___________

___________
___________
______
___________
__ ____—__
___________
______

LEARN
2.1 Simple Past: Affirmative and Negative Statements
.

Subject - Verb Subject Did Not/ Base

I/He/She helped the animals. I/He/She did not help them.

You/We/They went to Africa. You/We/They didn’t go to China.

1. Use the simple past for:

a. a completed action or event a. She called me yesterday.
b. a regular or repeated action or event in the past b. I worked every day last week.
c. past states or feelings c. He felt sick this morning.
2. To form the simple past. add -ed or -d to the base play + played
form of most regular verbs.’ dance -+ danced
3. Be careful! Many common verbs have irregular eat -, ate
past forms.
2 make -, made
go -) went
see -) saw
4. The simple past forms of be are was and were, It was warm.
Do not use did not or didn t with was and were It wasn’t cold.
in the negative. They were at work.
They weren’t at home.
/ I wasn’t late for class yesterday.
I didn’t was late for class yesterday.

page A2 for spelling rules for the simple past.

2
S ee page A5—A6 for a list of irregular verbs.

4 Complete each sentence with the simple past form of the verb(s) in parentheses.

1. Herders in Kenya weren’t (not be) able to protect their cattle.

2. For years, lions (kill) many cows in Kenya.

3. The herders (send) warriors to hunt the lions.

4. Living with Lions (start) a new program in 2007.

5. At first, some Maasai (not be) happy about the program.

6. The organization (give) every Guardian a cell phone.

7. When a Lion Guardian (see) a lion nearby, he

(call) his neighbor.

8. The Lion Guardians project -.

(not change) the situation in Kenya
immediately. It (take) time.

9. Scientists — (study) the lion population.

10. The Lion Guardians .

(not save) all the lions.

28 THE PAST
 ____________________________________—
___-___
________

22 Simple Past: Questions and Answers

j
‘-

Did Subject Base Form

I/he/she/it Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
Did —-— help?
we/you/they

2 t:*k
Wh- Word
LØ-
Did Subject Base Form
I1 .

When you call? i This morning.

Why did she leave? Because she had a meeting.
Who(m) they see? Nick and Sarah.
,Wr.w(

r Wh& WE,a à&Su4 ‘•Sioit

Wh-Word Verb
Who called? My sister.
What happened? 11 missed the train.
- S fløto.tnsn Wr W.’n,’’,.c_ -

1 Whom Is sometimes used as the object In very Whom did you ask?
tormal speaking or wrWng.
2. Remember: Who or What can take the place I Who called?
ot the subject In a Wh- question When Who or W Who did call?
What is the subject, do not use did.

5 Complete the short conversations with the words in parentheses. Write simple past questions
and then write the answers.

1. A: Didyourphonerin (your phone / ring) just now?

B: Yes, itclid

2. A: (your parents I give) you any money last

month? 74

B: No,
‘-1
3. A: (the teacher / send) you an e-mail?
I. -1’
B: No,

4. A: (your friend / pay) for your lunch yesterday?

B: Yes,_

5. A: REAL ENGLISH
(you / do) anything fun last night? Time expressions such as last night.
B: No, last week, six months ago. or in 2011
are often used with the simple past.
6. A: I saw Kim two days ago.
(I / disturb) you? Sle swam every day last yew

B:No,

UNIT 2 LESSON 1 29
 ______________________
______________________________
____________________—
_____________________. ______________________________
______

LEARN
2.3 Past Progressive: Affirmative and Negative Statements

Subject Verb + -ing Subject Verb + -ing

1 wasnot
I/He/She/It was I/He/She/It
wasn’t
working. -——-•---——----—— --- sleeping.
were not
You?We/They were You/We/They
weren t
jr.-.. — - ‘— ø,,w,..irj, r- —--flr

1. Use the past progressive to talk about an were studying

action that was in progress at a certain
time in the past. 9:00 now
They were studying of 9:00 lost night.
2. Remember Use the simple past tar Yesterday I rode my bike to work.
completed or repeated past actions, She sworn every day last week.
events, states, and feelings. He didn’t like the movie.
3 Remember: Non-action verbs are not Il saw an accident last night.
usually used with the progressive. I was eeln an accident last night.

See page Al for spelling rules for the -ing form of verbs.

4 Complete each sentence with the past progressive form of the verb(s) in parentheses.
1. Angelica WS techin (teach) her local language in the evenings.

