Ethics Report

Republic of the Philippines
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
INTRODUCTION
The overall description of a person is nothing other than with respect to their
actions. A person is has positive personality if she/he act in a manner that is
acceptable by the group in which they belong, and a negative one if their
actions attract reproach, criticism or scorn. However it is not considered
without consistency in action. A person is called virtuous or vicious when
there is a consistency of good or bad actions respectively.
St. Thomas Aquinas’ treatment of morality includes a description of human

acts considering various factors broadly divided into nature, nurture and the
transcendental disposition to situation. In this his work I will focus on causes
of virtue as treated by Aquinas in his “Disputed Questions on Virtues in
General,” with a intention of retrieving his views on the two classes of virtue.
Beginning with general definitions of virtue, we shall proceed to expose his
position on whether virtues are natural to man, or extrinsic to him, and then
briefly explore his opinion on the relationship between these virtues with
regards to their beginnings.
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF VIRTUE
It is said that the end of a thing is that by which the thing is considered, and
that end is achieved by means of a power. But also the finality of power is
act, and a power is perfect if its act is perfect. Consistency in using a power
to perform an act which leads to a good end is known as a virtue. Virtue is
that which thus, perfects a power with respect to a perfect end.
Characteristically, virtue is a good quality of the mind because it perfects

whatever it encounters. It is an operative habit because human acts which it
perfects find their operative root in the soul. Virtue is not a power, but a
habit, a good habit at that. With respect to perfection of an act, two
requirements must be met. First, that the act be right, and that the habit not
be that principle of the contrary of the act.3 Therefore, virtue is never the
principle of anything bad because it perfects, contrary to the imperfections
that reside in evil or the bad acts.
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CLASSES OF VIRTUE
The role of virtue in bringing about the good in man is not commonly
disputed, but its very source is one of great debate. Some philosophers hold
that virtue is inborn or natural to man. Some posit that man lacks what it
takes as a being to generate any good, so virtue, which is aimed at the
good, is extrinsic to his very nature. The rest of them hold a middle ground,
by which virtues are partly from man and partly extrinsic to him.
Aquinas holds onto the third view which seems best as it is a middle way
between the two extremes. He explains it in a quite fascinating manner.
Aquinas says that virtue is not “partly from nature because some part of it is
from nature and another not, but because it is from nature according to an
imperfect way of being, namely, according to potency and aptitude.” This is
the most preferred position because it does not take away the power of
natural agents. In fact it preserves man’s natural will and inclination to
acquire virtue and science by exercise and study.
Following this criterion, Aquinas categorizes virtue into two- Acquired Virtues
and Infused Virtues.
Acquired Virtue.
Acquired virtues are those virtues that are inborn, congenital and natural to
man. Our aptitude for these virtues is partly due to the fact that all men have
them in relation to their nature of species, and partly due to the individual’s
inclination to being virtuous. Aptitude according to the former is universal
and in both active and passive potency which drives man to his temporal
end. On the other hand, aptitude according to the latter is particular and
drives the person to his/her personal goal. For this reason, some persons
more inclined to certain good acts than others.
Nevertheless, it behooves on reason to set the benchmark or mean for these

virtues that reside in the intellect, will and lower appetitive parts (Irascible
and Concupiscible), so that by habitual exercise of the acts in conformity
with the dictates of reason, one may not err, but acquire virtue.
Aquinas makes it clear that the beginnings of these virtues reside in man,
but as stated earlier, the virtues are caused by constant exercise of the
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beginnings. That is why they are regarded as acquired since we acquire

them by constant practice. The virtues in the higher part (intellect and will)
are not formed in the same ways as those of the lower appetitive part. Those
of the higher part are not determinate because there is always an
assimilation of the action to what is already known. Some subtle checks and
balances are performed before an action is taken. But in the lower part there
is a determinate response to particular situations according to the virtue in
question.12
The nexus between these two groups of acquired virtues is such
“that the beginning of virtue in the higher part is ordered to the virtue of the
lower part, just as a man is made apt for the virtue that is in the will by the
beginning of virtue that is in the will, and by that which is in intellect. But the
virtue which is in the irascible and concupiscible [is brought to
consummation] by the beginnings of virtue in them, and by that which is in
the higher, but not vice versa.”
Aquinas goes on to differentiate the acquired virtues into two broad groups.
Intellectual Virtues:
These virtues, he says, perfect the cognitive part of the soul in knowing and
enquiring the good. They pertain to the ultimate good in accordance with
man as a temporal being. Intellectual virtues reside in the different powers of
the intellect. They are:
I. Understanding by which knowledge of self-evident truth and first

