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 a. PROTAGONIST

b. ANTAGONIST

MINOR CHARACTERS
a. STOCK CHARACTERS

b. CONFIDANTE

c. FOIL
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 2. Setting
• The time and place where a story occurs.
The setting can be specific.

• (e.g., New York City in 1930) or ambiguous

(e.g., a large urban city during economic
hard times). Also refers directly to a
description thereof.
 3. Plot
•Sequence of events in a story.
4. Conflict
• A struggle between opposing
forces which is the driving force
of a story.
• INTERNAL CONFLICT
• MAN vs SELF
• EXTERNAL
• MAN vs MAN
• MAN vs society
• MAN vs nature
• MAN vs religion
• MAN vs machine
MAN VS NATURE
MAN VS SOCIETY
 5. Point-of-view
• The identity of the narrative voice; the
person or entity through whom the reader
experiences the story
• Three common types of POVs
• First POV, Second POV, and Third POV
5. Point-of-view
 First-Person POV
• One can spot first person point of view by the pronouns ―I,
we, & us
• With the use of first person, the narrator is an actual
character in the story.
• His or her knowledge is, therefore, limited to that one
person’s perspective.
 Second-Person POV

• A narrator using second person is rather rare. The

pronoun ―you is used in this type of writing.
• This POV is typically used in self-help books or advice
columns.
• Make the readers feel that they are part of the story.
 Third-Person POV

• When writing in third person, the narrator uses

names of characters & pronouns like ―he, him,
she, her, they, & ―them.
• Most commonly used in Fiction
• The narrator is not one of the characters.
 Third-Person POV

• OMNISCIENT
• Is considered as god-like or
All-seeing and all-knowing

• LIMITED
• The narrator tells the story
from the perspective of a
single protagonist (using
third person pronoun)
 6. Theme
• The main idea or message conveyed by the
piece.
• A theme is generally stated as a complete
sentence.
• The theme often makes statement about
society, human, nature or human condition.
• E.g.
• Appearances can be sometime deceiving.
 7. Tone

• The apparent emotional state of the

speaker/narrator/narrative voice, as
conveyed through the language of the piece.
• Feeling or atmosphere that the author has
set in the story
 8. Mood

• is the feeling that the reader gets when

he is reading the story
Other Literary Techniques and Devices:

• Flashback
• Foreshadowing
 FLASHBACK

• These are interruptions that writers do

to insert past events, in order to
provide background or context to the
current events of a narrative.
 FORESHADOWING

• It is a literary device in which a

writer gives an advance hint of
what is to come later in the story.