2. At 6:00 p.m. many people in town (listen) to Angelica’s show.

3. The radio (play) loud dance music last night.

4. We (talk) to Carlos, but he._____________

(not listen) to us.

5. Pedro. (look) for a job at radio station, but he didn’t find one.

6. Tom and Karen (live) in Guatemala last yeat

7. The people next to us (speak) Spanish. I think they were

Mexican.

8. Steve (sit) in the library, but he

(not study). He (read) a magazine.

REAL ENGLISH
The past progressive is often used to
describe a scene in the past.
The café was full. A band was playing,
and people were talking loudly.
was enjoying The evening.
Everyone

UNIT 2 LESSON 2 35
 5 WRITE & SPEAK. Complete the sentences, Use the past progressive. Make two of your
sentences negative. Then share your sentences with a parlner.

1. Last night at 9:00, I WS hvIn dinner with my friends

2. At 5:00 this morning

3. Last August -_______

4. On Sunday morning

5. Two years ago

2.4 Past Progressive: Questions and Answers

Was/
Subject Verb +
Were ..

Was I/he/she listening to music? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
Were you/we/they eatinl dinner? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

Was/
Wh- Word Subject Verb + -irig
Were
He was working.
Where were you studying last night?

Wh- Word Was Verb + -ing

Rita.
My car.

Remember: Who or What con take the A: Who was playing that loud music last night?
place of the subject In a Wh- question B: Alex and Rui.

6 Use the words in parentheses to complete the questions and answers. Use the past
progressive.

1. A: What W5 ert doini (Berta / do) in the evenings?

B: — She ws techinci (she I teach).

2. A: (they / speak) Spanish?

B: No,

3. A: (you I wait) for me?

B: Yes,

4. A: Where (you / go) after class yesterday?

B: (I / go) home.

36 THE PAST
 _____________________________
_______-______
_____ ________— ______________________________

5. A: Who (Jane / talk) to?

B: (she / talk) to her math teacher.

6. A: Why —______________________________________ (those people I cheer)? :

B: Because (their team I play) really well.

7. A: What (you I do) at 8:00 last night?

B: (I I cook) dinner.

8. A: (it / snow) last night?

B:No,

7 SPEAK. Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering questions 4, 7, and 8 from
exercise 6. Use your own answers, not the answers from the book.

A: Where were you going after class yesterday? B: I was going to the gym.

PRACTICE
8 Circle the correct verb forms to complete each situation.

1. We (1) c stenin/ listened to a great band last night. They (2) were playing / played
three songs, and then they (3) were stopping / stopped. We (4) were wanting / wanted them
to play more songs, but they didn’t. We (5) were leaving I left and (6) were asking I asked for
our money back.

2. Lily’s watch (7) was breaking / broke yesterday morning, it (8) was falling I fell off her
wrist on her way to work. She (9) was walking / walked out of the subway station at the time,
and someone (10) was stepping / stepped on it. Last night after work, she (11) was buying /
bought a new one.

3. I (12) was sitting I sat at the student center yesterday afternoon. Several students (13) were
studying / studied. Others (14) were using / used their phones. Then 1(15) was seeing / saw
my friend, Phil. He (16) was eating I ate lunch alone, so (17)1 was going / went over and
(18) was sitting / sat with him.

9 Complete each sentence with the past progressive or the simple past form of a verb from
the box.

arrive 44e open own see sleep think walkA

1. The language WS Vifl . Only a few people spoke it.

2. I saw street musicians when I home last night.

3. Debbie a nice car, but she didn’t drive it much.

UNIT 2 LESSON 2 37
 4. I’m surprised Kumiko is here today I she was on vacation.

5. Marcia to the meeting 15 minutes late. Her boss was very angry.

6. I___ Andy yesterday. He was talking to some Friends.

7. My sister called me at midnight last night. I and she woke me up.

8. The professor the door and left the room.

10 EDIT. Read the information about Dr. Gregory Anderson’s work in Siberia. Find and correct
five more errors with the simple past and the past progressive.

Di-. Anderson and his Learn made some

interesting discoveries during a trip to Siberia in
Russia. They were studying Xyzyi (hizzle), a local
visited
language there. Theyvere visiting five villages
during their trip, and they found that 50 to 60
people in those communities spoke Xyzyl in their daily lives. In one
village, they were talking to an eleven-year-old girl called Kristina.
1
h She was knowing how to speak Xyzyl. Her grandmother was
A Dr. Anderson in Siberia
teaching her. Krishna was the youngest Xyzyl speaker in the vfllage.
Most of the other Xyzyl speakers got old. Many of them were 60 years old or older. It was clear
that the Xyzyl language died. Dr. Anderson and his team studied the language, and they were
making recordings to help it survive.

