gives a brief description of the steps to follow to analyze continuous beams or frames. However, the
following factors need to be defined before using this technique.
Flexural (Rotational) Stiffness Coefficients

a. Member Stiffness—End B Is Fixed
Ma
B Mb
A
UNLOCKED END
The moment Ma that is required to cause unit rotation at end A is called the stiffness coefficient, Kab:
4EI
Kab = L
where
E = Young's Modulus
I = member cross-sectional inertia
L = member length
For prismatic member, the moment Mb = 1/2 Ma
The 1/2 coefficient is called the carryover factor.
©2023 NCEES 36
b. Modified Stiffness—End B Is Pinned
Ma
B
A
UNLOCKED END
In this case the moment Ma that is required to cause unit rotation at End A is called the stiffness coefficient, Kab, and is:
3EI
Kab = L
The moment Mb = 0.0; hence, the carryover factor is zero.
Translation Stiffness
a. End B Is Fixed
The force V that is required to cause unit translation at the unlocked end while no rotation is allowed at this end is called the
translation stiffness:
12EI
V=
L3
V
Ma B
Mb
UNLOCKED END
b. End B Is Pinned
V
Ma
B
UNLOCKED END
In this case,
3EI
V=
L3
For above listed cases, use basic statics to calculate all other forces at each end of the member.
©2023 NCEES 37
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by Displacement Method

The application of the stiffness method is summarized below. Use counterclockwise as positive.
P kips V kips
W kips/ft
A I1 B I2 C D
L1 L2 /2 L2 /2 a
1. Determine and define the number of degrees of freedom, DOF (rotational translation). In this case, there are two
unknown rotations at B and C, X1 and X2, respectively.
2. With the joints locked, calculate the fixed end moments (FEM) at the ends of each member. Use counterclockwise
as positive.
CLAMP CLAMP
A B C D
FEMab FEMba FEMbc FEMcb FEMcd
3. Apply a unit deformation, i.e., rotation, one degree of freedom at a time, and determine the resulting forces, i.e.,
moments and shears, at all ends in all directions.
For X1
X1 1
CLAMP
END MOMENTS
DUE TO
A I1, L1 B I2, L2 C D
X1 = 1
2EI1 4EI1 4EI2 2EI2
L1 L1 L2 L2
For X2
CLAMP X2 1
END MOMENTS
DUE TO
X2 = 1 A B C D
2EI2 4EI2
L2 L2
The cantilever is determinate, i.e., the shear and moment in Member CD can be calculated, so no need to consider
any DOF at End D.
4. Write equations of statics that correspond to each of the unknown DOF that were defined in the first step:
For X1: FEMba+ FEMbc + (4EI1/L1 + 4EI2/L2) * X1 + 2EI2/L2 * X2 = 0
For X2: FEMcb + FEMcd + (2EI2/L2) * X1 + 4EI2/L2 * X2 = 0
Solve the above two equations to calculate the unknown displacements X1 and X2.
©2023 NCEES 38
5. Calculate the final end forces at each end for each member. For example, the final moment at End B of Member
BC is:
M = FEMbc + X1 * (4EI2/Lbc) + X2 * (2EI2/Lbc)
Using the fact that the moment at Support C is known, Mc = V*a; hence, this problem can be further simplified to be
only one-time indeterminate. In other words, the only unknown needed to be considered is the rotation at Support B.
However, in this case the modified stiffness coefficient of Member BC must be used. Also, the fixed end moment at
End B of Member BC must be modified by carrying half of the needed moment to balance the moment at End C. In
other words, the final fixed end moment at End B of Member BC is:
FEMbc = FEMbc (if ends B and C are fixed) + 0.5 * (FEMcb + FEMcd)
Notice the sign conventions used in calculating the fixed end moments.
The modified stiffness of Member BC is 3EI2 .

L2
The following example shows how to apply the displacement method in analyzing indeterminate structures.
16 kips 8 kips
2 kips/ft
A I B I C D
18 ft 12 ft 12 ft 4 ft
CLAMP
ALL JOINTS
FEM 54 –54 48 –48 32
X1 1
DUE X1 = 1
RELEASE JOINT B
0.111 EI 0.222 EI 0.167 EI 0.083 EI
X2 1
DUE X2 = 1
RELEASE JOINT C 0.083 EI 0.167 EI
The equilibrium equations for each degree of freedom can then be written, i.e., summation of the moment at each
support is zero. In this case:
At Support B: –54 + 48 + (0.222 EI + 0.167 EI) X1 + 0.083 EI X2 = 0
At Support C: –48 + 32 + 0.083 EI X1 + 1/EI * 0.167 EI X2 = 0
©2023 NCEES 39
Solving the above equations, to determine the unknown X1 and X2 as:

−
X1 = 5EI.76 X2 = 98EI
.88
Next, member end moments can be calculated, for example for Member AB:
Moment at End A = 54 + 0.111 EI * c EI m = 53.36 ft-kips
− 5.76
Moment at End B = –54 + 0.222 EI c 5.76 m 55.28 ft-kips

EI
The end reactions can then be estimated.
Moment Distribution Method

Moment distribution is an analytical technique that can be used to analyze indeterminate structures using the following
concepts:
Stiffness
This is the amount of force/moment that is necessary to cause a unit deflection/rotation at a point.
Sign Convention
Select a sign convention to use during the analysis. For example, use counterclockwise as a positive direction.
Fixed End Moment (FEM)

These are moments that are induced by the applied member loads at both ends of a member if both ends are fixed.
Member Flexural Stiffness and Joint Stiffness

Member flexural stiffness, K, is that moment required to induce unit rotation at one end while the other end remains fixed or
pinned. For example:
4EI
For a member fixed at both ends, K = L
3EI
For a member fixed at one end and pinned at the other, K = L
Distribution Factor
If a moment M is applied at a joint connecting several members, each of these members will carry a portion of the
applied moment. The fraction of the total moment carried by each member that framed into this joint is determined by the
distribution factor. The distribution factor (DFi) for each member is:
K
DFi Ki
j
where
j = 1 to n
n = number of members connected to the joint
Carryover Factor
This is the ratio of moment produced at one end of a member to an applied moment at the other end. For example, the
carryover factors for each prismatic member of the beam shown below are as shown in the figure.
A B C
D
0 1/2 0 1/2
©2023 NCEES 40
The steps for using the moment distribution technique are summarized below. The completed analysis will yield the
member end moments. The reactions at each end are then calculated by applying the equations of statics.
W kips/ft P kips V kips
A I1 B I2 C D
L1 L2 /2 L2 /2 a
A B C
STIFFNESS 4EI1 4EI2 4EI2
KBA = KBC = KCB = 0
COEFFICIENT L1 L2 L2
DISTRIBUTION KBA KBC
DFAB DFBA = DFBC = 1 0
FACTORS KBA KBC KBA KBC
CARRYOVER 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
FACTOR
FIXED END
MOMENT FEMAB FEMBA FEMBC FEMCB FEMCD
BALANCED END OF
MOMENT CYCLE 1 0 –1*DFBA*(FEMBA FEMBC) –1*DFBC*(FEMBA + FEMBC) –(FEMCB FEMCD) 0
CARRYOVER START 0
0.5*–1*DFBA*(FEMBA FEMBC) 0.5*–1*(FEMCB FEMCD) 0.5*DFBC*(FEMBA FEMBC)
MOMENTS CYCLE 2
BALANCED END OF
MOMENT CYCLE 2 AS IN CYCLE 1 AS IN CYCLE 1
CARRYOVER START
AS IN CYCLE 1 AS IN CYCLE 1
MOMENTS CYCLE 3
BALANCED END OF
AS IN CYCLE 1 AS IN CYCLE 1
MOMENT CYCLE 3
FINAL SUM MOMENTS AT BOTH SIDES OF EACH JOINT SUM MOMENTS AT BOTH SIDES OF EACH JOINT FEMCD
MOMENT STARTING FROM THE FEM UNTIL END OF CYCLE 3 STARTING FROM THE FEM UNTIL END OF CYCLE 3
©2023 NCEES 41
The example below shows how to use the moment distribution method to analyze indeterminate structures.
16 kips V kips
2 kips/ft
A I1 B I2 C D
18 ft 12 ft 12 ft 4 ft
A B C
STIFFNESS 4EI1 4EI2 4EI2
KBA = KBC = KBC = 0
COEFFICIENT 18 24 24
DISTRIBUTION
FACTORS 0 0.571 0.429 1 0
CARRYOVER
0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
FACTOR
FIXED END
54 –54 48 –48 32
MOMENT
BALANCED END OF
0 3.429 2.571 16 0
MOMENT CYCLE 1
CARRYOVER START
MOMENTS CYCLE 2 1.71 0.00 8.00 1.286
BALANCED END OF
MOMENT CYCLE 2 0.00 –4.571 –3.429 –1.286
CARRYOVER START
MOMENTS CYCLE 3 –2.29 0.000 –0.643 –1.714
BALANCED END OF
CYCLE 3 0.00 0.367 0.276 1.714
MOMENT
CARRYOVER START
CYCLE 4 0.184 0.000 0.857 0.138
MOMENTS
BALANCED END OF
CYCLE 4 0 –0.490 –0.367 –0.138
MOMENT
FINAL
53.61 –55.27 55.27 –32 32
MOMENT
Using the above calculated end moments and the applied loads, calculate the support reactions as shown below.
2 kips/ft
A B
53.61 18 ft 55.27
Ra 2*18/2 (55.27 53.61)/18 VBL 2*18/2 (55.2 53.36)/18

17.91 18.09
©2023 NCEES 42
Equations for Rigid Diaphragm Analysis

Rigid Diaphragm with Torsion
R2
d2
APPLIED STORY CR R3
SHEAR FORCES
(X-DIRECTION Vx
SHOWN) CM
d4
R1
R4
d1 d3

FV2
Vx
IN-PLANE SHEAR
WALL FORCES
FV4
FT2
T
FT3
TORSIONAL SHEAR
WALL FORCES
FT1
FT4
In-Plane Wall Shear Force

VR
FVi Ri
i i
Torsional Wall Shear Force

TRi di
FTi
i Ri d i2
©2023 NCEES 43
Total Wall Shear Force

Fi FVi FTi
where
V = story shear
T = product of story shear and the perpendicular distance between the center of mass and center of rigidity,
including accidental torsion, if applicable
Ri = rigidity of wall i
di = perpendicular distance of wall i from the center of rigidity
Wall Rigidity
Cantilever Wall (Fixed Base, Free Top)
Δ ΔF ΔV
P
= +
Ph 3 Ph
3EI GA
v
where
5
G , 0.4E and Av 6 Lt for rectangular sections
Et c L m=4 c h m 3G
P h 2
Relative Stiffness
Et
kc
c h m=4 c h m 3G
2
L L
©2023 NCEES 44
Fixed Wall (Fixed Base, Fixed Top)

v
F
P

Ph 3 Ph
12EI GA
v
where
5
G , 0.4E and Av 6 Lt for rectangular sections
Et c L m=c h m 3G
P h 2
Relative Stiffness
Et
kF
c h m=c h m 3G
2
L L
where
P = lateral wall force
h = height of wall
t = thickness of wall
L = length of wall
I = moment of inertia of wall cross section
Av = shear area
E = modulus of elasticity
G = shear modulus
©2023 NCEES 45
Portal Method

P P
ASSUMED
h h HINGE
L L
L P P L Ph
Ph
P
2 2 2 2 Ph 2 2
2
Ph
2
Ph Ph
h L L h
P P
2 2
MOMENT
DIAGRAM
Ph Ph
L L
Frame with Pin Supports at Column Bases
©2023 NCEES 46

P P
ASSUMED
h HINGES h
L
2 P P
P
2 2 Ph
Ph Ph
h Ph 4
2L Ph 4
2 2L
4
P P Ph
2 2
4
Ph Ph
2L 2L
Ph Ph
2L 2L
P P
2 2
Ph Ph
h 4 4
Ph Ph
2 4 4 MOMENT
P P DIAGRAM
2 2
Ph Ph
2L 2L
Frame with Fix Supports at Column Bases
©2023 NCEES 47
3 FOUNDATIONS AND SOIL MECHANICS
Lateral Earth Pressures
a p
po z WALL po po po
ph Ko po p h Ko p o ph Ka po ph Kp po
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Stress States on a Soil Element Subjected Only to Body Stresses:
(a) In situ geostatic effective vertical and horizontal stresses
(b) Insertion of hypothetical infinitely rigid, infinitely thin frictionless wall and removal of soil to left of wall
(c) Active condition of wall movement away from retained soil
(d) Passive condition of wall movement into retained soil
Source: Federal Highway Administration. National Highway Institute. Soils and Foundations, Reference Manual, Vol. I. FHWA-NHI-06-088. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Transportation, December 2006, Fig. 2-19, p. 2-43. www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi06088.pdf.
At-Rest Earth Pressure Coefficients