principles are gained.
II. Science by which knowledge of necessary things are gained by

inference.
III. Prudence by which knowledge of contingent things pertaining to our

operation is gained in order to safe guard one’s interest. Passion is able to
vitiate this knowledge, so prudence is needed to guard against misuse of
inclinations and desires.
#WoWBiPSU
IV. Wisdom by which we are able to apply our reason concretely to order
our life.
Moral Virtues:
Moral virtues have their beginnings in the appetitive powers, and like other
virtues, perfect the appetitive part. They perfect the good in accordance with
the specific end of the individual man. Moral virtues are:
I. Temperance by which man holds back or refrains from his passions

when they tend to go contrary “to reason by modes of inciting to action of
pursuit.”
II. Justice by which man in his dealings with external things make sure
that these
things receive fitting proportion, in so far as they pertain to the sharing of

human life in accordance with good reason.
III. Courage by which man in dealing with the passions of fear impeding
the reason’s instruction to sustain position, remains steadfast.
Infused Virtues
Aquinas continues that “a man’s good in so far as he is a citizen, is ordered

in all things in accordance to that city.” So that the virtues that are natural to
man are to order him towards actualizing his end in the earthly city not
beyond. But
“.. man is not only a citizen of the earthly city, but is also a participant in the
heavenly city of Jerusalem whose ruler is the Lord and whose citizens are
the angels and all the saints, whether they reign in glory and are at rest in
the heaven or are still pilgrims on earth…”
Thus the good which man seeks beyond the earthly city exceeds his nature,
although it is there as passive. But we know that “what is passive must
acquire perfection from the agent differently according to the diversity of the
agent’s power.” In view of this, it is necessary for man to be fortified with
#WoWBiPSU
virtues extrinsic to him. These virtues are called infused for this reason, and
also referred to as supernatural virtues because they are given by the
Supreme Being-God.Aquinas lists them as Faith, Hope and Charity and
about them he says:
“Therefore, in order that a man might perform actions ordered to the end of
eternal life, there is divinely infused in him first grace, by which the soul has
a kind of spiritual existence, and then faith, hope, and charity, so that by faith
the intellect is illumined by certain things known supernaturally, which are in
this order as the principles naturally known in the order of connatural
activities, and by hope and charity the will acquires a certain inclination to
that supernatural good to which the human will is insufficiently ordered by its
natural inclination.”
RELATIONSHIP AMONGST THE VIRTUES
We can rightly infer from the above points that Aquinas identifies two ends
for man: a temporal end and a supernatural end. These ends are intertwined
just as the soul and body are. Thus man’s quest for a good temporal end is
not removed from his quest for a supernatural end, even if he is unaware of
the latter. The acquired virtues that perfect his activity towards a temporal
end help in actualizing the good as made possible by infused virtues.
Consequently, all virtues in man namely intellectual, moral, and supernatural
work seamlessly to perfect man towards his ultimate end - Citizenship of the
Heavenly Jerusalem.
However, while acquired virtues can be strengthened or intensified by act,

infused virtues cannot be increased by act rather,
“Our actions dispose to the increase of charity and the infused virtues, in the
way that charity is obtained from the outset. A man who does what it is in his
power prepares himself so that he might receive charity from God.
Furthermore, our acts can merit an increase of charity, insofar as they
presuppose charity which is the principle of meriting.” Thus God alone has
the power to increase infused virtues in us.
Finally, in the afterlife, all acquired virtues remain in the soul as regards their
formal elements (as residing in the reason). On the other hand, not all
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infused virtues survive decay of the flesh. Hope and faith contain in them
some imperfections and so are dispelled because what is hoped for and
believed is now beheld. But charity remains for:
“Charity is love, the nature of which does not include imperfection, since it
may relate to an object either possessed or not possessed, either seen or
not seen. Therefore charity is not done away by the perfection of glory, but
remains identically the same.”
St Thomas Aquinas virtue of ethics St. Thomas Aquinas/ The Angelic