11 APPLY.

A Work with a partner. Write interview questions for Dr. Anderson. Use the information from
exercise 10 and the words below to help you. Use the simple past or the past progressive.

1. where / your team go Where ic yor t.ern tO?

2. how many villages / you / visit

3. who / you / talk to in the village

4. what / you / do in the village

5. your idea:

B Role-play a radio interview with Dr. Anderson. Partner A is the interviewer. Partner B is
Dr. Anderson. Use your questions from exercise A, the information from exercise 10, and
your imagination.

A: So, tell its aboin ou,- trip, Di: A,zdersoH. Where die/iou: teem go?
B: I’Ve v,’e;:t to .Sllerk.

TI-IC DA
 ___________
_____ __

LEARN
2.5 Past Time Clauses with When and While
I
The storm began when I was driving home. The storm began while we were walking home.
.o’n Coise Post T’rne CIOLSe on Ciouse Pose Tme Cause

When I was driving home, the storm_began While we were walking home, the storm began.
cst T’me Close Main C ouse Pos’ flme CaLse Main Cope

was sleeping when you texted me You fexted me while I was sleeping.
.c[, Cotse s’t In e C’cLe Van C ause ?osl Thne Case

1 A clause is a group of words with a subject Elena called last night while I was cooking dinner.
and a verb. A main clause can stand Main Ccii ., Pcr.’ 1’Ira C,u’o
alone as a complete sentence.
2. A past time clause tells when an action or When It started to snow, I was walking home.
event happened. A past time clause can It started to snow while I was walking home.
come before or after the main clause,
3 Use while or when + the past progressIve I broke my eQ when I was skiing.
to show that one action was In progress conii ‘on Action nP
when another action happened. Iris called while I was cooking dinner.
-,_ — .

Second Actiofl F’t tqtion

4. Use when + the simple post for on action I was painting the living room when I fell off the ladder.
or event that happened at a specic point AcI’ninProgre . ‘cirotci i.r.t
in the past nthe

5. Use a comma when the time clause When we were taking the exam, the lights went out.
comes at the beginning of a sentence. The lights went out when we were taking the exam.

4 Circle the correct form of the verb(s) to complete each sentence.

1. Jimmy Chin skied I skim when the avalanche (beg! was beginning.

2. When Chin’s Friends reached I were reaching him, he lay I was lying on top of the snow.

3. Terry lost / was losing his watch when he swam / was swimming in the ocean.

4. Mark and Dan’s boat sank) was sinldng while they fished / were fishing.

5. I cut / was cutting my finger when I cooked / was cooking dinner.

6. While Jean shopped / was shopping, the fire alarm went off / was going off in the store.

7. Carla found I was finding fifty dollars when she walked I was walking home yesterday.

8. Andre prepared / was preparing for the party when he suddenly felt I was feeling sick.

9. My pencil broke / was breaking while I took / was taking the exam.

10. Padma heard / was hearing a strange noise when she hiked / was hiking in the
woods yesterday afternoon. -

UNIT 2 LESSON 3 41
 ________
___________

2.6 Past Time Clauses with When: Events in Sequence

1. When two actions happened one after the other, use When her phone rang, she answered it.
the simple past in the post time clause and the main Mon

clause, Use when to Introduce the past time clause.

2.The post time clause can come first or second in the When I got home, took a shower.
sentence. The action or event in the past time clause , : 8ec,ncven

happened first.
I took a shower when I got home.
I , nt

3 Remember: Use a comma when the past time clause When Joe saw the accident, he coiled the
comes first in the sentence. police.
_d

5 Read each sentence. Which action or event happened first? Which action or event happened
second? Write 1 for first and 2 for second below each action. Add a comma if necessary.

1. When the storm endeI the workers began to clean up.

(1) (2)

2. When Tuan got out of the hospital he made plans for a vacation.
C) ( )
3. We looked out the window when we heard the noise.
( ) C)
4. When she saw the fire in her kitchen Michelle screamed for help.
( ) (
5. My_son called me when his plane landed.
C) C)
6. The music started when the bride and groom walked into the room.
C) ( )
7. When the phone rang Isabelle turned the TV off.
( ) (
8. 1 called my parents when I received my exam results.
C) C)

6 Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1. Eric finished his assignment when he 1

1 0t (get) home.