Normally Consolidated Soils
Ko 1 sin l
Overconsolidated Soils
Ko `1 sin lj OCR
sin l
where
Ko = at-rest earth coefficient
l = effective friction angle
OCR = overconsolidation ratio
Ω = OCR factor
©2023 NCEES 48
Chapter 3: Foundations and Soil Mechanics
Rankine Earth Pressure Coefficients
WALL
MOVEMENT
PASSIVE ZONE ACTIVE
ZONE
45°− φ′/2 45°+ φ′/2
Development of Rankine Active and Passive Failure Zones for a Smooth Retaining Wall
Source: Federal Highway Administration. National Highway Institute. Soils and Foundations, Reference Manual. Vol. I. FHWA-NHI-06-088. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Transportation, December 2006, Fig. 2-20, p. 2-45. www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi06088.pdf.
Rankine Active and Passive Earth Pressure Coefficients (Friction Only)

1 sin l
tan 2 d 45 n
l
Ka
1 sin l 2
1 sin l
tan 2 d 45 n
l
Kp
1 sin l 2
pa Ka po
pp Kp po
where
Ka = coefficient of active earth pressure
Kp = coefficient of passive earth pressure
po = overburden pressure
pa = active pressure
pp = passive pressure
©2023 NCEES 49
MOVEMENT HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT
z FAILURE
FAILURE z SURFACE
SURFACE pp
,
pa
H c =0
RESULTANT H
Pp
Pa
45+/2
45–/2
(a) (b)
Active pressure at depth z: pa = Kaγz Passive pressure at depth z: pp = Kpγz
Ka z 2 K p z 2
Active force within depth z: Pa Passive force within depth z: P p
2 2
Failure Surfaces, Pressure Distribution and Forces: (a) Active case, (b) Passive case
pa K a hw ′ z w
hw
pw = w z w
zw
Pa Hw
Pw
General Distribution of Combined Active Earth Pressure and Water Pressure

where
hw = depth to water level from ground surface
zw = depth below groundwater level
Hw = height of water below base of wall
γ = unit weight of soil
γ' = effective unit weight of soil
©2023 NCEES 50
pw = water pressure
Pa = lateral force from active pressure
Pp = lateral force from passive pressure
u = pore water pressure
Rankine Active and Passive Coefficients (Friction and Cohesion)
Ka = tan 2 d 45 - n - l tan d 45 - n
l 2cl l
2 po 2
Kp = tan 2 d 45 + n + 2c tan d 45 + n
l l l
2 plo 2
pla = Ka _ z - u i - 2cl Ka
plp = Kp _ z - u i + 2cl Kp
2c′ Ka
Z 2c′ Kp Z
Z Z
u p′p p′a u
u p′p p′a u
(a) (b)
(a) Wall Pressures for a Cohesionless Soil and (b) Wall Pressures for Soil with a Cohesion Intercept,
with groundwater in both cases (after Padfield and Mair, 1984)
Source: Federal Highway Administration. National Highway Institute. Soils and Foundations, Reference Manual. Vol. II. FHWA-NHI-06-089. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Transportation, December 2006, Fig. 10-6, p. 10-15.www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi06089.pdf.
©2023 NCEES 51
Coulomb Earth Pressure Coefficients and Distributions

1 2
WALL MOVEMENT ACTIVE WEDGE
3
PASSIVE WEDGE
NOTE: (1) ASSUME WALL MOVES AS A RIGID BODY TO THE LEFT.

(2) ACTIVE WEDGE MOVES DOWNWARD RELATIVE TO WALL.
(3) PASSIVE WEDGE MOVES UPWARD RELATIVE TO WALL.
Wall Friction on Soil Wedges (after Padfield and Mair, 1984)
©2023 NCEES 52
ACTIVE CASE
WALL MOVEMENT

FAILURE
z SURFACE
,
ACTIVE
H PRESSURE
DIAGRAM

H/3
Pa
pa
90°
cos 2 _ - i
Ka =
sin _ + i sin _ - i
2
cos cos ^ + h>1 +

2
H
cos ^ + h cos _ - i
PASSIVE CASE
WALL MOVEMENT

z
FAILURE
,
SURFACE

H Pp PASSIVE
PRESSURE
DIAGRAM, pp = zKp
90°
H/3
p
p
cos 2 _ + i
Kp =
sin _ + i sin _ + i
2
cos cos ^ - h>1 -

2
H
cos ^ - h cos _ - i
Coulomb Coefficients Ka and Kp for Sloping Wall

with Wall Friction and Sloping Cohesionless Backfill (after NAVFAC, 1986b)
Source: Federal Highway Administration. National Highway Institute. Soils and Foundations, Reference Manual.
Vol. II. FHWA-NHI-06-089. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, December 2006, Fig. 10-5, p. 10-13.
www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi06089.pdf.
where
ϕ = friction angle of soil
δ = friction between wall and soil
β = angle of backfill slope (β = 0° for horizontal surface)
θ = angle of wall face (θ = 0° for vertical wall)
©2023 NCEES 53
Load Distribution from Surcharge

POINT LOAD LINE LOAD
x = mH
Qp FOR m ≤ 0.4:
x=mH
Q FOR m ≤ 0.4:
z = nH p H = 2 0.28 n 2 H = 0.20 n
Ph h Q ( 0.16+ n 2 ) 3 p
H p h Q ( 0.16+ n 2 ) 2
z = nH
A A FOR m > 0.4: H Ph Ph = 0.55Q
z
FOR m > 0.4:
p H = 1.77
2 m 2n 2 z
(m 2 + n 2 )3 ph H = 1.28 m 2n
h Qp
Q (m 2 + n 2 )2
ph = p h cos 2 (1.1)
WALL
ph 0.64Q
Qp RESULTANT Ph =
( m 2 +1)
ph
x=m H
PRESSURES FROM LINE LOAD Q
(BOUSSINESQ EQUATION MODIFIED BY EXPERIMENT)
PRESSURES FROM POINT LOAD Qp

(BOUSSINESQ EQUATION MODIFIED BY EXPERIMENT) 0.0
m <= 0.4
0.0 0.1
0.1 m <= 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.3 m = 0.7 m = 0.5
0.3
m = 0.5 0.4
0.4
n = z/ H
m = 0.7 0.5
n = z/ H
0.5
0.6
0.6 m z
0.7
m Ph H / Qp z 0.7
0.1 0.60H
0.2 0.78 0.59H 0.8 0.3 0.60H
0.8 0.4 0.78 0.59H 0.5 0.56H
0.9 0.6 0.45 0.48H 0.9 0.7 0.48H
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
ph ( H 2 / Qp ) ph ( H / Q )
STRIP LOAD (PRESSURE) UNIFORM SURCHARGE

/2
ph (due to q) = q K
2q
ph = (– sin cos 2)
K = K a, K o , K p
ph AS APPROPRIATE
AND IN RADIANS
PRESSURE FROM STRIP LOAD PRESSURES FROM UNIFORM SURCHARGE
Lateral Pressure Due to Surcharge Loadings (after USS Steel, 1975):

Solutions for point, line, and strip loading are semi-empirical and based on an assumption of unyielding walls.
©2023 NCEES 54
P
a
2P
Z Zc = K a
d= I 2P
FOR Zc ≤ Z ≤ d Ka
h = 2P L
h
• a+L
FOR Z >d
h = Ka • • Z
h
P (ROLLER LOAD) = DEAD WT. OF ROLLER + CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

WIDTH OF ROLLER
a = DISTANCE OF ROLLER FROM WALL
L = LENGTH OF ROLLER
Ka = COEFFICIENT OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Horizontal Pressure on Walls from Compaction Effort

Source: Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Foundations and Earth Structures. NAVFAC DM 7.2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Navy, September 1986, Fig. 13, p. 7.2-77. https://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge441/DM7_02.pdf.
Pseudostatic Analysis and Earthquake Loads for Lateral Pressure on Gravity Walls
Mononobe-Okabe Theory
PAE = 2 KAE H 2 _1 - kv i
1
PPE = 2 KPE H 2 _1 - kv i
1
cos 2 _ - - i
KAE =
cos `cos 2 j cos _ + + i D
sin _ + i sin _ - - i i
2
D = >1 + H
cos _ + + i cos _i - i
cos 2 _ - + i
KPE =
cos `cos 2 j cos _ - + i Dl
sin _ + i sin _ + i - i
2
Dl = >1 + H
cos _ - + i cos _i - i
k
= tan -1 =1 -hk G
v
©2023 NCEES 55
where
PAE = dynamic earth pressures in the active state
PPE = dynamic earth pressures in the passive state
γ = effective unit height of the backfill
H = height of the wall
f = angle of internal friction of the backfill
δ = angle of friction of the wall/backfill interface
ξ = angle of failure plane
i = slope of the surface of the backfill
β = slope of the back of the wall
kh = horizontal seismic coefficient, expressed as a fraction of g
kv = vertical seismic coefficient, expressed as a fraction of g
g = acceleration due to gravity
,q
RGE
CHA
SUR
i BACKFILL
NE
LA
EP
kv Ws
UR
k hWs
IL
FA
WALL Ws
H

R
PAE
Forces Behind a Gravity Wall

Source: Federal Highway Administration. Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4, Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems. FHWA-IF-99-015. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Transportation, June 1999, Fig. 55, p. 115. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/if99015.pdf.
where Ws = weight of the sliding wedge
©2023 NCEES 56
1.0
SEISMIC ACTIVE PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (KAE)

0.8
=20°
0.6 25°
30° kv = 0.2
35° 0.0
40° -0.2
0.4 45°
0.2
== 35°
= i ==ik=v k=v0= 0 == i = 0
= /2 == /2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFFICIENT (kh)
Effects of Seismic Coefficients and Friction Angle on Seismic Active Pressure Coefficient (after Lam and Martin, 1986)
Source: Federal Highway Administration. Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4, Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems. FHWA-IF-99-015. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Transportation, June 1999, Fig. 56, p. 116. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/if99015.pdf.
Resistance Against Sliding on Keyed Foundations

Cohesive Soils:
W
Ph
Pv F _W Pv j tan b ca _ B a1 b i c _a1 b i Pp
Granular Soils:
a F _W Pv j tan b Pp
Pp d e
INTACT Factor of Safety:
a1 b c FS = F/Ph
F
B
Ph = horizontal component of active pressure = Pa cos β
Pv = vertical component of active pressure = Pa sin β
β = angle of backfill, measured from horizontal
B = width of the base of the footing
tan δb = friction factor between soil and base
©2023 NCEES 57
W = weight at the base of wall. Includes weight of wall for gravity walls. Includes weight of the soil above footing
for cantilever and counterfort walls
c = cohesion of the foundation soil
ca = adhesion between concrete and soil
Pp = passive resistance
Source: Federal Highway Administration. National Highway Institute. Soils and Foundations, Reference Manual. Vol. II. FHWA-NHI-06-089.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, December 2006, Fig. 10-20, p. 10-43. www.https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi06089.pdf.
Soil Bearing Pressure for an Eccentrically Loaded Foundation

L = length of footing perpendicular to width B
B
Case 1: e # 6
M
qmin BL c1 B m
P 6e
P
qmax BL c1 B m
P 6e
e P
q min
q max
CL
M
B
Case 2: e 2 6 P
4P P
qmax e
3L B 2e i
_
B – 2e
q max
CL
©2023 NCEES 58
Pile Load for an Eccentrically Loaded Pile Group

P
My
L
x
P M y xi
Pi = n ! I
pg
i=n
I pg = / x i2
i=1
where
P = applied axial load to the pile cap
My = moment applied to the pile cap
xi = x-coordinate of pile i
n = number of piles
©2023 NCEES 59
4 CONCRETE
Designations, Areas, Perimeters, and Weights of Standard Bars
U.S. Customary Units
Bar no.
Diameter (in.) Cross-sectional area (in2) Unit weight (lb/ft)
3 0.375 0.11 0.376
4 0.500 0.20 0.668
5 0.625 0.31 1.043
6 0.750 0.44 1.502
7 0.875 0.60 2.044
8 1.000 0.79 2.670
9 1.128 1.00 3.400
10 1.270 1.27 4.303
11 1.410 1.56 5.313
14 1.693 2.25 7.650
18 2.257 4.00 13.600
Areas of Bars in Slabs (in2/ft)