Doctor
-He was called the angelic doctor because of his angelic purity, his writings
about angels, and his angelic wisdom.
God can be proven in 5 ways
1. Observing movement in the world as proof of God.
2. Identifying the cause and effect and identifying god as the cause of
everything.
3. Impairment nature of beings proves the existence of God, who originates
only from within self.
4. Noticing varying levels of human perfection proves that a supreme
perfect being must exist.
5. Knowing that natural beings cant bare intelligence without God granting
it to them.
What influenced his virtue of ethics

-St. Thomas Aquinas was greatly influenced by Aristotle’s works when it
was translated into latin and greek where most Christians appreciated his
works. His ethical theory was greatly inspired by Aristotle’s work and that is
the Nichomachean ethics. And the main point of the Aristotle’s ethics is how
to achieve happiness, and as same goes for St Thomas Aquinas. Even
though he was greatly influenced by his works, he focused more on the
divinity.
#WoWBiPSU
Works where he mentioned or is connected to Aristotle

The five ways, the point of this work is to prove God’s existence. For
example, the first way which Aristotle reasoned out in one of his works that
there was a first mover, thus St Thomas Aquinas understood this that the
first mover is God, he connected it to Christianity.
Order of Law
1. Natural Law- Man acts in accordance with achieving his goals / controls
man’s sense of right and wrong.
2. Human law- this is the man made law that human beings made to
maintain peace and order. It can be changed it is not permanent it can
be changed depending on some circumstances.
3. Divine law- is any law that, according to religious belief, comes directly
from the will of God, in contrast to man-made law. An eteral law it cannot
be destroyed or removed.
4. Eternal law- is comprised of those laws that govern the nature of an
eternal universe. It is the moral law; the law of nature. It is the law which
God in the creation of man infused into him for his direction and
preservation.
Qualities of Law
1. Law must be just
2. Law must be honest
3. Law must be useful to some degree
4. Law must be possible for fluffiness
5. Law must be permanent
(law must be for everybody, precept- which is kind of order to a group of

people; law is for everyone. )
-Negative laws are forbidden such as killing and etc.
Outcomes if one will abide the law
1. Moral violation- you have sinned
2. Penal violation- held the culprit liable (a mistake but not sinned)
3. Mixed- combination of two violation
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His natural law and ethics

According to Aquinas, in human nature there is a tendency for us to follow
what is good and bad. The natural law we can comprehend that doing
virtues acts or doing good must be promoted, while the vices or doing bad
deeds must be avoided. He believes that we inclined or act to survive, to
reproduce offspring and guide them, and lastly to know the truth about God.
Feature of human behaviors/actions
He believes that human beings are divided into three, and that is people
who are good, bad, and people who are neutral. He said that in order for an
action to be moral, it must be good and not bad on people.
In ethics, he took inspiration from the greek philosopher aristotle. He
believes that in order for one person to be genuinely happy, it is not all
about the materials we receive or attain, pleasure, honor, and etc. It is all
doing things or activities with virtue. A person must focus on themselves on
practicing the moral values in life in order for them to get used to it and they
will be able to do virtuous acts willingly.
His ethical theory involves principles on how to act and virtues. The
purpose on these two traits is to lead them to live in a fulfilling life. If
Aristotle believes that human being are directed to eudaimonia, Aquinas
believes in beatitudo or felicitas which means communication with God and
it can only be achieved in afterlife.
St. Augustine believes that true happiness can be attained/achieved in life,
St. Aquinas believes that in this life we cannot achieve the pure happiness
that we all want, but, we can all attain true happiness once we are blessed
with God.
St. Aquinas believes/agrees on Aristotle’s ethical theory and that is deciding
what right action should be done depending on what circumstances they
are in, but they must be still connected in virtuous acts. He defines virtue
as good habits, the acquired habits are that the will plays the major role
because despite the obstacles that one person will encounter, they will still
act according to their will. While the infused habits are the habits that were
not acquired, these are the habits that God bestowed to people.
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What is Moral Courage?
Moral courage is the courage to take action for moral