2. When Vicky (put) her bag on the floor, a thief stole it.

3. When Max’s car broke down, he (walk) to the nearest gas station.

4. My sister laughed when I (tell) her the joke.

5. Juanita smiled when she __

(hear) the good news.

A’) TLI flAOT

 _____
_____
_____
___________
______..
__ ________________________

6. We __. (buy) our tickets when we got to the station.

7. Sylvie closed the window when it (start) to rain.

8. 1 lit some candles when the electricity -—

(go) out.

7 SPEAK.. Work with a partner. Complete the sentences.

When I woke up this morning.. When I woke up this morning, I called my parents.
.

When I got to class...

When I finished my homework

PRACTiCE
8 Look at the time line about a mine accident in Chile. Then complete
each sentence with the simple past or past progressive form of a verb
from the box.

0 Aug 5: 33 miners were trapped underground ri a mine. (Day 1)

10
Aug 22: Rescuers discovered that oH 33 mIners were alive. (Day 17)
20 Aug 30: The drills’ started to work. (Day 26)

Oct 9: One of the drills reached the miners. (Day 66)

60
Oc 13: Rescuers lifted all 33 mIners to safety. (Day 69)
70

80 Oct 24: National celebration for the miners in Santiago, Chile (Day 80)

1
d rtlI: a mAohne that makes a round hole

arrive attach begin complete read wait watch

I. On August 5,2010, when 33 miners were working in a mine in Chile, the rool
fell __and trapped them.

2. While the miners’ families anxiously for news, the mining company
began its rescue attempts.

3. When those attempts failed, the government a huge rescue

operation.

4. When the necessary equipment at the scene, the rescue team

started to search for the miners.

5. When one of the drills reached the miners, the miners a note to it.

UNIT 2 LESSON 3 43
 _____________
____________
____________
______
_____________

6. When the rescue team the note, they discovered that all 33 of the miners
were alive.

7. When the rescue team the escape route, they began to lift the miners out
of the mine.

8. Millions of people all over the world on TV when the rescue workers
lifted the last man out of the mine.

9 LISTEN &SPEAK

CD142
A Listen to the conversation about Ernest Shackleton, Then answer the questions.

1. How many men were with Shackleton on the ship?

2. In what year did Shackleton’s ship become trapped in the ice?

3. Did the men all survive?

2 B Complete each sentene with the simple past or the past progressive form of the verb(s) in
parentheses. Then listen again and check your answers.

1. The Endurance pprochit__ (approach) Antarctica in January 1915 when it

(become) locked in the ice.

2. When the ocean water (freeze), ice

(surround) the ship.

3. Shackleton and his men (stay) on the Endurance at first, and

then they (make) a camp on the ice.

4. They (wait) for nine months, but the ice

(not release) the ship.

‘
The crew of the Endurance plays soccer to
pass the time. Their ship is In the background.

as’
 LEARN
27 Used To: Affirmative and Negative Statements

Subject Used To Base Form Subject Didn’t Use To Base Form

didn’t use to study math.
I/She/They used to study history. I/She/They i

1. Used to expresses a habit or state In used to run several times a week. (Now I don’t)
the past that no longer exists. I used to live in a small town (I live in a city now)
I didn’t use to eat meat (I do now.)

2 In negative statements use use to. I didn’t use to love math.

not used to.

PEAL ENGLISH z-
Use used to instead of the -

simple past to emphasize that’

the habit or state is not true now.
When I was young. I used to
go to the beach every day.

4 Pewrite each sentence with used to or didn’t use to and the verb in bold.

1. Archaeologists removed objects from historic sites.

Archaeobgjsts used t.o remove oL2jects from historic sites.

2. I went to museums every weekend when I lived in Berlin.

3. My cousin lived across the street, but I didn’t see him much.

4. Jim didn’t like math when he was in schooL

5. There was a supermarket near my home until last year.

6. Carole played in a band in college.

7. 1 didn’t drive much when I lived downtown.

8. Mike worked in a bank before he got his new job.

TLJ DAQT
 _______________________________________—
_______________________________ ______— __________________

28 Used To: Questions and Answers

Did Subject Use To Base Form

he Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
Did useto get good grades?
they Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t,

Wh-Word Did Subject Use To Bose Form

Where she live? In Mexico.
-

- did—-•- useto ,

Who you - . study with? My friend, Felix,

Wh- Word
jflJ,-_
Used To Base Form
cr
Who teach this class? Professor Ortiz.
usedto . .. . -

What be here? A shoe store.