Bar no.
Spacing (in.)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3 0.44 0.78 1.23 1.77 2.40 3.14 4.00 5.06 6.25
3 1/2 0.38 0.67 1.05 1.51 2.06 2.69 3.43 4.34 5.36
4 0.33 0.59 0.92 1.32 1.80 2.36 3.00 3.80 4.68
4 1/2 0.29 0.52 0.82 1.18 1.60 2.09 2.67 3.37 4.17
5 0.26 0.47 0.74 1.06 1.44 1.88 2.40 3.04 3.75
5 1/2 0.24 0.43 0.67 0.96 1.31 1.71 2.18 2.76 3.41
6 0.22 0.39 0.61 0.88 1.20 1.57 2.00 2.53 3.12
6 1/2 0.20 0.36 0.57 0.82 1.11 1.45 1.85 2.34 2.89
7 0.19 0.34 0.53 0.76 1.03 1.35 1.71 2.17 2.68
7 1/2 0.18 0.31 0.49 0.71 0.96 1.26 1.60 2.02 2.50
8 0.17 0.29 0.46 0.66 0.90 1.18 1.50 1.89 2.34
9 0.15 0.26 0.41 0.59 0.80 1.05 1.33 1.69 2.08
10 0.13 0.24 0.37 0.53 0.72 0.94 1.20 1.52 1.87
12 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.78 1.00 1.27 1.56
©2023 NCEES 60
Chapter 4: Concrete
Parameters k and j for the Elastic Analysis of a Cracked Section

k 2n _n i n
2 kd/3
fct
where C kd
ρ = As /bd d N A
h
n = Es / Ec As
T
j = 1 – k/3 fs/n
b
n=7 n=8 n=9 n = 10

ρ k j k j k j k j
0.001 0.112 0.963 0.119 0.960 0.125 0.958 0.132 0.956
0.0015 0.135 0.955 0.143 0.952 0.151 0.950 0.159 0.947
0.002 0.154 0.949 0.164 0.945 0.173 0.942 0.181 0.940
0.0025 0.170 0.943 0.181 0.940 0.191 0.936 0.200 0.933
0.003 0.185 0.938 0.196 0.935 0.207 0.931 0.217 0.928
0.0035 0.198 0.934 0.210 0.930 0.221 0.926 0.232 0.923
0.004 0.210 0.930 0.223 0.926 0.235 0.922 0.246 0.918
0.0045 0.221 0.926 0.235 0.922 0.247 0.918 0.258 0.914
0.005 0.232 0.923 0.246 0.918 0.258 0.914 0.270 0.910
0.0055 0.242 0.919 0.256 0.915 0.269 0.910 0.281 0.906
0.006 0.251 0.916 0.266 0.911 0.279 0.907 0.292 0.903
0.0065 0.260 0.913 0.275 0.908 0.289 0.904 0.301 0.900
0.007 0.268 0.911 0.283 0.906 0.298 0.901 0.311 0.896
0.0075 0.276 0.908 0.292 0.903 0.306 0.898 0.319 0.894
0.008 0.283 0.906 0.299 0.900 0.314 0.895 0.328 0.891
0.0085 0.291 0.903 0.307 0.898 0.322 0.893 0.336 0.888
0.009 0.298 0.901 0.314 0.895 0.330 0.890 0.344 0.885
0.0095 0.304 0.899 0.321 0.893 0.337 0.888 0.351 0.883
0.01 0.311 0.896 0.328 0.891 0.344 0.885 0.358 0.881
0.0105 0.317 0.894 0.334 0.889 0.350 0.883 0.365 0.878
0.011 0.323 0.892 0.341 0.886 0.357 0.881 0.372 0.876
0.0115 0.329 0.890 0.347 0.884 0.363 0.879 0.378 0.874
0.012 0.334 0.889 0.353 0.882 0.369 0.877 0.384 0.872
0.0125 0.340 0.887 0.358 0.881 0.375 0.875 0.390 0.870
0.013 0.345 0.885 0.364 0.879 0.381 0.873 0.396 0.868
0.0135 0.350 0.883 0.369 0.877 0.386 0.871 0.402 0.866
0.014 0.355 0.882 0.374 0.875 0.392 0.869 0.407 0.864
0.0145 0.360 0.880 0.379 0.874 0.397 0.868 0.413 0.862
0.015 0.365 0.878 0.384 0.872 0.402 0.866 0.418 0.861
0.0155 0.370 0.877 0.389 0.870 0.407 0.864 0.423 0.859
0.016 0.374 0.875 0.394 0.869 0.412 0.863 0.428 0.857
0.0165 0.379 0.874 0.398 0.867 0.416 0.861 0.433 0.856
0.017 0.383 0.872 0.403 0.866 0.421 0.860 0.437 0.854
0.0175 0.387 0.871 0.407 0.864 0.425 0.858 0.442 0.853
0.018 0.392 0.869 0.412 0.863 0.430 0.857 0.446 0.851
0.0185 0.396 0.868 0.416 0.861 0.434 0.855 0.451 0.850
0.019 0.400 0.867 0.420 0.860 0.438 0.854 0.455 0.848
0.0195 0.404 0.865 0.424 0.859 0.442 0.853 0.459 0.847
0.02 0.407 0.864 0.428 0.857 0.446 0.851 0.463 0.846
©2023 NCEES 61
Chapter 4: Concrete
Relationships for Flexural Design Strength of Various Reinforced Concrete Beams

Mn 8bd 2 f cl _1 0.59 iB
b
8As fy _ d a/2 iB
8As fy d _1 0.59 iB
where
fy
d l
h fc
As fy
a
As 0.85 f cl b
The above equations are valid when ρ ≤ ρb.
Mn 9` As Al s j fy _ d a/2 i Al s fy _ d d liC

b ` As Al s j fy
where a
0.85 f cl b
d' The above equations are valid when
A's
f ls
# b f b l p and ` lj # ` lj min
d fy
h
f lsb stress in compression steel at balanced conditions
As
Mn >Asf fy d d n ` As Asf j fy `d a 2 jH

hf
2
b
where
` As Asf j fy
hf a
0.85 f cl bw
0.85 f cl _b bw j h f
d Asf
h fy
# b f
where
As A
b sd
w
bw
Asf
f b d
w
©2023 NCEES 62
Chapter 4: Concrete
Mu
Flexural Design Strength of Rectangular Concrete Section,
f cl bd 2
Mn Mu f clbd 2 _1 0.59 i
or
Mu / f clbd 2 _1 0.59 i ` fy /f clj ` f cl /fy j
where
strength reduction factor as defined in ACI 318
ω 0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060 0.0070 0.0080 0.0090
0 0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060 0.0070 0.0080 0.0090
0.01 0.0099 0.0109 0.0119 0.0129 0.0139 0.0149 0.0158 0.0168 0.0178 0.0188
0.02 0.0198 0.0207 0.0217 0.0227 0.0237 0.0246 0.0256 0.0266 0.0275 0.0285
0.03 0.0295 0.0304 0.0314 0.0324 0.0333 0.0343 0.0352 0.0362 0.0371 0.0381
0.04 0.0391 0.0400 0.0410 0.0419 0.0429 0.0438 0.0448 0.0457 0.0466 0.0476
0.05 0.0485 0.0495 0.0504 0.0513 0.0523 0.0532 0.0541 0.0551 0.0560 0.0569
0.06 0.0579 0.0588 0.0597 0.0607 0.0616 0.0625 0.0634 0.0644 0.0653 0.0662
0.07 0.0671 0.0680 0.0689 0.0699 0.0708 0.0717 0.0726 0.0735 0.0744 0.0753
0.08 0.0762 0.0771 0.0780 0.0789 0.0798 0.0807 0.0816 0.0825 0.0834 0.0843
0.09 0.0852 0.0861 0.0870 0.0879 0.0888 0.0897 0.0906 0.0914 0.0923 0.0932
0.1 0.0941 0.0950 0.0959 0.0967 0.0976 0.0985 0.0994 0.1002 0.1011 0.1020
0.11 0.1029 0.1037 0.1046 0.1055 0.1063 0.1072 0.1081 0.1089 0.1098 0.1106
0.12 0.1115 0.1124 0.1132 0.1141 0.1149 0.1158 0.1166 0.1175 0.1183 0.1192
0.13 0.1200 0.1209 0.1217 0.1226 0.1234 0.1242 0.1251 0.1259 0.1268 0.1276
0.14 0.1284 0.1293 0.1301 0.1309 0.1318 0.1326 0.1334 0.1343 0.1351 0.1359
0.15 0.1367 0.1375 0.1384 0.1392 0.1400 0.1408 0.1416 0.1425 0.1433 0.1441
0.16 0.1449 0.1457 0.1465 0.1473 0.1481 0.1489 0.1497 0.1505 0.1513 0.1521
0.17 0.1529 0.1537 0.1545 0.1553 0.1561 0.1569 0.1577 0.1585 0.1593 0.1601
0.18 0.1609 0.1617 0.1625 0.1632 0.1640 0.1648 0.1656 0.1664 0.1671 0.1679
0.19 0.1687 0.1695 0.1703 0.1710 0.1718 0.1726 0.1733 0.1741 0.1749 0.1756
0.2 0.1764 0.1772 0.1779 0.1787 0.1794 0.1802 0.1810 0.1817 0.1825 0.1832
0.21 0.1840 0.1847 0.1855 0.1862 0.1870 0.1877 0.1885 0.1892 0.1900 0.1907
0.22 0.1914 0.1922 0.1929 0.1937 0.1944 0.1951 0.1959 0.1966 0.1973 0.1981
0.23 0.1988 0.1995 0.2002 0.2010 0.2017 0.2024 0.2031 0.2039 0.2046 0.2053
0.24 0.2060 0.2067 0.2074 0.2082 0.2089 0.2096 0.2103 0.2110 0.2117 0.2124
0.25 0.2131 0.2138 0.2145 0.2152 0.2159 0.2166 0.2173 0.2180 0.2187 0.2194
0.26 0.2201 0.2208 0.2215 0.2222 0.2229 0.2236 0.2243 0.2249 0.2256 0.2263
0.27 0.2270 0.2277 0.2283 0.2290 0.2297 0.2304 0.2311 0.2317 0.2324 0.2331
0.28 0.2337 0.2344 0.2351 0.2357 0.2364 0.2371 0.2377 0.2384 0.2391 0.2397
0.29 0.2404 0.2410 0.2417 0.2423 0.2430 0.2437 0.2443 0.2450 0.2456 0.2463
0.3 0.2469 0.2475 0.2482 0.2488 0.2495 0.2501 0.2508 0.2514 0.2520 0.2527
0.31 0.2533 0.2539 0.2546 0.2552 0.2558 0.2565 0.2571 0.2577 0.2583 0.2590
0.32 0.2596 0.2602 0.2608 0.2614 0.2621 0.2627 0.2633 0.2639 0.2645 0.2651
0.33 0.2657 0.2664 0.2670 0.2676 0.2682 0.2688 0.2694 0.2700 0.2706 0.2712
0.34 0.2718 0.2724 0.2730 0.2736 0.2742 0.2748 0.2754 0.2760 0.2765 0.2771
0.35 0.2777 0.2783 0.2789 0.2795 0.2801 0.2806 0.2812 0.2818 0.2824 0.2830
0.36 0.2835 0.2841 0.2847 0.2853 0.2858 0.2864 0.2870 0.2875 0.2881 0.2887
0.37 0.2892 0.2898 0.2904 0.2909 0.2915 0.2920 0.2926 0.2931 0.2937 0.2943
0.38 0.2948 0.2954 0.2959 0.2965 0.2970 0.2975 0.2981 0.2986 0.2992 0.2997
0.39 0.3003 0.3008 0.3013 0.3019 0.3024 0.3029 0.3035 0.3040 0.3045 0.3051
0.4 0.3056 0.3061 0.3067 0.3072 0.3077 0.3082 0.3087 0.3093 0.3098 0.3103
©2023 NCEES 63
Chapter 4: Concrete
Flexural Resistance Factor, R (psi)