reasons despite the risk of adverse consequences. Moral
courage is the ability to stand up for and practice that
which one considers ethical, moral behavior when faced
with a dilemma, even if it means going against
countervailing pressure to do otherwise.
Courage is required in order to take action when one has

doubts or fears about the consequences. Moral courage
therefore involves deliberation or careful thought. Reflex
action or dogmatic fanaticism do not involve moral
courage because such impulsive actions are not based
upon moral reasoning.
#WoWBiPSU
Moral courage may also require physical courage when

the consequences are punishment or other bodily peril.
Moral courage has been seen as the exemplary

modernist form of courage.
Example of Moral Courage
“Inviting someone to play with you on the playground

because it's the right thing to do is moral courage.” Owning
up to mistakes and advocating for yourself also
demonstrate moral courage. First graders discuss making
mistakes as a normal part of the learning process.
Types Of Courage
1. Physical Courage
Physical courage involves proceeding despite fear of
physical harm. You would exercise physical courage when
entering situations where your body may be under threat.
At times, you know you will be harmed, but you feel you
have to proceed regardless because of a moral, personal,
or social obligation to do so.
You may also need to use your fine and gross motor skills
to protect yourself in these situations. For example, you
may need to outrun a dangerous animal or face up to a
strong and threatening.
#WoWBiPSU
2. Social Courage
Social courage is the courage to expose yourself to social
situations where you may be vulnerable to embarrassment,
ridicule, or discomfort. People who have social anxiety
might need this type of courage. They need to muster this
courage whenever they enter a social situation.
Others may need social courage when in a leadership

situation. They have to ask people in their teams to have
faith in them and follow their lead. This can be intimidating
if you’re new to a leadership role or feel like your leadership
may be questioned by team members.
3. Moral Courage
Moral courage is the courage to stand up for your
convictions despite the sense that it may end badly for you.
This is a type of courage that is often exercised when your
morals conflict with mainstream social views.
People with moral courage may expect to be ridiculed or

socially excluded because of their views, which may even
be taboo. They may also personally stand to lose from their
actions but do things because they’re the right thing to do
rather than because they have utilitarian values.
In these cases, they choose to act out of moral courage

due to the strength of their own personal values.
#WoWBiPSU
4. Emotional Courage
Emotional courage involves allowing ourselves to feel the
full spectrum of human emotions. In some situations, we
may try to protect ourselves by appearing aloof, uncaring,
or disconnected. But people with emotional courage
proceed into emotional relationships with the knowledge
that they may be emotionally impacted by that relationship
at some point in the future.
5. Intellectual Courage
Intellectual courage is the willingness to learn and expand
our horizons. This is a type of courage that’s in decline in a
world where everyone is retreating into information
bubbles, overdosing on confirmation bias, and embracing
cancel culture.
People with intellectual courage are willing to have their

minds changed in the face of facts and debate despite the
vulnerability of having their views undermined by new
information. As with all types of courage, there needs to be
vulnerability here (i.e. that you may come up across
uncomforting information) in order for this to be considered
a form of courage.
6. Spiritual Courage
Spiritual courage is the courage to face up to spiritual
questions that may be uncomfortable, a threat to your own
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identity as a spiritual person, or undermine your own

spiritual beliefs.
It is similar to intellectual courage. However, where

intellectual courage is the willingness to address issues of
logic and information, spiritual courage ventures into
philosophical questions that are often unanswerable.
Often, people who do not have spiritual courage will live an

unexamined life wherein they choose not to think about
their own mortality or spiritual questions.
People can be atheists and agnostics and still have spiritual

courage. It involves the courage to ask spiritual questions
rather than simply the courage to be religious.
Discussion
For Literature, Film, and Media Studies: You can see in
literature and film that courage is a central theme. Usually,
the protagonist needs to overcome their obstacles by
mustering the courage inside. Furthermore, you’ll often find
that the antagonist (the bad guy) is framed as lacking one
or more of each of these types of courage.
For Psychology and Education: Psychologists and

educators can teach about the types of courage to help
people develop personal values. By examining each type,
we can reflect on when we should try to be courageous and
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be aware of others’ courageous actions. It can also help us

