All Federal Board Punjab Board Chapter Wise PDF Notes Free Download Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: usmanrafiqi11@qmail.com GENERAL SCIENCE FOR8™ CLASS (UNIT 3) SHORT QUESTIONS Define the following Biotechnology: Biotechnology is the way that we use living organisms in particular microbes to produce useful substances. DNA replication: The process of making identical copies of DNA double helix using existing DNA as a template for the synthesis of new DNA strands is called DNA replication. Bacteri * Bacteria are unicellular micro-organisms that have cell wall not made of ellulose * They have no nuclear membrane. + They have ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, pili and plasmids. Bacteriology: Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Plasmid: * It is a genetic structure in a cell. * It replicate independently of the chromosomes. * They are used in the laboratory manipulation of genes * It is a hormone produced in the pancreas. * It regulates the amount of glucose in the b ood. The lack of insulin causes diabetes Vaccine: Vaccines are used to make people immune to an infectious organism so they do not become ill when exposed to it. If 30% of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent is Cytosine? 20% cytosine. Whatis the difference between? (a) Chromatin and chromosome: + The chromosome of a pla t cell and an animal cell is made up of DNA and protein forming thread like fibers called chromatin. * During the Cell Division of a cell chromatin fiber condenses and coils up into separate structures called chromosomes. (b) Biotechnol gy and bacteriology: * Biotechnology is the way that we use living organisms in particular microbes to produce useful substances. * Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Name a few biotechnological products. Insuline, Human Growth Hormones (Human Albumin), Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines & Other Drugs. Whats meant by the term "genetically modified"? An organism containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic. Name a nucleic acid other than DNA. Ribonucleic acid [RNA] Name a nucleotide other than adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. A molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid. Visit www.easymcgs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 1 of 3) WWW.EASYMCQS.COMAll Federal Board Punjab Board Chapter Wise PDF Notes Free Download Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: usmanrafigi11@qmail.com GENERAL SCIENCE FOR8™ CLASS (UNIT 3) LONG / EXTENSIVE QUESTIONS Explain replication of DNA. Following are the main steps of DNA replication: i) The old strand of parent DNA molecule unwind. The hydrogen bond between nucleotides separate one by one ii) Nucleus bases become exposed to the contents of nucleus. iii) If the base on the strand is adenine (A) thymine (T) is added to the newly forming strand. If the base on the strand is guanine (G) is always paired with cytosine (C). iv) The new nucleotides join to form a new strand. The r ult is two DNA molecules identical to each other. Describe the structure of a bacterium * It is a unicellular micro-organism. + It has cell wall made of cellulose + It has no nuclear membrane. * Most structures that found in plant ce nd nimal cell are absent in bacterium. * However, it has ribosomes, cytoplasm, e membrane, pili and plasmids. How a gene is introduced into a bacterium? Step-1: Two types of DNA are isolated: i) the bacterial plasmid ii) the human cell DNA c ntaining the gene of interest (insulin). Step-2: Both are treated with same restriction enzymes. The enzymes cuts the both at one specific site and creates sticky ends. Step-3: The human DNA is mixed with cut plasmid. Step-4: The enzyme DNA ligase joins the two DNA molecules and result into a DNA plasmid containing insulin gene. Step-5: This DNA plasmid containing insulin gene is added to a bacterium. Step-6: Bacteria divide rapidly. The plasmid is replicated containing insulin gene which instructs the bacteria to make insul What are the general applications of biotechnology in agriculture? i) Genes are inserted into the plants so that they can tolerate environmental problems e.g. extreme temperature and water shortage. il) Many plants can tolerate herbicides which are sprayed to kill weeds. Visit www.easymcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 2 of 3) WWW.EASYMCQS.COMAll Federal Board Punjab Board Chapter Wise PDF Notes Free Download Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: usmanrafigi11@qmail.com GENERAL SCIENCE FOR8™ CLASS (UNIT 3) ) Genes of few animals have been changed to get more milk and meat. iv) Biotechnology improves resistance of crops against insects. What are the general applications of biotechnology in environment related issues? * Genetically modified plants are used for bio-remediation of contaminated soil * Bacteria that eat oil are used for cleaning up beaches after oil spills. * A weed (Arabidopsis thaliana) can clean up TNT and RDX expl sive contaminants from soil. What are the general applications of biotechnology in h alth r lated issues? Therapeutics: * Bacteria and fungi are used to produce antibiotics. * Antiviral proteins are used to treat viral infections. * Modified bacteria are used to promote growth hormo e. Diagnostics: Biotechnology produce such products which are u ed in various tests for diagnostic Purpose. New vaccines for childhood and a ult iseases i.e. hepatitis vaccine have been developed. How is genetic modification imp rt nt? * Genetic modification inc ude micro-organisms resistance, improved nutrition and quality of food. + It enables new ays of ma aging fungal infections through fungus resistant GM plants. * It is also used to make virus resistance crops. + It increased the nutritional facts of various crops like wheat and maize. * Through genetic engineering, quality of food has been improved. * Through genetic engineering, yield of crops has been increased. Visit www.easymcas.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 3 of 3) WWW.EASYMCQS.COM