1 fy
2 fy f1 1.7 f l p p
Mu
R
bd fc
fy = 60, 000 psi
f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0018 105.7 106.3 106.6 106.9
0.0019 111.5 112.1 112.5 112.7
0.0020 117.2 117.9 118.3 118.6
0.0021 122.9 123.7 124.1 124.4
0.0022 128.6 129.4 130.0 130.3
0.0023 134.3 135.2 135.8 136.1
0.0024 139.9 141.0 141.6 142.0
0.0025 145.6 146.7 147.4 147.8
0.0026 151.2 152.4 153.1 153.6
0.0027 156.9 158.1 158.9 159.4
0.0028 162.5 163.8 164.7 165.2
0.0029 168.1 169.5 170.4 171.0
0.0030 173.6 175.2 176.2 176.8
0.0031 179.2 180.9 181.9 182.6
0.0032 184.8 186.6 187.7 188.4
0.0033 190.3 192.2 193.4 194.2
0.0034 195.8 197.9 199.1 199.9
0.0035 201.4 203.5 204.8 205.7
0.0036 206.9 209.1 210.5 211.4
0.0037 212.3 214.8 216.2 217.2
0.0038 217.8 220.4 221.9 222.9
0.0039 223.3 225.9 227.6 228.6
0.0040 228.7 231.5 233.2 234.4
0.0041 234.1 237.1 238.9 240.1
0.0042 239.5 242.7 244.5 245.8
0.0043 244.9 248.2 250.2 251.5
0.0044 250.3 253.8 255.8 257.2
0.0045 255.7 259.3 261.4 262.9
0.0046 261.1 264.8 267.0 268.5
0.0047 266.4 270.3 272.6 274.2
0.0048 271.7 275.8 278.2 279.9
0.0049 277.1 281.3 283.8 285.5
0.0050 282.4 286.8 289.4 291.2
0.0051 287.6 292.2 295.0 296.8
0.0052 292.9 297.7 300.5 302.5
0.0053 298.2 303.1 306.1 308.1
0.0054 303.4 308.6 311.6 313.7
0.0055 308.6 314.0 317.2 319.3
0.0056 313.9 319.4 322.7 324.9
0.0057 319.1 324.8 328.2 330.5
0.0058 324.3 330.2 333.8 336.1
0.0059 329.4 335.6 339.3 341.7
0.0060 334.6 340.9 344.8 347.3
©2023 NCEES 64
Chapter 4: Concrete
Flexural Resistance Factor, R (psi) (cont'd)

1 fy
2 fy f1 1.7 f l p p
Mu
R
bd fc
fy = 60, 000 psi

f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0061 339.7 346.3 350.2 352.9
0.0062 344.9 351.6 355.7 358.4
0.0063 350.0 357.0 361.2 364.0
0.0064 355.1 362.3 366.7 369.5
0.0065 360.2 367.6 372.1 375.1
0.0066 365.3 372.9 377.6 380.6
0.0067 370.3 378.2 383.0 386.2
0.0068 375.4 383.5 388.4 391.7
0.0069 380.4 388.8 393.8 397.2
0.0070 385.4 394.1 399.2 402.7
0.0071 390.4 399.3 404.6 408.2
0.0072 395.4 404.6 410.0 413.7
0.0073 400.4 409.8 415.4 419.2
0.0074 405.3 415.0 420.8 424.7
0.0075 410.3 420.2 426.2 430.1
0.0076 415.2 425.4 431.5 435.6
0.0077 420.1 430.6 436.9 441.1
0.0078 425.1 435.8 442.2 446.5
0.0079 429.9 441.0 447.6 452.0
0.0080 434.8 446.1 452.9 457.4
0.0081 439.7 451.3 458.2 462.8
0.0082 444.5 456.4 463.5 468.3
0.0083 449.4 461.5 468.8 473.7
0.0084 454.2 466.6 474.1 479.1
0.0085 459.0 471.8 479.4 484.5
0.0086 463.8 476.8 484.7 489.9
0.0087 468.6 481.9 489.9 495.3
0.0088 473.3 487.0 495.2 500.7
0.0089 478.1 492.1 500.5 506.0
0.0090 482.8 497.1 505.7 511.4
0.0091 487.5 502.2 510.9 516.8
0.0092 492.3 507.2 516.2 522.1
0.0093 496.9 512.2 521.4 527.5
0.0094 501.6 517.2 526.6 532.8
0.0095 506.3 522.2 531.8 538.1
0.0096 510.9 527.2 537.0 543.5
0.0097 515.6 532.2 542.2 548.8
0.0098 520.2 537.2 547.3 554.1
0.0099 524.8 542.1 552.5 559.4
0.0100 529.4 547.1 557.6 564.7
0.0101 534.0 552.0 562.8 570.0
0.0102 538.6 556.9 567.9 575.3
0.0103 543.1 561.8 573.1 580.6
0.0104 547.7 566.7 578.2 585.8
0.0105 552.2 571.6 583.3 591.1
©2023 NCEES 65
Chapter 4: Concrete

1 fy
2 fy f1 1.7 f l p p
Mu
R
bd fc
fy = 60, 000 psi
f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0106 556.7 576.5 588.4 596.3
0.0107 561.2 581.4 593.5 601.6
0.0108 565.7 586.2 598.6 606.8
0.0109 570.1 591.1 603.7 612.1
0.0110 574.6 595.9 608.8 617.3
0.0111 579.0 600.8 613.8 622.5
0.0112 583.5 605.6 618.9 627.7
0.0113 587.9 610.4 623.9 632.9
0.0114 592.3 615.2 629.0 638.1
0.0115 596.6 620.0 634.0 643.3
0.0116 601.0 624.8 639.0 648.5
0.0117 605.4 629.5 644.0 653.7
0.0118 609.7 634.3 649.0 658.9
0.0119 614.0 639.0 654.0 664.0
0.0120 618.4 643.8 659.0 669.2
0.0121 622.7 648.5 664.0 674.3
0.0122 626.9 653.2 669.0 679.5
0.0123 631.2 657.9 673.9 684.6
0.0124 635.5 662.6 678.9 689.7
0.0125 639.7 667.3 683.8 694.9
0.0126 643.9 672.0 688.8 700.0
0.0127 648.1 676.6 693.7 705.1
0.0128 652.3 681.3 698.6 710.2
0.0129 656.5 685.9 703.5 715.3
0.0130 660.7 690.5 708.4 720.4
0.0131 664.9 695.1 713.3 725.4
0.0132 669.0 699.8 718.2 730.5
0.0133 673.1 704.4 723.1 735.6
0.0134 677.3 708.9 728.0 740.6
0.0135 681.4 713.5 732.8 745.7
0.0136 685.4 718.1 737.7 750.7
0.0137 689.5 722.6 742.5 755.8
0.0138 693.6 727.2 747.3 760.8
0.0139 697.6 731.7 752.2 765.8
0.0140 701.6 736.2 757.0 770.8
0.0141 705.7 740.7 761.8 775.8
0.0142 709.7 745.2 766.6 780.8
0.0143 713.7 749.7 771.4 785.8
0.0144 717.6 754.2 776.2 790.8
0.0145 721.6 758.7 781.0 795.8
0.0146 725.5 763.2 785.7 800.8
0.0147 729.5 767.6 790.5 805.7
0.0148 733.4 772.0 795.2 810.7
0.0149 737.3 776.5 800.0 815.6
0.0150 741.2 780.9 804.7 820.6
©2023 NCEES 66
Chapter 4: Concrete

f
fy f1 1 f y p p
Mu
R 1.7 f cl
bd 2
fy = 60, 000 psi

f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0151 745.1 785.3 809.4 825.5
0.0152 748.9 789.7 814.1 830.5
0.0153 752.8 794.1 818.9 835.4
0.0154 756.6 798.4 823.6 840.3
0.0155 760.4 802.8 828.2 845.2
0.0156 807.2 832.9 850.1
0.0157 811.5 837.6 855.0
0.0158 815.8 842.3 859.9
0.0159 820.2 846.9 864.8
0.0160 824.5 851.6 869.6
0.0161 828.8 856.2 874.5
0.0162 833.1 860.8 879.4
0.0163 837.3 865.5 884.2
0.0164 841.6 870.1 889.1
0.0165 845.9 874.7 893.9
0.0166 850.1 879.3 898.7
0.0167 854.4 883.9 903.6
0.0168 858.6 888.5 908.4
0.0169 862.8 893.0 913.2
0.0170 867.0 897.6 918.0
0.0171 871.2 902.2 922.8
0.0172 875.4 906.7 927.6
0.0173 879.6 911.2 932.4
0.0174 883.7 915.8 937.1
0.0175 887.9 920.3 941.9
0.0176 892.0 924.8 946.7
0.0177 896.1 929.3 951.4
0.0178 900.3 933.8 956.2
0.0179 904.4 938.3 960.9
0.0180 908.5 942.8 965.6
0.0181 912.6 947.2 970.4
0.0182 916.6 951.7 975.1
0.0183 920.7 956.2 979.8
0.0184 924.8 960.6 984.5
0.0185 928.8 965.0 989.2
0.0186 932.8 969.5 993.9
0.0187 936.9 973.9 998.6
0.0188 940.9 978.3 1,003.3
0.0189 944.9 982.7 1,007.9
0.0190 948.9 987.1 1,012.6
0.0191 952.9 991.5 1,017.2
0.0192 956.8 995.9 1,021.9
0.0193 960.8 1,000.2 1,026.5
0.0194 964.8 1,004.6 1,031.2
©2023 NCEES 67
Chapter 4: Concrete

f
fy f1 1 f y p p
Mu
R 1.7 f cl
bd 2
fy = 60, 000 psi

f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0195 968.7 1,009.0 1,035.8
0.0196 972.6 1,013.3 1,040.4
0.0197 976.5 1,017.6 1,045.0
0.0198 980.4 1,022.0 1,049.6
0.0199 984.3 1,026.3 1,054.2
0.0200 988.2 1,030.6 1,058.8
0.0201 992.1 1,034.9 1,063.4
0.0202 996.0 1,039.2 1,068.0
0.0203 999.8 1,043.5 1,072.6
0.0204 1,003.7 1,047.7 1,077.1
0.0205 1,007.5 1,052.0 1,081.7
0.0206 1,011.3 1,056.3 1,086.2
0.0207 1,060.5 1,090.8
0.0208 1,064.8 1,095.3
0.0209 1,069.0 1,099.8
0.0210 1,073.2 1,104.4
0.0211 1,077.4 1,108.9
0.0212 1,081.6 1,113.4
0.0213 1,085.8 1,117.9
0.0214 1,090.0 1,122.4
0.0215 1,094.2 1,126.9
0.0216 1,098.4 1,131.3
0.0217 1,102.6 1,135.8
0.0218 1,106.7 1,140.3
0.0219 1,110.9 1,144.7
0.0220 1,115.0 1,149.2
0.0221 1,119.1 1,153.6
0.0222 1,123.3 1,158.1
0.0223 1,127.4 1,162.5
0.0224 1,131.5 1,166.9
0.0225 1,135.6 1,171.3
0.0226 1,139.7 1,175.7
0.0227 1,143.8 1,180.1
0.0228 1,147.8 1,184.5
0.0229 1,151.9 1,188.9
0.0230 1,156.0 1,193.3
0.0231 1,160.0 1,197.7
0.0232 1,164.0 1,202.0
0.0233 1,168.1 1,206.4
0.0234 1,172.1 1,210.7
0.0235 1,176.1 1,215.1
0.0236 1,180.1 1,219.4
0.0237 1,184.1 1,223.8
0.0238 1,188.1 1,228.1
0.0239 1,192.1 1,232.4
©2023 NCEES 68
Chapter 4: Concrete

1 fy
2 fy f1 1.7 f l p p
Mu
R
bd fc
fy = 60, 000 psi

f cl _ psi i
ρ 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0.0240 1,196.0 1,236.7
0.0241 1,200.0 1,241.0
0.0242 1,204.0 1,245.3
0.0243 1,207.9 1,249.6
0.0244 1,253.9
0.0245 1,258.1
0.0246 1,262.4
0.0247 1,266.7
0.0248 1,270.9
0.0249 1,275.2
0.0250 1,279.4
0.0251 1,283.6
0.0252 1,287.9
0.0253 1,292.1
0.0254 1,296.3
0.0255 1,300.5
0.0256 1,304.7
0.0257 1,308.9
0.0258 1,313.1
0.0259 1,317.2
0.0260 1,321.4
0.0261 1,325.6
0.0262 1,329.7
0.0263 1,333.9
0.0264 1,338.0
0.0265 1,342.1
0.0266 1,346.3
0.0267 1,350.4
0.0268 1,354.5
0.0269 1,358.6
0.0270 1,362.7
0.0271 1,366.8
0.0272 1,370.9
0.0273 1,375.0
©2023 NCEES 69
Chapter 4: Concrete
Reinforced Concrete Column Design Charts