be more empathetic to other peoples’ courage, even when
we disagree with them on some issues.
Conclusion
Courage is (by definition) something that is hard to do. If
you do something without fear, then you are not being
courageous – you’re just being you! To be courageous, you
have to be pushing through fear and uncertainty.
Thus, even small acts that you might think are easy could
be acts of courage by someone else. By being able to
identify all six types of courage, you’re more likely to see
courageous acts that don’t quite fit into the Hollywood
archetype (a strong fireman running into a burning building
to save a kitten!).
It’s also worth noting that the above types of courage are
not necessarily mutually exclusive. You may do something
that requires both moral and social courage (for example, if
you know your moral stance will lead to social isolation).
Similarly, when you protect someone from an attack, you’re
likely exercising both moral courage (doing it because it’s
right, despite fear of harm) and physical courage (if you’re
afraid of harm but doing it anyway).
#WoWBiPSU
The above types of courage are useful to reflect upon in

order to identify ways in which you are personally
courageous and to identify opportunities to be more
courageous and achieve self-improvement.
The Importance of Will and Moral Courage

A good rational moral decision is not always executed. It is one thing to
know a good moral act, and it is another to actually execute it. Oftentimes,
what is lacking is the moral courage, which necessarily involves the concept
of will. In morality therefore, will is essential just as reason is significant
Moral courage requires that we rise above the apathy, complacency, hatred,
cynicism, and fearmongering in our political systems, socioeconomic
divisions and cultural/religious differences
One sense of the concept of ‘will’ refers to that faculty of the mind which
chooses, at the moment of making decision, the strongest desire from
among the various desires present
Will does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the capacity to act
decisively on one’s desires.
Within philosophy the will is important as one of the distinct parts of the
mind, along with reason and understanding. It is considered important in
ethics because of its central role in enabling a person to act deliberately.
Arthur Schopenhauer
A German philosopher explained that when we became conscious of

ourselves, we recognize that our essential qualities are endless urging,
craving, striving, wanting, and desiring. He said that these are features of
that which we call our will.
#WoWBiPSU
Will is the innermost essence, the kernel, of every particular thing and also
of the whole. It appears in every blindly acting force of nature, and also in
the deliberate conduct of man
He believed that the will is primary and uses knowledge in order to find an
object that will satisfy its craving.
Refers to the “inner strength to make a decision, take action, and handle
and execute any aim or task until it is accomplished, regardless of inner and
outer resistance, discomfort or difficulties
It bestows the ability to overcome laziness, temptations and negative

habits, and to carry out actions, even if they require effort, are unpleasant
and tedious or are contrary to one’s habits
Moral Courage sounds like
◎ I believe strongly in
◎ That joke was offensive to … ◎ Let’s volunteer
◎ Dad, I’m in trouble
◎ It’s not fair that …
◎ I broke this, sorry
◎ I’ll march with you
◎ No, thanks, I don’t want to hear a secret
◎ Will you sign this petition?
◎ You can depend on me.
#WoWBiPSU
Lack of Moral Courage sounds like
◎ It’s none of my business
◎ She got what she deserved
◎ That’s got nothing to do with me
◎ How could you do this to me?
◎ It’s not for me to judge
◎ I only did it once
◎ That is all your fault
◎ Just let it slide
◎ Don’t make waves
◎ Nobody ever gives me a break
◎ I might get in trouble
#WoWBiPSU
Developing Will and Moral Courage
Develop and practice self-discipline
Developing will and moral courage is to develop and practice self-discipline.

The concept of self-discipline involves the rejection of instant gratification in
favor something better.
It may refer to the giving up of instant pleasure and satisfaction for a higher
and better goal such as executing a good rational moral decision.
Developing will and moral courage involves developing self-control. It

includes nurturing the ability to stick to actions, thoughts, and behavior,
which lead to moral improvement and success.
It encompasses endowing the inner strength to focus all the energy on a

moral goal and preserve until it is accomplished.
Do mental strength training
This method is never reserved for a few special people. One of the most
simple and effective methods under this mental strength training involves
declining to satisfy unimportant and unnecessary desires.
Everybody is normally confronted and tempted by an endless stream of