1. When a question includes did, use use to, not lYd you use to live here?
used to, Where dki she use to work?
2. Remember: Who or What can take the place of / Who used to live in that house?
the subject in a Wh- question. X Who use to live in that house?
Be careful! When Who or What is the subject of
the question, use used to, not use to.

5 Complete each question with the words in parentheses. Use the correct form of used to.

1. Did you use to ride (you I ride) a bike when you were a child?

2. What - (you / do) after school when you

were a child?

3. (your family / live) in a different place?

4. Where ‘(your mother / work)?

5. What (your family / do) on the weekends

when you were a child?

6. Who (be) your English teacher?

7. (you / visit) your friends often?

8. Where (you / go) on vacation?

6 SPEAK. Work with a partner Ask and answer the questions from exercise 5.

A: Did you use to ride a bike when you were a child? PEAL ENGLISH

B: Yes, Idid. When the phrases used to or use to

are used to tolk.obout the past they
are often pronounced /yuste/.

UNIT 2 LESSON 4 49
 _-
______________________
__

2.9 Would: Repeated Past Actions

—

Would!
Subject Base Form
Would Not
would
When I was in high school, I ride my bike to school.
‘d
would not
When Scott was a child, he eat any vegetables.
wouldnt
A. .vA.,j.A..e.,’

1. Would expresses a repeated past action or habit
that no longer exists.
2. Be carefull Do not use would for post situations
or states that no longer exist. Use used to or
use to.
3
In high school, we would play soccer every
afternoon.
As a child. I wouldn’t study, but I would get
good grades.
/There used to be a library on this street,
K There would be a library on this street
/He didn’t use to live on Palm Street.
K He wouldnf tve on Palm Sheet.

7 Complete each sentence. Use would and the verb in parentheses.

1. When I was a child, my father (take) me to the zoo about once a month.

2. In high school, my brother (not start) his homework until around

midnight.

3. When Alicia was a child, she (play) with her friends after school.

4. When my parents were in school, they (eat) lunch at home every day.

5. In college, I often (not go) to bed until 3:00 a.m.

6. My grandfather used to work very hard during the week, but on the weekends he
(relax).

7. In college, Sandra .. - (study) for about six hours every day.

8. When I was in high school, I (sit) in the back of the classroom and draw
in my notebook.

9. When Kyle was on the soccer team, he (run) five miles every morning
before school.

10. We —— —. (go) to the market every day when we lived in France.

50 THE PAST
 _
_______________--
_______—__
_________
_______
___________
_________

ACTICE
8 Complete the article about the iceman with the words and phrases from the chart.
Ci)-14 Use each
word or phrase only once. Then listen and check your answers.

Used To Would Simple Past

used to hunt 4’ come
woudn didn’t grow didn’t spend lled
sec to Think wouc go ciscovered ound used

liE’ €rri:in
Back in 1991, hikers in the mountains near the border of Austria and Itav (1) scovere
the body of a man in the ice. Scientists soon learned that the body was over 5000 years old.
They
called the man the “Iceman.”
Scientists (2) that the Iceman died from the cold. Five
—

thousand years ago, people of central Europe (3) wild animals —.

or food. They (4) up into the mountains in all kinds of weather,

and sometimes they (5) back. Then, in 2001, scientists found part
—-_____________

of an arrow in the Iceman’s body. Somebody (6) the Iceman, and

we will probably never know why.
After more recent tests, scientists now think the Iceman was not just a hunter. The
think he probably had a higher position in society, and (7)
a lot of time in the mountains. Before the most recent tests, scientists believed that people
in the Iceman’s community (8) - crops.’ However, they —

(9) small pieces of stone in the Iceman’s stomach. This suggests

that the Iceman’s people (10) stones to grind
-___________________
2 Hour for some kind
of bread.
Even though the Icernan died over 5000 years ago, we know a lot about his life thanks
to
scientific research.
‘crops: p’ants :bat peorYe grow for food
2grind: to ub someThing un 1 oeco”es a powde

- .. . •.;- 7__. I How the Iceman

E
•
‘“ ‘
died used to be
a mystery. Now
?; 4k ‘
- .,• scientists think
••‘-- i- -..-i. ..

they have the

i ‘,“-• 7
answer.
-

- I;

UNIT 2 LESSON 4 51