Source of design charts: Taylor, Andrew, Trey Hamilton, III, and Antonio Nanni, ACI Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook,
A Companion to ACI 318-19, ACI MNL-17 (21), American Concrete Institute, 2021. Permission pending.
2.0
INTERACTION DIAGRAM R4-60.6 h
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.6
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4
1.2 0.0 fs / fy = 0
3
Pn 0.02
Kn = 1.0
fc' A g 0.01 0.25
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
2.0
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4
fs / fy = 0
1.2 0.0
3
0.0
Pn 2
Kn = 1.0 0.25
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 70
Chapter 4: Concrete
2.0
h
g = 0.08
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
1.4 5
0.0 fs / f y = 0
4
1.2 0.0
3
Pn 0.0 0.25
Kn = 1.0 2
fc' A g
0.0
1
0.8 0.50
0.6 0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
1.0
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
2.0
g = 0.08 INTERACTION DIAGRAM R4-60.9 h
h
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.9
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0 f s / fy = 0
4
1.2 0.0
3
0.0 0.25
Pn 2
Kn = 1.0
fc' A g 0.0
1 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
t = 0.0035 1.0
0.4
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 71
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
= 0.6
0.07
1.4 0.06 Kmax
e Pn
0.05
1.2 0.04
0.03
1.0 0.02 fs / fy = 0
Pn
Kn = 0.01
fc' A g
0.8 0.25
0.6 0.50
0.4 0.75
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
0.0 Kmax
1.4 6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0
4
0.0
3 fs / fy 0
1.0 0.0
Pn 2
Kn = 0.0
fc' A g 1 0.25
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 72
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.8
7
1.4 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0
4
fs / fy = 0
0.0
3
1.0 0.0
Pn 2
Kn = 0.25
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
1.0
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.9
7
0.0
1.4 6 Kmax
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0
4 fs / fy = 0
0.0
3
1.0 0.0
2 0.25
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1
fc' A g
0.8
0.50
0.6 0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035 1.0

t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 73
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 6 ksi
0.0 fy = 60 ksi
1.4 7
= 0.6
0.0
6
0.0 Kmax
5
1.2
0.0 e Pn
4
0.0
3
1.0 0.0
2
0.0 fs / fy = 0
1
P n 0.8
Kn =
fc' A g 0.25
0.6
0.50
0.4
0.75
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050 1.0
0.0
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.6
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.7
7
0.0
6 Kmax
0.0
1.2 5 Pn
e
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3
0.0 fs / fy = 0
2
0.0
1
0.8 0.25
Pn
Kn =
fc' A g
0.6 0.50
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 74
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.8
7
0.0
6 Kmax
1.2 0.0
5 e Pn
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3 fs / fy = 0
0.0
2
0.0
1
Pn 0.8 0.25
Kn =
fc' A g
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
1.0
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
0.0 fy = 60 ksi
1.4 7 = 0.9
0.0
6 Kmax
0.0
1.2 5 Pn
e
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3 fs / fy = 0
0.0
2
0.0 0.25
Pn 1
Kn = 0.8
fc' A g
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035 1.0

t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 75
Chapter 4: Concrete
2.0
INTERACTION DIAGRAM L4-60.6 h
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.6
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4
1.2 0.0
3 fs / fy = 0
0.0
1.0 2
Pn
Kn = 0.0 0.25
fc' A g 1
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.4 0.75
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
2.0
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4
1.2 0.0 fs / fy = 0
3
0.0
Pn 1.0 2
Kn = 0.25
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 76
Chapter 4: Concrete
2.0
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0
7 = 0.8
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4
fs / fy = 0
1.2 0.0
3
0.0
1.0 2
0.25
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1
fc' A g 0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035 1.0

t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
2.0
g = 0.08 INTERACTION DIAGRAM L4-60.9 h
h
fc' = 4 ksi
1.8
0.0 fy = 60 ksi
7 = 0.9
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.4
0.0
4 fs / fy = 0
1.2 0.0
3
0.0
1.0 2 0.25
Pn
Kn = 0.0
fc' A g 1
0.8 0.50
0.6 0.75
t = 0.0035
0.4 1.0
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 77
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
fc' = 5 ksi
g = 0.08 fy = 60 ksi
1.6
= 0.6
0.0
7
1.4 0.0 Kmax
6
e Pn
0.0
5
1.2 0.0
4
0.0
3
1.0 0.0 fs / f y = 0
Pn 2
Kn =
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8 0.25
0.6 0.50
0.4 0.75
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
1.4 0.0 Kmax
6
e Pn
0.0
5
1.2 0.0
4
0.0
3 f s / fy = 0
1.0 0.0
2
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1 0.25
fc' A g 0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 78
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.8
7
0.0 Kmax
1.4 6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0
4
0.0 fs / fy = 0
3
1.0 0.0
2
Pn 0.0 0.25
Kn = 1
fc' A g 0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.9
7
0.0 Kmax
1.4 6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0
4
0.0 fs / fy = 0
3
1.0 0.0
2
0.0 0.25
1
Pn 0.8
Kn =
fc' A g 0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
1.0
t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 79
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.6
7
0.0 Kmax
6
1.2 0.0
5 e Pn
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3
0.0
2 fs / f y = 0
0.0
1
0.8
Pn
Kn = 0.25
fc' A g
0.6
0.50
0.4
0.75
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.7
7
0.0 Kmax
6
1.2 0.0
5 e Pn
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3
0.0 f s / fy = 0
2
0.0
0.8 1
Pn 0.25
Kn =
fc' A g
0.6 0.50
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 80
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.8
7
0.0 Kmax
6
1.2 0.0
5 e Pn
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3
0.0 fs / f y 0
2
Pn 0.0
1
Kn = 0.8
fc' A g 0.25
0.6 0.50
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
0.0 fy = 60 ksi
1.4 7 = 0.9
0.0 Kmax
6
0.0
1.2 5 e Pn
0.0
4
0.0
1.0 3
fs / fy = 0
0.0
2
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1
fc' A g 0.8 0.25
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 81
Chapter 4: Concrete
2.0
INTERACTION DIAGRAM C4-60.6 h
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.6
7
1.6 Kmax
0.0
6
e Pn
1.4 0.0
5
0.04
f s / fy = 0
1.2 0.03
Pn 0.02
Kn = 1.0
fc' A g 0.25
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.4 0.75
t = 0.0035
0.2 t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
2.0
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.7
7
1.6 Kmax
0.0
6
e Pn
0.0
1.4 5
0.0 fs / fy 0
4
1.2 0.0
3
P n 1.0 0.0 0.25
Kn = 2
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8 0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 82
Chapter 4: Concrete
2.0
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.8
7
1.6 Kmax
0.0
6
e Pn
1.4 0.0
5 fs / fy = 0
0.0
4
1.2
0.0
3 0.25
P n 1.0 0.0
2
Kn =
fc' A g 0.0
1 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
0.4 1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
2.0
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.9
7
1.6 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
1.4 5 fs / fy = 0
0.0
4
1.2 0.0 0.25
3
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1.0 2
fc' A g 0.0 0.50
1
0.8
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4 t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 83
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.6
7
0.0 Kmax
1.4 6
0.0 Pn
5 e
0.0
1.2 4
0.0 fs / fy = 0
3
0.0
P n 1.0 2
Kn = 0.0
fc' A g 1
0.8 0.25
0.6 0.50
0.4 0.75
t = 0.0035
0.2 t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.8
h
fc' = 5 ksi
1.6 g = 0.08 fy = 60 ksi
= 0.7
0.0
7
1.4 0.06 Kmax
e Pn
0.05
1.2 0.04
fs / fy = 0
0.03
1.0 0.02
Pn
Kn = 0.25
fc' A g 0.0
1
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 84
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.8
h
fc' = 5 ksi
g = 0.08
1.6 fy = 60 ksi
0.0 = 0.8
7
0.0 Kmax
1.4 6
0.0 e Pn
5
1.2 0.0 fs / fy = 0
4
0.0
3
1.0 0.0
2 0.25
Pn 0.0
Kn = 1
fc' A g 0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
1.8
h
fc' = 5 ksi
g = 0.08 fy = 60 ksi
1.6
0.0 = 0.9
7
1.4 0.0 Kmax
6
0.0 e Pn
5
fs / f y = 0
1.2 0.0
4
0.0
3
1.0 0.25
0.0
Pn 2
Kn = 0.0
fc' A g 1
0.8 0.50
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 85
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.07 = 0.6
0.06 Kmax
1.2 0.05
e Pn
0.04
0.03
1.0
0.02
f s / fy = 0
0.01
Pn
Kn = 0.8
fc' A g
0.25
0.6
0.50
0.4
0.75
t = 0.0035
0.2 t = 0.0040 1.0
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.6
g = 0.08 h
fc' = 6 ksi
0.0 fy = 60 ksi
1.4 7 = 0.7
0.06
Kmax
0.05
1.2 Pn
0.04 e
0.03
1.0 0.02 fs / fy = 0
0.0
1
P n 0.8 0.25
Kn =
fc' A g
0.6 0.50
0.75
0.4
t = 0.0035 1.0
0.2 t = 0.0040
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250
P e
Rn = n
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 86
Chapter 4: Concrete
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0 = 0.8
7
0.0 Kmax
6
1.2 0.0
5 e Pn
0.0
4 fs / fy = 0
1.0 0.0
3
0.0
2
Pn 0.0 0.25
Kn = 0.8 1
fc' A g
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2
t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
1.6
h
g = 0.08 fc' = 6 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
1.4 0.0
7 = 0.9
0.0
6 Kmax
0.0
1.2 5 Pn
e
0.0
4 fs / fy = 0
0.0
3
1.0
0.0
2
0.0 0.25
1
P n 0.8
Kn =
fc' A g 0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4 1.0
t = 0.0035
t = 0.0040
0.2 t = 0.0050
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Pne
Rn =
fc' A g h
©2023 NCEES 87
5 MASONRY
Concrete Masonry Section Properties
Concrete Masonry Unit Designations—ASTM C 90
Average Unit Dimensions
Unit Designation
Thickness (in.) Height (in.) Length (in.)
8 in. – 8 × 8 × 16 7 5/8 7 5/8 15 5/8
10 in. – 10 × 8 × 16 9 5/8 7 5/8 15 5/8
12 in. – 12 × 8 × 16 11 5/8 7 5/8 15 5/8
Minimum Thickness of Face Shell and Webs—ASTM C 90

Nominal Thickness of Unit (in.) Minimum Face Shell Thickness (in.) Minimum Web Thickness (in.)
8 1 1/4 3/4
10 1 1/4 3/4
12 1 1/4 3/4
©2023 NCEES 88
Chapter 5: Masonry
Source of average weight tables: Used with permission of American Society of Civil Engineers, from Minimum Design Loads and Associated
Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE-7, 2016; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Average Weight (psf) of Concrete Masonry Walls—105 pcf ASTM C 90 Units

Nominal Thickness (in.)
Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 31 37 43
48 in. o.c. 38 47 55
40 in. o.c. 40 49 57
32 in. o.c. 42 52 61
24 in. o.c. 46 57 67
16 in. o.c. 53 66 79
Full grout 75 95 115
Solid units 69 87 105

Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 36 44 50
48 in. o.c. 44 54 62
40 in. o.c. 45 56 65
32 in. o.c. 47 58 68
24 in. o.c. 51 63 75
16 in. o.c. 59 73 87
.
Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 39 47 54
48 in. o.c. 47 57 66
40 in. o.c. 48 59 69
32 in. o.c. 50 62 72
24 in. o.c. 54 67 78
16 in. o.c. 61 76 90
©2023 NCEES 89
Chapter 5: Masonry
Section Properties
Source of this section: National Concrete Masonry Association (ncma.org), Section Properties of Concrete Masonry Walls, TEK 14-1B, 2007.
Net Area (in2/ft)—ASTM C 90 Concrete Masonry Units

Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 30.0 30.0 30.0
96 in. o.c. 35.3 37.5 39.6
72 in. o.c. 37.1 39.9 42.7
48 in. o.c. 40.7 44.9 49.1
40 in. o.c. 42.8 47.9 52.9
32 in. o.c. 46.0 52.4 58.7
24 in. o.c. 51.3 59.8 68.2
16 in. o.c. 62.0 74.8 87.3
Full grout 91.5 115.5 139.5
Net Section Modulus (in3/ft)—ASTM C 90 Concrete Masonry Units

Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 81.0 110.1 139.6
96 in. o.c. 84.0 116.7 151.0
72 in. o.c. 85.0 118.9 154.8
48 in. o.c. 87.1 123.2 162.4
40 in. o.c. 88.3 125.9 166.9
32 in. o.c. 90.1 129.8 173.8
24 in. o.c. 93.2 136.3 185.2
16 in. o.c. 99.3 149.5 208.0
Full grout 116.3 185.3 270.3
Net Moment of Inertia (in4/ft)—ASTM C 90 Concrete Masonry Units

Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 308.7 530.0 811.2
96 in. o.c. 320.4 561.5 877.5
72 in. o.c. 324.3 572.0 899.6
48 in. o.c. 332.0 593.1 943.8
40 in. o.c. 336.7 605.7 970.3
32 in. o.c. 343.7 624.6 1,010.1
24 in. o.c. 355.3 656.2 1,076.3
16 in. o.c. 378.6 719.3 1,208.9
Full grout 443.3 891.7 1,571.0
©2023 NCEES 90
Chapter 5: Masonry
Average Radius of Gyration (in.)—ASTM C 90 Concrete Masonry Units

Grout Spacing
8 10 12
No grout 2.84 3.55 4.28
96 in. o.c. 2.74 3.43 4.12
72 in. o.c. 2.71 3.39 4.07
48 in. o.c. 2.66 3.33 3.99
40 in. o.c. 2.63 3.29 3.95
32 in. o.c. 2.59 3.24 3.88
24 in. o.c. 2.53 3.16 3.79
16 in. o.c. 2.43 3.04 3.64
Full grout 2.20 2.78 3.36
Allowable Stress Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural Loads Only

Assumptions
• Cracked section—neutral axis within effective depth
• Ignore reinforcing steel in compression.
fb
f b bkd
C
kd 2
3
kd
d
jd
d – kd
fs T As fs
n
E
n Es
m
A
dbs
k
j 1 3
©2023 NCEES 91
Chapter 5: Masonry
Case 1: Fully grouted or partially grouted with the neutral axis in the compression face shell thickness.
kd # compression face shell thickness

b
kd
NEUTRAL
kd
d AXIS NEUTRAL
d AXIS
h
As
WALL As
BEAM
k 2n _n i n
2
Allowable Moment:
Ma = min (Mm, Ms)
where
1
Mm = 2 Fb kjbd 2, masonry compression controls
Ms = As Fs jd, steel tension controls
Case 2: Partially grouted with the neutral axis in the cells
kd > compression face shell thickness

kd
d NEUTRAL
AXIS
As
WALL
tfs = compression face shell thickness
bw = width of grouted cell plus each web thickness within the compression zone
t fs _b bw j As n 9t fs _b bw j As nC bw 9t 2fs _b bw j 2As nd C
2
k dbw

dbw
fs nFb c 1 k m

k
If fs # Fs, masonry compression controls.

