1.

Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese

Do you realize that what you say is not as important as how you say it?
Scientists have long proved that: Only 17 percent of our impression communication
comes from words said.
No matter how interesting your speech looks on paper; if you deliver it in a boring
monotone standing dead there in front of everybody, the value of your
presentation comes to nothing.
VOICE is a musical instrument. It has endless emotional capacity and is able to make
the deepest impressions upon its listeners. And we don’t need to pay for this instrument
— it’s always there with you.
And it’s your main instrument while giving a presentation. Not slides and not curious
facts. Even a great story will fall flat if delivered poorly. On the other side, vocal
delivery is able to create suspense, enthusiasm, and excitement, to complement the
drama of the plot, to make your story much more vivid and easier for listeners to
follow.

2. Read this adaptation of "Transformation of the Nile River Basin" and underline the
information you think is significant and should be included in a summary. Next to each
underlined section, briefly explain why you think the information is important. The first
paragraph has been done for you. Then in as few words as possible, write in the margin
what each paragraph is about.

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3. Read "Reducing Air Pollution" and then read the summaries that follow.
Decide which of the summaries you like best. Write 1 to 2 sentences after each
summary, explaining what you liked or disliked about each.

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Summaries
1. According to Yasufumi Iseki, air pollution can be controlled through effective
urban planning.
2. Yasufumi Iseki in "Reducing the Air Pollution in Urban Areas: The Role of Urban
Planners" states that pollutants are worsening the condition of the Earth as a result of
acid rain, increased levels of CO2, and other forms of pollution. In fact, 35% of the
total forested area in Europe has been damaged, and in the United States,
approximately 1,000 acidified lakes and 3,000 marginally acidic lakes have been

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 reported. Since the midcentury, CO2 levels have increased by 13%. Cars and other
vehicles create more pollution than any other activity; thus, decreasing the number of
vehicles is the most effective way to reduce pollution. This may be possible with
urban planning.

3. Yasufumi Iseki states that because cars and other vehicles are the greatest single
source of air pollution, a reduction in the number of vehicles in urban areas would be
an effective approach to improving the urban environment. This reduction could be
achieved through urban planning.

4. Yasufumi Iseki claims that urban planning can play a role in improving air quality in
urban areas by prompting a shift away from heavy vehicle use. This will be difficult
to achieve because of the overabundance of vehicles in developed countries.

4. Constructing a Research Paper

The overall rhetorical shape of a typical RP is shown in Figure 10.

This diagram gives a useful indication of the out-in-out or general-specific-general
movement of the typical RP. As the RP in English has developed over the last hundred
years or so, the four different sections have thus become identified with four different
purposes.

Introduction (I)
The main purpose of the Introduction is to provide the rationale for the paper,
moving
from a general discussion of the topic to the particular question or hypothesis
being investigated. A secondary purpose is to attract interest in the topic—and
hence readers.

Methods (M)
The Methods section describes, in various degrees of detail, methodology,
materials, and procedures. This is the narrowest part of the RP.

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Results (R)
In the Results section, the findings are described, accompanied by variable
amounts of
commentary.

Discussion (D)
The Discussion section offers an increasingly generalized account of what has
been learned in the study. This is usually done through a series of "points," at least
some of which refer back to statements made in the Introduction.

As a result of these different purposes, the four sections have taken on different linguistic
characteristics. We summarize some of these in Table 17. The first line of the table
shows, for instance, that the present tense is common in Introductions and Discussions,
but uncommon in Methods and Results.

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In 1993 Dorothea Thompson published a useful RP on Results sections in biochemistry
articles. She was particularly interested in what kinds of comments researchers made in
their Results sections and whether researchers followed the guidelines in manuals. Here
are eight sentences from her paper. Based on Table 17 and on your own knowledge, can
you guess from which of the sections they come? Mark each one I, M, R, or D. There
are two sentences from each section.

——1. Only further research can determine the applicability of this study's findings
to scientific disciplines outside biochemistry.
——2. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.
——3. Short communications and mini-reviews were excluded from the sample
because these publications have different objectives and use a different format
from that of the experimental research article.
——4. The assumptions underlying this study are grounded largely in sociological
accounts of the scientific enterprise (Knorr-Cetina, 1981; Latour, 1987;
Latour and Woolgar, 1979).
——5. These style guides are, at best, superficial descriptions of the content of these
sections.
——6. In 15 of the sample articles, these methodological narratives included explicit
justifications for the selection of certain technical procedures, laboratory
equipment, or alternatives to standard protocols.
——7. Scientific style manuals reinforce the conception that Results sections simply
present experimental data in a "cold," purely objective, expository manner
(Council of Biology Editors, 1972; Day, 1988; Mitchell, 1968; Woodford,
1968).
——8. In 38% of the JBC Results sections sampled, Kornberg and his co-authors
directly relate their findings to those of earlier studies, as the following
illustrate: …