craving and temptations. By practicing to refuse to gratify every one of
them, a person gets courageous and stronger.
Saying useless, harmful or unnecessary desires and deeds, and behaving

contrary to one’s (bad) habits, fortify and refine a person’s mindset.
By persistent practice, one’s inner power grows, in the same way working
out one’s muscles at a gym increases one’s physical strength.
◉ Don’t open the internet for a day or two
#WoWBiPSU
◉ Drink water or juice, in spite of your desire to have a beer of liquor
◉ Avoid chatting with your gossipy friend
◉ For a week, go to sleep one hour earlier than usual
◉ Resist the desire to gamble
Draw inspiration from people of great courage
People usually admire and respect courageous persons who have great
success by manifesting self-discipline and will power. These include people
in all walk of life, who with sheer will power and moral courage, overcame
difficulties and hardships, have improved their moral life advanced moral on
the spiritual or moral path, and became worthy of imitation.
◎ Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage and will
Practice makes perfect. Of one wishes to nurture the moral courage and will
in him, he must strive doing that acts that manifest them whenever
opportunity allows it.
◎ Helping someone pushing a car, even if it means being late.
◎ Standing up to a bully on the playground
◎ Picking up litter
◎ Doing homework or chores without being reminded
◎ Practicing what you preach, even when no-one is looking or knows
◎ Reporting crime
◎ Participating in a peaceful protest
#WoWBiPSU
Avoid deeds that shows lack of moral courage and will
This involves evading acts that shows irresponsibility, cowardice, apathy,

rashness, imprudence, ill will, and wickedness.
◎ Walking away from someone in need
◎ Taking money than your fair share
◎ Laughing at someone’s misfortune or accident
◎ Grabbing the spotlight from someone who has earned it
◎ Placing too mush reliance on the letter rather than the spirit of the law
◎ Remaining silent in the face of work-doing or injustice
◎ Breaking promise
◎ Lying or cheating
#WoWBiPSU

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Republic of the Philippines

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

St. Thomas Aquinas’ treatment of morality includes a description of human

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF VIRTUE

Characteristically, virtue is a good quality of the mind because it perfects

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

Nevertheless, it behooves on reason to set the benchmark or mean for these

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

beginnings. That is why they are regarded as acquired since we acquire

The nexus between these two groups of acquired virtues is such

I. Understanding by which knowledge of self-evident truth and first

II. Science by which knowledge of necessary things are gained by

III. Prudence by which knowledge of contingent things pertaining to our

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

I. Temperance by which man holds back or refrains from his passions

things receive fitting proportion, in so far as they pertain to the sharing of

Aquinas continues that “a man’s good in so far as he is a citizen, is ordered

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

RELATIONSHIP AMONGST THE VIRTUES

However, while acquired virtues can be strengthened or intensified by act,

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

St Thomas Aquinas virtue of ethics St. Thomas Aquinas/ The Angelic

What influenced his virtue of ethics

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

Works where he mentioned or is connected to Aristotle

(law must be for everybody, precept- which is kind of order to a group of

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

His natural law and ethics

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

What is Moral Courage?

Moral courage is the courage to take action for moral

Courage is required in order to take action when one has

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

Moral courage may also require physical courage when

Moral courage has been seen as the exemplary

Example of Moral Courage

“Inviting someone to play with you on the playground

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

Others may need social courage when in a leadership

People with moral courage may expect to be ridiculed or

In these cases, they choose to act out of moral courage

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

People with intellectual courage are willing to have their

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

identity as a spiritual person, or undermine your own

It is similar to intellectual courage. However, where

Often, people who do not have spiritual courage will live an

People can be atheists and agnostics and still have spiritual

For Psychology and Education: Psychologists and

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

be aware of others’ courageous actions. It can also help us

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

The above types of courage are useful to reflect upon in

The Importance of Will and Moral Courage

A German philosopher explained that when we became conscious of

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

It bestows the ability to overcome laziness, temptations and negative

Moral Courage sounds like

◎ That joke was offensive to … ◎ Let’s volunteer

◎ Dad, I’m in trouble

◎ It’s not fair that …

◎ I broke this, sorry

◎ I’ll march with you

◎ No, thanks, I don’t want to hear a secret