1
Ma 2 Fb kjbd 2
If fs 2 Fs, steel tension controls.

Ma As Fs jd
©2023 NCEES 92
Chapter 5: Masonry
Flexural Coefficients Based on nρ Values for Allowable Stress Design

Assumptions:
• Flexural loading only, no axial loading
• Fully grouted or partially grouted with the neutral axis in the compression face shell thickness
E
n Es
m
A
bds
k 2n _n i n
2
k
j 1 3
M <2F
fb
bd 2 jk
M <1 F
fb
bd 2 j
2 bd fb
2
jk M
nM
nj
bd 2 fs
fb jkbd 2
fb bd 2 = G
1
Mm 2 2 jk
Ms fs jbd 2
©2023 NCEES 93
Chapter 5: Masonry
Flexural Coefficients Based on Values nρ = 0.001 to 0.080

nρ 2/jk j k nρj nρ 2/jk j k nρj
0.001 46.409 0.985 0.044 0.0010 0.041 8.782 0.917 0.248 0.0376
0.002 33.319 0.980 0.061 0.0020 0.042 8.700 0.916 0.251 0.0385
0.003 27.523 0.975 0.075 0.0029 0.043 8.621 0.916 0.253 0.0394
0.004 24.069 0.971 0.086 0.0039 0.044 8.545 0.915 0.256 0.0402
0.005 21.713 0.968 0.095 0.0048 0.045 8.471 0.914 0.258 0.0411
0.006 19.975 0.965 0.104 0.0058 0.046 8.399 0.913 0.261 0.0420
0.007 18.625 0.963 0.112 0.0067 0.047 8.330 0.912 0.263 0.0429
0.008 17.537 0.960 0.119 0.0077 0.048 8.263 0.911 0.266 0.0438
0.009 16.636 0.958 0.125 0.0086 0.049 8.199 0.911 0.268 0.0446
0.010 15.875 0.956 0.132 0.0096 0.050 8.136 0.910 0.270 0.0455
0.011 15.220 0.954 0.138 0.0105 0.051 8.075 0.909 0.272 0.0464
0.012 14.649 0.952 0.143 0.0114 0.052 8.016 0.908 0.275 0.0472
0.013 14.145 0.950 0.149 0.0124 0.053 7.958 0.908 0.277 0.0481
0.014 13.697 0.949 0.154 0.0133 0.054 7.902 0.907 0.279 0.0490
0.015 13.294 0.947 0.159 0.0142 0.055 7.848 0.906 0.281 0.0498
0.016 12.930 0.945 0.164 0.0151 0.056 7.795 0.906 0.283 0.0507
0.017 12.599 0.944 0.168 0.0160 0.057 7.744 0.905 0.285 0.0516
0.018 12.296 0.942 0.173 0.0170 0.058 7.694 0.904 0.287 0.0524
0.019 12.017 0.941 0.177 0.0179 0.059 7.645 0.903 0.290 0.0533
0.020 11.759 0.940 0.181 0.0188 0.060 7.598 0.903 0.292 0.0542
0.021 11.521 0.938 0.185 0.0197 0.061 7.552 0.902 0.294 0.0550
0.022 11.298 0.937 0.189 0.0206 0.062 7.507 0.901 0.296 0.0559
0.023 11.091 0.936 0.193 0.0215 0.063 7.462 0.901 0.298 0.0568
0.024 10.897 0.935 0.196 0.0224 0.064 7.419 0.900 0.299 0.0576
0.025 10.714 0.933 0.200 0.0233 0.065 7.378 0.900 0.301 0.0585
0.026 10.543 0.932 0.204 0.0242 0.066 7.337 0.899 0.303 0.0593
0.027 10.381 0.931 0.207 0.0251 0.067 7.296 0.898 0.305 0.0602
0.028 10.227 0.930 0.210 0.0260 0.068 7.257 0.898 0.307 0.0610
0.029 10.082 0.929 0.214 0.0269 0.069 7.219 0.897 0.309 0.0619
0.030 9.945 0.928 0.217 0.0278 0.070 7.182 0.896 0.311 0.0628
0.031 9.814 0.927 0.220 0.0287 0.071 7.145 0.896 0.312 0.0636
0.032 9.689 0.926 0.223 0.0296 0.072 7.109 0.895 0.314 0.0645
0.033 9.570 0.925 0.226 0.0305 0.073 7.074 0.895 0.316 0.0653
0.034 9.456 0.924 0.229 0.0314 0.074 7.040 0.894 0.318 0.0662
0.035 9.348 0.923 0.232 0.0323 0.075 7.006 0.894 0.319 0.0670
0.036 9.244 0.922 0.235 0.0332 0.076 6.973 0.893 0.321 0.0679
0.037 9.144 0.921 0.238 0.0341 0.077 6.941 0.892 0.323 0.0687
0.038 9.048 0.920 0.240 0.0350 0.078 6.909 0.892 0.325 0.0696
0.039 8.956 0.919 0.243 0.0358 0.079 6.878 0.891 0.326 0.0704
0.040 8.868 0.918 0.246 0.0367 0.080 6.848 0.891 0.328 0.0713
©2023 NCEES 94
Chapter 5: Masonry

0.081 6.818 0.890 0.330 0.0721 0.121 5.952 0.871 0.386 0.1054
0.082 6.788 0.890 0.331 0.0729 0.122 5.936 0.871 0.387 0.1063
0.083 6.759 0.889 0.333 0.0738 0.123 5.920 0.871 0.388 0.1071
0.084 6.731 0.889 0.334 0.0746 0.124 5.905 0.870 0.389 0.1079
0.085 6.703 0.888 0.336 0.0755 0.125 5.890 0.870 0.390 0.1087
0.086 6.676 0.887 0.338 0.0763 0.126 5.874 0.869 0.392 0.1096
0.087 6.649 0.887 0.339 0.0772 0.127 5.860 0.869 0.393 0.1104
0.088 6.623 0.886 0.341 0.0780 0.128 5.845 0.869 0.394 0.1112
0.089 6.597 0.886 0.342 0.0788 0.129 5.830 0.868 0.395 0.1120
0.090 6.572 0.885 0.344 0.0797 0.130 5.816 0.868 0.396 0.1128
0.091 6.547 0.885 0.345 0.0805 0.131 5.802 0.868 0.397 0.1136
0.092 6.522 0.884 0.347 0.0814 0.132 5.788 0.867 0.398 0.1145
0.093 6.498 0.884 0.348 0.0822 0.133 5.774 0.867 0.400 0.1153
0.094 6.474 0.883 0.350 0.0830 0.134 5.760 0.866 0.401 0.1161
0.095 6.451 0.883 0.351 0.0839 0.135 5.747 0.866 0.402 0.1169
0.096 6.428 0.882 0.353 0.0847 0.136 5.733 0.866 0.403 0.1177
0.097 6.405 0.882 0.354 0.0856 0.137 5.720 0.865 0.404 0.1185
0.098 6.383 0.882 0.355 0.0864 0.138 5.707 0.865 0.405 0.1194
0.099 6.361 0.881 0.357 0.0872 0.139 5.694 0.865 0.406 0.1202
0.100 6.340 0.881 0.358 0.0881 0.140 5.681 0.864 0.407 0.1210
0.101 6.318 0.880 0.360 0.0889 0.141 5.668 0.864 0.408 0.1218
0.102 6.297 0.880 0.361 0.0897 0.142 5.656 0.863 0.410 0.1226
0.103 6.277 0.879 0.362 0.0906 0.143 5.644 0.863 0.411 0.1234
0.104 6.257 0.879 0.364 0.0914 0.144 5.631 0.863 0.412 0.1242
0.105 6.237 0.878 0.365 0.0922 0.145 5.619 0.862 0.413 0.1251
0.106 6.217 0.878 0.366 0.0931 0.146 5.607 0.862 0.414 0.1259
0.107 6.197 0.877 0.368 0.0939 0.147 5.595 0.862 0.415 0.1267
0.108 6.178 0.877 0.369 0.0947 0.148 5.584 0.861 0.416 0.1275
0.109 6.159 0.877 0.370 0.0955 0.149 5.572 0.861 0.417 0.1283
0.110 6.141 0.876 0.372 0.0964 0.150 5.560 0.861 0.418 0.1291
0.111 6.122 0.876 0.373 0.0972 0.151 5.549 0.860 0.419 0.1299
0.112 6.104 0.875 0.374 0.0980 0.152 5.538 0.860 0.420 0.1307
0.113 6.086 0.875 0.376 0.0989 0.153 5.527 0.860 0.421 0.1315
0.114 6.069 0.874 0.377 0.0997 0.154 5.516 0.859 0.422 0.1323
0.115 6.051 0.874 0.378 0.1005 0.155 5.505 0.859 0.423 0.1331
0.116 6.034 0.874 0.379 0.1013 0.156 5.494 0.859 0.424 0.1340
0.117 6.017 0.873 0.381 0.1022 0.157 5.483 0.858 0.425 0.1348
0.118 6.001 0.873 0.382 0.1030 0.158 5.473 0.858 0.426 0.1356
0.119 5.984 0.872 0.383 0.1038 0.159 5.462 0.858 0.427 0.1364
0.120 5.968 0.872 0.384 0.1046 0.160 5.452 0.857 0.428 0.1372
©2023 NCEES 95
Chapter 5: Masonry

0.161 5.442 0.857 0.429 0.1380 0.201 5.098 0.845 0.464 0.1699
0.162 5.431 0.857 0.430 0.1388 0.202 5.091 0.845 0.465 0.1707
0.163 5.421 0.856 0.431 0.1396 0.203 5.083 0.845 0.466 0.1715
0.164 5.411 0.856 0.432 0.1404 0.204 5.076 0.844 0.467 0.1723
0.165 5.401 0.856 0.433 0.1412 0.205 5.069 0.844 0.467 0.1731
0.166 5.392 0.855 0.434 0.1420 0.206 5.062 0.844 0.468 0.1739
0.167 5.382 0.855 0.435 0.1428 0.207 5.055 0.844 0.469 0.1746
0.168 5.372 0.855 0.436 0.1436 0.208 5.049 0.843 0.470 0.1754
0.169 5.363 0.855 0.436 0.1444 0.209 5.042 0.843 0.470 0.1762
0.170 5.353 0.854 0.437 0.1452 0.210 5.035 0.843 0.471 0.1770
0.171 5.344 0.854 0.438 0.1460 0.211 5.028 0.843 0.472 0.1778
0.172 5.335 0.854 0.439 0.1468 0.212 5.022 0.842 0.473 0.1786
0.173 5.325 0.853 0.440 0.1476 0.213 5.015 0.842 0.474 0.1794
0.174 5.316 0.853 0.441 0.1484 0.214 5.008 0.842 0.474 0.1802
0.175 5.307 0.853 0.442 0.1492 0.215 5.002 0.842 0.475 0.1810
0.176 5.298 0.852 0.443 0.1500 0.216 4.995 0.841 0.476 0.1817
0.177 5.289 0.852 0.444 0.1508 0.217 4.989 0.841 0.477 0.1825
0.178 5.281 0.852 0.445 0.1516 0.218 4.983 0.841 0.477 0.1833
0.179 5.272 0.851 0.446 0.1524 0.219 4.976 0.841 0.478 0.1841
0.180 5.263 0.851 0.446 0.1532 0.220 4.970 0.840 0.479 0.1849
0.181 5.255 0.851 0.447 0.1540 0.221 4.964 0.840 0.480 0.1857
0.182 5.246 0.851 0.448 0.1548 0.222 4.957 0.840 0.480 0.1865
0.183 5.238 0.850 0.449 0.1556 0.223 4.951 0.840 0.481 0.1872
0.184 5.230 0.850 0.450 0.1564 0.224 4.945 0.839 0.482 0.1880
0.185 5.221 0.850 0.451 0.1572 0.225 4.939 0.839 0.483 0.1888
0.186 5.213 0.849 0.452 0.1580 0.226 4.933 0.839 0.483 0.1896
0.187 5.205 0.849 0.453 0.1588 0.227 4.927 0.839 0.484 0.1904
0.188 5.197 0.849 0.453 0.1596 0.228 4.921 0.838 0.485 0.1912
0.189 5.189 0.849 0.454 0.1604 0.229 4.915 0.838 0.485 0.1919
0.190 5.181 0.848 0.455 0.1612 0.230 4.909 0.838 0.486 0.1927
0.191 5.173 0.848 0.456 0.1620 0.231 4.904 0.838 0.487 0.1935
0.192 5.165 0.848 0.457 0.1628 0.232 4.898 0.837 0.488 0.1943
0.193 5.158 0.847 0.458 0.1636 0.233 4.892 0.837 0.488 0.1951
0.194 5.150 0.847 0.458 0.1644 0.234 4.886 0.837 0.489 0.1959
0.195 5.142 0.847 0.459 0.1651 0.235 4.881 0.837 0.490 0.1966
0.196 5.135 0.847 0.460 0.1659 0.236 4.875 0.837 0.490 0.1974
0.197 5.127 0.846 0.461 0.1667 0.237 4.869 0.836 0.491 0.1982
0.198 5.120 0.846 0.462 0.1675 0.238 4.864 0.836 0.492 0.1990
0.199 5.112 0.846 0.463 0.1683 0.239 4.858 0.836 0.493 0.1998
0.200 5.105 0.846 0.463 0.1691 0.240 4.853 0.836 0.493 0.2005
©2023 NCEES 96
Chapter 5: Masonry

0.241 4.847 0.835 0.494 0.2013 0.281 4.655 0.827 0.520 0.2323
0.242 4.842 0.835 0.495 0.2021 0.282 4.651 0.827 0.520 0.2331
0.243 4.837 0.835 0.495 0.2029 0.283 4.647 0.826 0.521 0.2339
0.244 4.831 0.835 0.496 0.2037 0.284 4.643 0.826 0.521 0.2346
0.245 4.826 0.834 0.497 0.2044 0.285 4.639 0.826 0.522 0.2354
0.246 4.821 0.834 0.497 0.2052 0.286 4.634 0.826 0.523 0.2362
0.247 4.816 0.834 0.498 0.2060 0.287 4.630 0.826 0.523 0.2370
0.248 4.810 0.834 0.499 0.2068 0.288 4.626 0.825 0.524 0.2377
0.249 4.805 0.834 0.499 0.2076 0.289 4.622 0.825 0.524 0.2385
0.250 4.800 0.833 0.500 0.2083 0.290 4.618 0.825 0.525 0.2393
0.251 4.795 0.833 0.501 0.2091 0.291 4.614 0.825 0.526 0.2400
0.252 4.790 0.833 0.501 0.2099 0.292 4.610 0.825 0.526 0.2408
0.253 4.785 0.833 0.502 0.2107 0.293 4.606 0.824 0.527 0.2416
0.254 4.780 0.832 0.503 0.2114 0.294 4.602 0.824 0.527 0.2423
0.255 4.775 0.832 0.503 0.2122 0.295 4.598 0.824 0.528 0.2431
0.256 4.770 0.832 0.504 0.2130 0.296 4.594 0.824 0.528 0.2439
0.257 4.765 0.832 0.505 0.2138 0.297 4.590 0.824 0.529 0.2446
0.258 4.760 0.832 0.505 0.2145 0.298 4.587 0.823 0.530 0.2454
0.259 4.755 0.831 0.506 0.2153 0.299 4.583 0.823 0.530 0.2462
0.260 4.750 0.831 0.507 0.2161 0.300 4.579 0.823 0.531 0.2469
0.261 4.746 0.831 0.507 0.2169 0.301 4.575 0.823 0.531 0.2477
0.262 4.741 0.831 0.508 0.2176 0.302 4.571 0.823 0.532 0.2485
0.263 4.736 0.831 0.508 0.2184 0.303 4.567 0.823 0.532 0.2492
0.264 4.731 0.830 0.509 0.2192 0.304 4.564 0.822 0.533 0.2500
0.265 4.727 0.830 0.510 0.2200 0.305 4.560 0.822 0.533 0.2508
0.266 4.722 0.830 0.510 0.2207 0.306 4.556 0.822 0.534 0.2515
0.267 4.717 0.830 0.511 0.2215 0.307 4.553 0.822 0.535 0.2523
0.268 4.713 0.829 0.512 0.2223 0.308 4.549 0.822 0.535 0.2531
0.269 4.708 0.829 0.512 0.2231 0.309 4.545 0.821 0.536 0.2538
0.270 4.704 0.829 0.513 0.2238 0.310 4.542 0.821 0.536 0.2546
0.271 4.699 0.829 0.514 0.2246 0.311 4.538 0.821 0.537 0.2554
0.272 4.695 0.829 0.514 0.2254 0.312 4.534 0.821 0.537 0.2561
0.273 4.690 0.828 0.515 0.2262 0.313 4.531 0.821 0.538 0.2569
0.274 4.686 0.828 0.515 0.2269 0.314 4.527 0.821 0.538 0.2576
0.275 4.681 0.828 0.516 0.2277 0.315 4.524 0.820 0.539 0.2584
0.276 4.677 0.828 0.517 0.2285 0.316 4.520 0.820 0.539 0.2592
0.277 4.673 0.828 0.517 0.2292 0.317 4.517 0.820 0.540 0.2599
0.278 4.668 0.827 0.518 0.2300 0.318 4.513 0.820 0.541 0.2607
0.279 4.664 0.827 0.518 0.2308 0.319 4.510 0.820 0.541 0.2615
0.280 4.660 0.827 0.519 0.2316 0.320 4.506 0.819 0.542 0.2622
©2023 NCEES 97
Chapter 5: Masonry
Allowable Stress Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural and Axial Loads

Assumptions:
• Ignore reinforcing steel compression.

b
kd
NEUTRAL
kd
d AXIS NEUTRAL
d AXIS
h
As
WALL
As
BEAM
P = applied axial load, located at h/2. Compression is positive.
h = total depth of the cross section

E
n Es
m
A
bds
k
j 1 3
Allowable Moment:
Ma = min (Mm, Ms)
where
Masonry compression controls:
2n d n bdF n d n bdF n

P P
2
k
b b
Mm 2 Fb kjbd 2 P c d 2 m
1 h
Steel tension controls:
2 d n F bd n d n F bd n d n F bd n
nP nP nP
2
k
s s s
Ms As Fs jd P c 2 3 m
h kd
©2023 NCEES 98
Chapter 5: Masonry
Allowable Stress Design—Interaction Diagrams

Use h/d to select figures on the following pages
where
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
For beams
h = height of beam
For walls with out-of-plane flexure
h = thickness of wall
For walls with in-plane flexure
h = length of wall
As
d
h
d
h
As
BEAM WALL WITH OUT-OF-PLANE FLEXTURE
d As
WALL WITH IN-PLANE FLEXURE
©2023 NCEES 99
Chapter 5: Masonry
Source of interaction diagrams: Brandow, Gregg E., Chukwuma G. Ekwueme, and Gary C. Hart, 2015 Design of Reinforced Masonry
Structures, Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada, 2018. Permission pending.
h
— 1.1
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50 0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
Figure B1.1(a) Normalized Interaction Diagrams Determined by Masonry Allowable Compressive Stress
©2023 NCEES 100

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.1
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05 0.10
0.20
0.30
–0.5 0.50
0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
Figure B1.1(b) Normalized Interaction Diagrams Determined by Steel Allowable Compressive Stress
©2023 NCEES 101

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.2
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20 0.30
0.50 0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 102

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.2
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05 0.10
0.20
0.30
–0.5 0.50
0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 103

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.3
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 104

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.3
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05 0.10
0.20
0.30
–0.5 0.50
0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 105

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.4
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 106

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.4
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05 0.10
0.20
0.30
–0.5 0.50
0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 107

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.5
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 108

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.5
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
–0.5
0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 109

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.6
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 110

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.6
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
–0.5 0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 111

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.7
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50 0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 112

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.7
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
–0.5 0.75
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 113

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.8
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0.05
0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 114

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.8
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005
0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 115

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.9
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 116

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 1.9
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 117

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 2.0
d
1.5
P
bdFb
0.5
n 0.005
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M
bd 2Fb
©2023 NCEES 118

Chapter 5: Masonry
h
— 2.0
d
1.5
P n
bd Fs
0.5
n 0.005 0.05
0.10
0
0.20
0.30
0.50
0.75
–0.5
–1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
M n
bd 2 Fs
©2023 NCEES 119

Chapter 5: Masonry
Strength Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural Loads Only

Assumptions:

0.8 f'm
a 0.8c Cm 08 f'm ab

NEUTRAL
AXIS
fs ≤ fy Ts fs As
STRESS DIAGRAM
FORCE
(MASONRY COMPRESSIVE
DIAGRAM
STRESS BLOCK)
Case 1: Fully grouted or partially grouted with the neutral axis in the compression face shell
a ≤ compression face shell thickness.
C
NEUTRAL
d AXIS
As
WALL
C
NEUTRAL
d AXIS
h
As
BEAM
As fy
a
0.8f lm b
Mn <As fy c d 2 mF
a
Area of tension reinforcement (direct calculation)

Mn
Rn
bd 2
0.8 f l 2Rn
f m e1 1 o
y 0.8 f ml

As bd
©2023 NCEES 120
Chapter 5: Masonry
Case 2: Partially grouted with the neutral axis in the cells
a > compression face shell thickness
d NEUTRAL
AXIS
As
tfs = compression face shell thickness
bw = width of grouted cell plus each web thickness within the compression zone
As fy
a
0.8 f ml bw
b `t fs 2 j a t fs
bw `a t fs je t fs o
2 2
X
bt fs bw `a t fs j
Mn 8As fy _d X iB
Flexural Resistance Factor (Strength Design)

Mu f 1 f fy p p
R fy 1 1.6
bd 2 fml
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0010 58.9 59.1 59.3 59.4 59.4
0.0011 64.6 64.9 65.1 65.2 65.3
0.0012 70.4 70.7 70.9 71.1 71.2
0.0013 76.1 76.5 76.7 76.9 77.0
0.0014 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.7 82.9
0.0015 87.5 88.0 88.3 88.6 88.7
0.0016 93.1 93.7 94.1 94.4 94.6
0.0017 98.7 99.4 99.8 100.1 100.4
0.0018 104.4 105.1 105.6 105.9 106.2
0.0019 109.9 110.8 111.3 111.7 112.0
0.0020 115.5 116.4 117.0 117.4 117.8
0.0021 121.0 122.0 122.7 123.2 123.5
0.0022 126.6 127.6 128.4 128.9 129.3
0.0023 132.0 133.2 134.0 134.6 135.0
0.0024 137.5 138.8 139.7 140.3 140.8
0.0025 143.0 144.4 145.3 146.0 146.5
0.0026 148.4 149.9 150.9 151.7 152.2
0.0027 153.8 155.4 156.5 157.3 157.9
0.0028 159.2 160.9 162.1 163.0 163.6
©2023 NCEES 121

Chapter 5: Masonry
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0029 164.5 166.4 167.7 168.6 169.3
0.0030 169.9 171.9 173.3 174.2 174.9
0.0031 175.2 177.4 178.8 179.8 180.6
0.0032 180.5 182.8 184.3 185.4 186.2
0.0033 185.7 188.2 189.8 191.0 191.9
0.0034 191.0 193.6 195.3 196.6 197.5
0.0035 196.2 199.0 200.8 202.1 203.1
0.0036 201.4 204.3 206.3 207.7 208.7
0.0037 206.6 209.7 211.7 213.2 214.3
0.0038 211.8 215.0 217.2 218.7 219.9
0.0039 216.9 220.3 222.6 224.2 225.4
0.0040 222.0 225.6 228.0 229.7 231.0
0.0041 227.1 230.9 233.4 235.2 236.5
0.0042 232.2 236.1 238.8 240.7 242.1
0.0043 237.2 241.4 244.1 246.1 247.6
0.0044 242.2 246.6 249.5 251.6 253.1
0.0045 247.2 251.8 254.8 257.0 258.6
0.0046 252.2 257.0 260.1 262.4 264.1
0.0047 257.1 262.1 265.4 267.8 269.6
0.0048 262.1 267.3 270.7 273.2 275.0
0.0049 267.0 272.4 276.0 278.6 280.5
0.0050 271.9 277.5 281.3 283.9 285.9
0.0051 276.7 282.6 286.5 289.3 291.4
0.0052 281.6 287.7 291.7 294.6 296.8
0.0053 286.4 292.7 296.9 299.9 302.2
0.0054 291.2 297.8 302.1 305.3 307.6
0.0055 296.0 302.8 307.3 310.6 313.0
0.0056 300.7 307.8 312.5 315.8 318.4
0.0057 305.4 312.8 317.6 321.1 323.7
0.0058 310.2 317.7 322.8 326.4 329.1
0.0059 314.8 322.7 327.9 331.6 334.4
0.0060 319.5 327.6 333.0 336.9 339.8
0.0061 324.1 332.5 338.1 342.1 345.1
0.0062 328.8 337.4 343.2 347.3 350.4
0.0063 333.3 342.3 348.2 352.5 355.7
0.0064 337.9 347.1 353.3 357.7 361.0
0.0065 342.5 352.0 358.3 362.8 366.2
0.0066 347.0 356.8 363.3 368.0 371.5
0.0067 351.5 361.6 368.3 373.1 376.7
0.0068 356.0 366.4 373.3 378.3 382.0
0.0069 360.4 371.2 378.3 383.4 387.2
©2023 NCEES 122

Chapter 5: Masonry
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0070 364.9 375.9 383.3 388.5 392.4
0.0071 369.3 380.6 388.2 393.6 397.6
0.0072 373.7 385.3 393.1 398.7 402.8
0.0073 378.0 390.0 398.0 403.7 408.0
0.0074 382.4 394.7 402.9 408.8 413.2
0.0075 386.7 399.4 407.8 413.8 418.4
0.0076 391.0 404.0 412.7 418.9 423.5
0.0077 395.3 408.6 417.5 423.9 428.6
0.0078 399.6 413.2 422.4 428.9 433.8
0.0079 403.8 417.8 427.2 433.9 438.9
0.0080 408.0 422.4 432.0 438.9 444.0
0.0081 412.2 427.0 436.8 443.8 449.1
0.0082 416.4 431.5 441.6 448.8 454.2
0.0083 420.5 436.0 446.3 453.7 459.2
0.0084 424.6 440.5 451.1 458.6 464.3
0.0085 428.7 445.0 455.8 463.6 469.4
0.0086 432.8 449.4 460.5 468.5 474.4
0.0087 436.8 453.9 465.2 473.3 479.4
0.0088 440.9 458.3 469.9 478.2 484.4
0.0089 444.9 462.7 474.6 483.1 489.4
0.0090 448.9 467.1 479.3 487.9 494.4
0.0091 452.8 471.5 483.9 492.8 499.4
0.0092 456.8 475.8 488.5 497.6 504.4
0.0093 460.7 480.2 493.1 502.4 509.3
0.0094 464.6 484.5 497.7 507.2 514.3
0.0095 468.5 488.8 502.3 512.0 519.2
0.0096 472.3 493.1 506.9 516.8 524.2
0.0097 476.1 497.3 511.4 521.5 529.1
0.0098 480.0 501.6 516.0 526.3 534.0
0.0099 483.7 505.8 520.5 531.0 538.9
0.0100 487.5 510.0 525.0 535.7 543.7
0.0101 491.2 514.2 529.5 540.4 548.6
0.0102 495.0 518.4 534.0 545.1 553.5
0.0103 498.6 522.5 538.4 549.8 558.3
0.0104 502.3 526.7 542.9 554.5 563.2
0.0105 506.0 530.8 547.3 559.1 568.0
0.0106 509.6 534.9 551.7 563.8 572.8
0.0107 513.2 539.0 556.1 568.4 577.6
0.0108 516.8 543.0 560.5 573.0 582.4
0.0109 520.3 547.1 564.9 577.6 587.2
0.0110 523.9 551.1 569.2 582.2 591.9
©2023 NCEES 123

Chapter 5: Masonry
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0111 527.4 555.1 573.6 586.8 596.7
0.0112 530.9 559.1 577.9 591.4 601.4
0.0113 534.3 563.1 582.2 595.9 606.2
0.0114 537.8 567.0 586.5 600.5 610.9
0.0115 541.2 571.0 590.8 605.0 615.6
0.0116 544.6 574.9 595.1 609.5 620.3
0.0117 548.0 578.8 599.3 614.0 625.0
0.0118 582.7 603.6 618.5 629.7
0.0119 586.6 607.8 623.0 634.3
0.0120 590.4 612.0 627.4 639.0
0.0121 594.2 616.2 631.9 643.6
0.0122 598.0 620.4 636.3 648.3
0.0123 601.8 624.5 640.7 652.9
0.0124 605.6 628.7 645.2 657.5
0.0125 609.4 632.8 649.6 662.1
0.0126 613.1 636.9 653.9 666.7
0.0127 616.8 641.0 658.3 671.3
0.0128 620.5 645.1 662.7 675.8
0.0129 624.2 649.2 667.0 680.4
0.0130 627.9 653.2 671.4 684.9
0.0131 631.6 657.3 675.7 689.5
0.0132 635.2 661.3 680.0 694.0
0.0133 638.8 665.3 684.3 698.5
0.0134 642.4 669.3 688.6 703.0
0.0135 646.0 673.3 692.8 707.5
0.0136 649.5 677.3 697.1 712.0
0.0137 653.1 681.2 701.3 716.4
0.0138 656.6 685.2 705.6 720.9
0.0139 660.1 689.1 709.8 725.3
0.0140 663.6 693.0 714.0 729.7
0.0141 667.1 696.9 718.2 734.2
0.0142 670.5 700.8 722.4 738.6
0.0143 674.0 704.6 726.5 743.0
0.0144 677.4 708.5 730.7 747.4
0.0145 680.8 712.3 734.8 751.7
0.0146 684.2 716.1 739.0 756.1
0.0147 719.9 743.1 760.4
0.0148 723.7 747.2 764.8
0.0149 727.5 751.3 769.1
0.0150 731.2 755.4 773.4
0.0151 735.0 759.4 777.7
©2023 NCEES 124

Chapter 5: Masonry
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0152 738.7 763.5 782.0
0.0153 742.4 767.5 786.3
0.0154 746.1 771.5 790.6
0.0155 749.8 775.6 794.9
0.0156 753.5 779.6 799.1
0.0157 757.1 783.5 803.3
0.0158 760.8 787.5 807.6
0.0159 764.4 791.5 811.8
0.0160 768.0 795.4 816.0
0.0161 771.6 799.4 820.2
0.0162 775.2 803.3 824.4
0.0163 778.7 807.2 828.5
0.0164 782.3 811.1 832.7
0.0165 785.8 815.0 836.9
0.0166 789.3 818.9 841.0
0.0167 792.8 822.7 845.1
0.0168 796.3 826.6 849.2
0.0169 799.8 830.4 853.3
0.0170 803.2 834.2 857.4
0.0171 806.7 838.0 861.5
0.0172 810.1 841.8 865.6
0.0173 813.5 845.6 869.6
0.0174 816.9 849.4 873.7
0.0175 820.3 853.1 877.7
0.0176 856.9 881.8
0.0177 860.6 885.8
0.0178 864.3 889.8
0.0179 868.0 893.8
0.0180 871.7 897.7
0.0181 875.4 901.7
0.0182 879.1 905.7
0.0183 882.7 909.6
0.0184 886.4 913.6
0.0185 890.0 917.5
0.0186 893.6 921.4
0.0187 897.2 925.3
0.0188 900.8 929.2
0.0189 904.4 933.1
0.0190 907.9 936.9
0.0191 911.5 940.8
0.0192 915.0 944.6
©2023 NCEES 125

Chapter 5: Masonry
fy = 60,000 psi
fm', psi
ρ 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
0.0193 918.5 948.5
0.0194 922.1 952.3
0.0195 925.6 956.1
0.0196 929.0 959.9
0.0197 932.5 963.7
0.0198 936.0 967.5
0.0199 939.4 971.2
0.0200 942.9 975.0
0.0201 946.3 978.7
0.0202 949.7 982.5
0.0203 953.1 986.2
0.0204 956.5 989.9
0.0205 993.6
0.0206 997.3
0.0207 1,001.0
0.0208 1,004.6
0.0209 1,008.3
0.0210 1,011.9
0.0211 1,015.6
0.0212 1,019.2
0.0213 1,022.8
0.0214 1,026.4
0.0215 1,030.0
0.0216 1,033.6
0.0217 1,037.1
0.0218 1,040.7
0.0219 1,044.2
0.0220 1,047.8
0.0221 1,051.3
0.0222 1,054.8
0.0223 1,058.3
0.0224 1,061.8
0.0225 1,065.2
0.0226 1,068.7
0.0227 1,072.1
0.0228 1,075.6
0.0229 1,079.0
0.0230 1,082.4
0.0231 1,085.8
0.0232 1,089.2
0.0233 1,092.6
0.0234 1,096.0
©2023 NCEES 126

Chapter 5: Masonry
Strength Design—Reinforced Members Subjected to Flexural and Axial Loads

Assumptions:

b
C
NEUTRAL
d AXIS C
NEUTRAL
d AXIS
h
As
WALL
As
BEAM
Pu = applied axial load, located at h/2. Compression is positive.
h = total depth of the cross section

P
As fy u
a
0.8 f ml b
P
Mn >e As fy oc d a m u c d h mH
Pu
2 2
Chart of Maximum Nominal Shear Strength

Vn,max
6A n √ f'm
4A n √ f'm
0.25 Mu 1.0
Vu d
©2023 NCEES 127

Pe STR Handbook 1 0

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Structural

First posting October 2023

Other Supplied Exam Material

Updates on Exam Content and Procedures

Equations for Structural Analysis....................................................................................................................................34

x yc = (a sin θ)/2 ry2 = (b + a cos θ) 2 3

y I xc = I x = 4ab 3 15 rx2c = rx2 = b 2 5

POSITIVE BENDING NEGATIVE BENDING

POSITIVE SHEAR NEGATIVE SHEAR

LEFT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT

Elastic Stresses in Beams

M = moment at the section

I = moment of inertia of the cross section

The maximum elastic stresses in a beam due to bending:

s = elastic section modulus of the beam

Transverse shear stress:

y l = distance from neutral axis to area centroid

b = width or thickness of the cross section

Transverse shear flow:

IT = moment of inertia of the transformed section

E1 = elastic modulus of Material 1

E2 = elastic modulus of Material 2

Moment, Shear, and Deflection Diagrams

E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi

I = moment of inertia of beam (in4)

L = total length of beam between reaction points (ft)

Mmax = maximum moment (in.-kips)

M1 = maximum moment in left section of beam (in.-kips)

M2 = maximum moment in right section of beam (in.-kips)

Mx = moment at distance x from end of beam (in.-kips)

P = concentrated load (kips)

P1 = concentrated load nearest left reaction (kips)

R = end beam reaction for any condition of symmetrical loading (kips)

R1 = left end beam reaction (kips)

R2 = right end or intermediate beam reaction (kips)

R3 = right end beam reaction (kips)

V = maximum vertical shear for any condition of symmetrical loading (kips)

V1 = maximum vertical shear in left section of beam (kips)

Vx = vertical shear at distance x from end of beam (kips)

W = total load on beam (kips)

a = measured distance along beam (in.)

l = total length of beam between reaction points (in.)

w = uniformly distributed load per unit of length (kip/in.)

x = any distance measured along beam from left reaction (in.)

Dmax = maximum deflection (in.)

Da = deflection at point of load (in.)

Dx = deflection at any point x distance from left reaction (in.)

Shears, Moments, and Deflections

Total Equiv. Uniform Load = wl

2. Simple Beam—Load Increasing Uniformly to One End

Total Equiv. Uniform Load =

Shears, Moments, and Deflections (cont'd)

R1 = V1 (max. when a < c) = wb _ + i

Shears, Moments, and Deflections (cont'd)

R1 R2 Vx [when x > (a + b)] = R2 – w2(l – x)

7. Simple Beam—Concentrated Load at Center

R l l R Mmax (at point of load) = Pl

Shears, Moments, and Deflections (cont'd)

MOMENT Da (at point of load) = Pa 2 b 2

10. Simple Beam—Two Equal Concentrated Loads Unsymmetrically Placed

M1 M2 Mx (when x < a) = R1x

Shears, Moments, and Deflections (cont'd)

M2 (= Mmax when R2 < P2) = R2b

The rotation at end A due to an applied moment, MA, is: