Answer Writing Book Manuj Jindal

IAS Manuj Jindal
( AIR 53, UPSC CSE 2017 )
Answer Writing Questions.indb 1 23-12-2022 11:13:59

This book is a collaborative piece of work with Manuj Jindal as the author
& anujjindal.in as his publication.
All inquires should be made to : info@anujjindal.in
Title : Acing The Art of Answer Writing

A step by step guide to ace UPSC MAINS
Author : IAS Manuj Jindal
Publisher :
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About the Author
Manuj Jindal is an IAS officer who secured AIR 53 in UPSC CSE 2017. He
is also an ex-NDA cadet and ex-banker.
He served the people in the most challenging Naxal area of Bhamragad,
Gadchiroli. Now he is now posted in Thane as Chief Executive Officer
of the Zilla Parishad.
He took the exam three times and despite 2 failures, he continued his
journey, improving each time. He made it to the interview in every
attempt. Later, he realized that it was answer writing skills that were
lacking in the first two attempts that cost him a rank in the final list.
He eventually scored 450+ marks in GS papers and 158 in Essay paper,
which are the highest marks till date. His commitment to continuously
improve his writing skills helped him write this book which solves all the possible questions many
aspirants may have about the most notorious part of the exam – Answer Writing.
This book is a collaborative piece of work with Manuj Jindal as the author & anujjindal.in as his
publication.
All inquires should be made to : info@anujjindal.in
Publication : anujjindal.in
Manuj Jindal

Register now to get access to my
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To my teachers,
who instilled the values of hardwork, positive
attitude and ‘getting it done’ in me.

What an aspirant can get from this book!
Comprehensive coverage of how to handle answer writing for all

* GS subjects including ethics.
Complete solved papers (PYQs of 2021) and mock answers with

* frameworks.
Plenty of examples with diagrams & maps included in the book to

* make it simpler for aspirants to understand.

Contents
x. Important! Read this first. vii
Phase I
1. Things you need to do before starting answer writing............................................................ 1
2. How, when, and where? To start doing answer writing practice…......................................... 4
3. What makes for a good answer................................................................................................. 6
4. Understanding the Question ... and answering difficult questions in UPSC....................... 14
5. Type of questions asked by UPSC.......................................................................................... 18
Phase II
6. Indicative words like Explain, Discuss, Enumerate etc......................................................... 28
7. Time Management and Speed Management ......................................................................... 31
8. Presentation of an Answer...................................................................................................... 33
9. How to write an Introduction................................................................................................... 52
10. How to Write ‘Body’ of the Answer.......................................................................................... 56
11. How to Write Conclusion of the Answer................................................................................. 63
12. Should you answer all the questions?.................................................................................... 72
13. Feedback and checking – self-evaluation framework......................................................... 104
14. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 106
vii

Phase III
General Studies 2017 Paper 2 ..................................................................................................... 107
General Studies 2018 Paper 2 ..................................................................................................... 119
General Studies 2021 Paper 1...................................................................................................... 141
40 Solved Questions by Manuj Jindal ......................................................................................... 225
viii

Important! Read This First!
“The great aim of education is not knowledge but action.”
– British Philosopher Herbert Spencer -
And this book is about taking Action.
Dear Aspirant,
The biggest aim of your UPSC preparation is not just learning about history, geography, polity, answer
and essay writing etc. but to actually see your name in the holy PDF on the day of the result.
To do that, simply reading this book won’t be enough. You have to apply your own mind and
actually put my advice to action.
Without understanding, interpreting and taking action on the words I tell you here, you can’t
possibly cross to the other side.
Now that being said, let me tell you, there is immense potential in you. Regardless of whether you
come from a Hindi or vernacular background or whether you have poor writing skills because you have
never written in college. Hard work in the right direction can make a lot of difference.
I got only 93 marks in Essay paper in my first attempt. I did poorly in Mains answer writing too.
I made it to interview in all my attempts, but my marks in these two papers – GS & essay were less. I
made a promise to myself, I will get the highest next time
I put my promise and myself to action and worked hard. I found sources to learn essay writing
beyond coaching institutes and traditional books everyone refers to. Finally, I got 158 in Essay and over
450 marks in GS – highest ever, till date. Through this book I’d like you to learn these techniques.
These techniques and advices may sound simple, but remember, sophistication lies in simplicity.
UPSC answer writing is all about condensing down the complexity into simple words.
That being said, sometimes even my advice may not be correct for you! So don’t ever follow me
blindly. Keep something from what I teach you here, throw in the garbage what you feel won’t apply
to you! Just be honest and believe in yourself.
and.. just keep doing it!
– Manuj
Ready? Let’s Get Started!

Things you need to
Chapter
do before starting
answer writing 01
1. Become an Expert in the Syllabus:
• First, you need to print out the UPSC syllabus and read it thoroughly.
• Within 3 months of UPSC preparation, you should know name of each topic and content in
syllabus of UPSC inside out.
• The most important thing you should take away from the UPSC syllabus is that you should have
one to three page notes of each topic given in the UPSC syllabus (250-500 words).
• Once you have that, answer writing will become much easier.
2. Read the last 1 year’s mains questions, topic wise and their solutions:
• Second, use this book to go through past year 1 year’s paper and its solutions. That is enough
to get an idea how to write answers.
• This will help you to understand what kind of questions UPSC asks and how deep you need to
go into them to answer them.
3. Static content (“the Concepts and the Fundamentals”) is king:

• Third, focus on static content to build a strong foundation first.
• Parallel to that, read the current affairs.
• However, you will have a firm grip only once your static is clear. This focus on static will greatly
help answer writing.
4. Practice, practice, practice:

• Fourth, don’t keep on just revising and revising. Put the revision to practice by doing answer
writing practice – both self and also test series.

• Don’t miss out on answer writing practice, otherwise you will not get much benefit from what
you studied.
5. Test series papers and old question papers:

• Fifth, do at least 20 test series papers before the actual exam. You should do one full day
practice as well, to get an idea whether you have the stamina to write all day long. Develop
endurance.
• Also do at least last 1 year old question paper and match your answer with solutions given in
this book for self evaluation
6. Average is greater than Amazing in UPSC answer writing:

• Sixth, 20 average answers are > 5 great ones and other bad ones. So, practice enough times to
ensure you are writing consistent quality answers.
• Focus on having a generalist view of each topic sprinkled with the right keywords. That’s what
wins in UPSC.
7. Maintain fine balance between all subjects and topics, become proficient in some and
know at least something about all:
• Seventh, don’t try to over study topics from where less questions come. For example, 1-2
questions can be expected from Disaster Management every year, but that doesn’t mean you
spend 1 month studying for it. It deserves a maximum of 3-8 full days of your attention. Maybe
even less.
• Study 70% of the topics equally, and spend more time on 30% heavyweight topics like Polity,
Ecology, Economics and development, Governance and current affairs (for mains)
8. If you feel ‘I haven’t done enough, but still have the confidence in your studies’, it means
you are on the right path:
• Eighth, it is almost impossible to have that feeling that I have done whatever was needed to
clear this exam. The syllabus is so vast and the stakes are so high.
• But don’t let the feeling of ‘not enough’ demotivate you. Make it a habit to study every day, in
a certain planned manner. It will take you a long way

9. Don’t only learn from what toppers say, but what they actually did!
• Ninth, don’t only listen to topper videos, but go and look at the old answer sheets and essay
sheets of toppers available online.
• This is when they were actually like you, just an aspirant, hence it is the most unfiltered proof
of their hardwork.
• This will give you a peek into the mind and work that a topper put in before you to get selected.
• This is the BEST source for any candidate to refer to while preparing for UPSC.

How, when, and where?
Chapter
To start doing answer
02 writing practice…
B efore I give you an answer for how and where, I will address the “when should you start practicing
for answer writing for UPSC”
It is quite simple actually. Only when you have covered the UPSC syllabus at least once. Then only
should you start thinking about answer writing practice.
Only start after you have finished at least one reading of Polity and Governance, Economy, Environment
and ecology, Geography, and history. If you start anytime before that, you will simply not be prepared
enough to write answers.
To give you a cricketing analogy, it will be like trying to play a square drive without knowing how to hold
the cricket bat. First learn to hold the bat, that is, learn the various contents of the syllabus of UPSC.
Don’t listen to people who say – “start from day one”.

How can you, even if you don’t know what to write about?
Now, that being said, remember the subjects I mentioned above – Polity and Governance, Economy,
Environment and ecology, Geography, and history.
These subjects make up the core syllabus of UPSC. If you are even 60-70% aware of these topics – both
static portion and current affairs portion – you are all set to start doing a lot of answer writing practice.
After this, it all comes down to a lot of practice and analysis of what you are writing. That will be
covered in this book as well.
Now, coming to where from to practice answer writing? There are two sources for this .

1. Test Series
2. Self-practice
Both are necessary for your preparation. You cannot substitute one for the other.
For the test series, I advise you to go for Vision IAS for GS 1, 2, 3 and for the Lukmaan test series for
1.
GS 4. I personally used those and found their feedback and checking to be sufficient enough for
me. This is not an endorsement for either of the above. If you feel like that there is some other test
series that meets your goals, go for it. I took theirs, that’s why I mention them. Online test series
are available for these as well, and I feel that’s the best way to do it..
I took the test series only because it helps you practice a lot of questions, be disciplined in your
weekly / bi-monthly test practice schedule and to get some feedback on your writing also.
For self-practice, you can use the online question forums of Insights IAS or IAS baba. One will be
2.
sufficient. These websites post a lot of questions on a daily basis on their portal. I suggest you try
to answer static type of questions more than current affairs questions (keep a 70-30 ratio).
You can also post your typed or scanned answer on these portal’s discussion chats and get some
feedback. I used these only for a month or so. After that, I used to simply glance through questions
and do a quick mind exercise of how I would solve them. Because writing and practicing all of them
is impossible.
So per week, I would write at least one test series (3 hours on Sunday) and I would have glanced
through 10-15 questions during the week.
Where to write these answers?

You should simply take a notebook or A4 sheets, draw rough lines on two sides (or print them out)
in the UPSC page format which looks like the next page. Here you can start practicing your answer
writing.
Keep a normal gel pen (I used uniball), a pencil, an eraser, a scale and a stopwatch/normal digital
watch with you. This is sufficient.
You will hardly use the pencil, scale or eraser, but it’s good to have them handy. Stopwatch is a must
for timing yourself, and keeping a check both while practicing and during the actual exam.

Chapter
What makes for a
03 good answer
Content, Content, Content!
N othing but good content makes for a perfect answer for UPSC. Even if you don’t have the diagrams,
the drawings, the underlines or anything. If the answer is made up of really good content, it is
going to get marks. Because UPSC evaluates the quality of your content and not much else.
Of course, using diagrams, underlining etc. helps to present your answer in a better way. It shows
the organization skills and presents you in an organized manner to the examiner. They might also help
you get 1-2 marks extra in the answers. But only if your answer has good content first.
The presentation helps in improving how the examiner is able to swift through your answers. However,
if the presentation is really good but the content is sub-optimal, you will not get the marks. If the
content is good but the presentation is sub-optimal, you will still get good marks.
Therefore, if you are trying to put in too much time into presentation instead of content, you are not
on the right path. You should focus first on mastering various topics of the syllabus so that you can
write good content in the answers. Later, you can learn from this book how to present your answer
to get those extra marks in your answers.
The question arises, what is good content?

What all points should we cover to make our answer such that it gets good marks?
Here are a few things that make the answer good (content wise):
1. Your answer must showcase your understanding of the question asked by UPSC
2. You answer must address ALL aspects and parts of the question.
3. It must be to the point

4. Your answer must be informative and analytical NOT speculative and it must be supported by
relevant facts, data, reports, diagrams, studies etc. where needed.
5. It must follow a coherent flow while addressing the question (Intro, Body, Conclusion where
needed and skipping Intro or conclusion where not needed)
Let’s go into details of each of these aspects now:
Your answer must showcase your understanding of the question asked by UPSC: (in short:
1.
answer what has been asked, don’t beat around the bush)
The first most important thing is about answering what has been asked in the question. Aspirants
who might not be aware of the topic asked, might not be able to write well on it. Therefore, it is
important that you first cover the static and current affairs topics and then work on your answer
writing to master it.
For example, 2021 paper had this question in GS 3:
Q.
Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both
these budgets.[(150 words) 10 marks]

In the question, the examiner is asking you two straight-forward questions:

(1) t he difference between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget, you must know the basic
difference between these two in order to get marks.

(2) Components of these two.

You cannot possibly expect to just write ‘anything’ when it comes to this very specific concepts
like ‘capital budget’ and ‘revenue budget’ and get marks. It is simply not going to happen.
Therefore, have your basic concepts clear first. When the question is asked about these

concepts, answer them clearly, in a crisp and simple manner. Get straight to the point without
much circling around.
Here is how I would answer this question. Note, that I will be to the point, not beating around
the bush. I will use simple language, easy to understand words, and also use some keywords.
Answer:
Budget can be defined as a financial statement which provides for yearly estimated receipts and
expenditures of the government.

Following are the components and differences between revenue and capital budget:
Capital Budget Revenue Budget

1.
Capital budget can be defined as budget 1. Revenue budget can be defined as budget
that accounts for expenditures that are that accounts for expenditures that are
fixed and one time in nature. recurring or regular in nature.
2.
This accounts for government’s estimated 2.
This accounts for estimated revenue
capital receipts and capital expenditure. receipts and revenue expenditure.
3.
Two components of Capital budget are 4. Two components of Revenue budget
capital receipts and capital expenditures. are revenue receipts and revenue
expenditures.
5.
Capital receipts include market borrowing 5. evenue receipts include tax revenues
R
of debt etc. such as income tax, GST and non-tax
revenue like interest etc.
6.
Capital expenditure is the expenditure of
the government which creates assets – T axes are the highest portion of revenue
receipts

For example: it includes spending on
defence equipment, roads, school builds 6.
Revenue expenditures include regular
etc. expenses of government.

For example: spending on salaries of
officers, repairs of buildings etc.
Here, note that presentation in a table format makes it much easier for the examiner to quickly check
this question.
However, if I had not written the points I have given in this answer, would I still have got marks?
Definitely not!
Because, capital and revenue budget have a very specific definition and components and you should
know them. Then only can you answer the question. On the other hand, if you had not written this
question in table format but still provided the same content as above, you would still get good marks
for knowing the content and the topics asked by the question.
Not all questions in UPSC are created equal!

The above is a simple example, however UPSC often asks difficult questions where knowing exactly
what has been asked also becomes a challenge.

For example:
Q. The jurisdiction of the central bureau of investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and
conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various states. However,
the power of the states to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special
reference to the federal character of India. [250 words, 15 marks UPSC 2021 GS 2 Q11]
This question will need you to give it a couple of readings, understand all the components it is
asking and then attempt it. Hence, not all questions are straight forward, and you will need good
reading skill to interpret these kinds of questions.
I will discuss the above kind of question and how to understand and solve it in the chapters ahead.
2. Your answer must address ALL aspects and parts of the question.
UPSC usually asks more than one question in a single Question. By this I mean, there are possibly
multiple aspects or points you have to cover in a particular question. For instance, see this question
from GS 1 2021 paper asked by UPSC:
In this question, you will note that UPSC has asked about ‘nature’ and ‘contribution’ of Bhakti
literature. These are two different points you should address in your answer. You need to
elaborate on these points.
At the same time, you need to ensure that you don’t go overboard with too many points, otherwise
you will waste a lot of time on one question. It is key to adhere to the word limit (maximum go 30-
40 words over it).
Therefore, remember, it might seem like a simple question, but it needs you to have enough
practice to be able to write this in the required word limit, time limit and covering all aspects of
the question asked.
Here’s the way I would have tackled this particular question:
Q. Evaluate the nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture.
[(Answer in 150 words) 10 marks UPSC Mains 2021 Q1]

Bhakti literature developed during the period of 8th to 17th century AD.

Personalities such as Tukaram, various Sikh Gurus, Sankaradeva and many others contributed
to the development of Bhakti literature.

Nature of Bhakti literature can be described as follows:
• Use of vernacular: local languages that appealed to the masses were used instead of
formal court languages.

• Use of devotional songs and rituals: Kirtans were developed, shaivites and vaishnavites also
developed poetry which became a hallmark of bhakti.
• Universal, non-sectarian (inter-religious) in nature: Bhakti used stories interchangeably
from across various religions such as Sufi poetry from Islam

The Contribution of Bhakti literature to Indian culture is as follows:
• Development of fine arts and culture
• Development of vernacular: Various scripts of languages such as Punjabi,Gurmukhi,
Marathi etc. developed
• Development of Music and Dance: Use of Bhakti literature for devotional singing in kirtana,
Qawwalli, devotional dance such as Sattariya etc.
• Growth of philosophical schools: Various schools such as dualism, non-dualism,
(Dvaitadvaita, Vishishta Advaita etc.) came into being

It can be seen from above examples that Bhakti literature made literature accessible to the
masses, and democratized its reach to the masses.
3. Your answer must be to the point

Most of the answers I have seen aspirants right, tend to beat around the bush. Get to the point
straight away. Don’t try to give a context of current affairs, historical analysis of the topic asked in
the question.
Straight away, highlight and define the main concept asked in the question. Then move on to the
body where you are going to write your points about what has been asked in the question.
Each of the aspects should be answered clearly and to the point. Do not try to create too many
points just for the sake of filling the paper. Only content that is related to the question being asked
will be rewarded by the examiner. If you just add random points that do not really answer the
question, it will set a bad precedence in the examiners mind. It will also affect your other answers
as you are taking away time you could allocate to them for writing a better answer!
Take this question as an example:
Q.
Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats.
[(Answer in 150 words) 10 marks UPSC 2021 Mains Q4. GS 1]

Here, the question is simple and straight forward. Difference between the causes of landslides
in Himalayan region and western ghats.

Quickly introduce the keyword – landslides, in one line. Then draw the table and start
differentiating between Himalayan region landslides and western ghats.
10

If you try doing more than that, you will waste time, and unnecessarily go over the word limit
where it is not needed at all.

In these kinds of simple questions that every UPSC aspirant must know, you should not be
taking time, but saving time. Because there are other questions that might need more time to
answer.

Now, let’s look at how I would answer this question:
Answer:
Landslides can be defined as the movement and sliding of large earth and rock.
Following are the differences in causes of landslides in Himalayan and Western Ghats:
Western Ghats causes Himalayan region causes

1. Human activities such as building, 1. Himalayas are prone to tectonic activity,
infrastructure, road construction etc. movement of plates, which often causes
landslides
2. Deforestation activities for various
development activities 2. Due to natural factors such as heavy wind and
snow, landslides are also often caused here
3. Mining activities in these regions
3. The slope in the Himalayas is very steep,
4. Untimely and heavy rainfall and
which causes gravity to have a greater effect
sometimes cloudbursts due to climate
on its soil strata
change
4. Many major rivers in their young stage flow
5. The thick soil of the western ghats is
rapidly through the valley, cutting the rock
more susceptible to landslides as well
and soil, thereby causing landslides here
6. Examples of such activities in Kerela,
5. Increasing effects of anthropogenic activities
Maharashtra etc.
due to more settlements
6. Examples include landslides in parts of
Himachal, Uttarakhand etc.
4. Your answer must be informative and analytical NOT speculative

Don’t provide your personal opinions in the answers. Don’t speculate. By this, what I mean is that
don’t try to make a guess about something you don’t know. Don’t try to share your personal views.
11

This also means, use proper definitions, data, factual points from national or international reports
to provide an answer. Further, the answer must be supported by relevant facts, data, reports,
diagrams, studies etc. where needed
ALL the questions, yes, 100% of the mains GS 1-4 paper questions are where you need to write
theoretical and current affairs information, and not your opinion. You will have a chance to
showcase your opinion in interview.
Here, in mains answer writing, be objective, be to the point, and just answer the key concepts
asked in the paper by the examiner.
I have noticed a lot of aspirants get influenced by the ideas presented in editorials in newspapers
like the Indian Express or the Hindu for answer and even essay writing purposes. Remember, the
use of the editorials is just to increase your knowledge and understanding of various issues that
are talked about in current affairs.
Generally, these views are personal and driven by ideology of the writer. Hence, they could be
biased and not purely data and fact driven. I advise all the aspirants not to use these writings as
templates for good answer writing. Use them to learn good writing practices but stay away from
the ideology presented in them.
It must follow a coherent flow while addressing the question (Intro, Body, Conclusion where
5.
needed and skipping Intro or conclusion where not needed)
A properly structured answer is key for presentation purposes. It also shows that y o u r
though process is structured. Therefore, it is safe to say that in 60-70% questions, you should
follow the simple structure of:
• Starting with introduction
• Adding 80% of the content in body part of the question
• Finishing the question with conclusion
However, there are some questions, especially in GS 3, where the introduction or conclusion can
be skipped and you jump right to the main body of the question.
These are the type of questions where generally UPSC is asking for challenges and opportunities in
a certain sector. Or it is asking for particular solutions for a certain problems in a sector or industry.
You don’t need to define an obvious concept given in these kind of questions.
Also, if you have a good amount of points to write in the body part, you can skip the introduction
and get directly to the body of the question.
12

Here’s such an example from GS 3 Mains 2020 paper:
What are the challenges and opportunities of food processing sector in the country? How can

income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing?
In this question, there are three main aspects or parts of question:
1. Challenges of food processing
2. Opportunities of food processing
3. How can farmers’ incomes be increased by food processing

First, you don’t really need an introduction in this question. You can go directly into the point
starting with ‘Challenges’ of food processing as shown in the answer below.

Personally, I didn’t use introductions in such questions because the mandate of the question is
simply the major points it asks, that is challenges, opportunities and how can farmers’ incomes be
increased. If these are provided well then the examiner will not cut your marks merely over the
fact that you don’t have a two line introduction which itself doesn’t add significant value to the
answer.

If you still feel the need for an introduction, don’t make it more than 2-3 lines under any
circumstance. That introduction could simply define food processing: “Food processing industry
includes various value additions to food, for example: meat processing, dairy products such as
cheese, jams, fruit preserves and others.”
13

Understanding the
Chapter Question ... and answering
04 difficult questions in
UPSC
I t is not uncommon to see that aspirants are not able to understand the questions. There can be a few
reasons for this:
1. You are not aware about that particular topic.

• Sometimes, you are a bit familiar but don’t know much about the topic asked in the question.
Sometimes, you know where the question is from but you have not studied that portion from
that part of the syllabus or missed that topic. Or maybe you are vaguely aware of it.
• In these situations, try to understand the broader context of the question and answer from
that broader perspective only. This is because you are not too familiar, therefore it is best to
just write an average answer without much details.
2. You are not able to understand what exactly is question asking.

• Sometimes the question itself is framed in a statement form that it becomes difficult to
decipher it entirely. This trend has reduced in recent years. In 2021, pretty much straight
forward questions were asked.
• However, I will still show you some questions along those lines.
For understanding the question, you need to follow these steps:
First, look out for the keywords of the question first. These are the main concepts that are asked in the
question. These will give you a hint about what you have to answer.
Second, underline these keywords in the question paper so as to focus on them while thinking about
the answer.
Third, If the question is long, divide it into small parts and try to decipher these smaller parts. Then it
will become easier to understand the entire question if you understand the smaller parts first.

Fourth, try to recall from which part of syllabus the question has been asked. Sometimes, you might
draw a blank at the first reading of the question. But reading it quickly 3–4 times will help.
Let’s decipher this with an example
Q.1 The jurisdiction of the central bureau of investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and
conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various states. However,
the power of the states to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special
reference to the federal character of India. [UPSC 2021 GS 2 Q11, 250 Words 15 Marks]
Q.2 Though the human rights commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of
human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and
powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures.
[UPSC 2021 GS 2 Q15, 250 Words 15 Marks]
In question number 1, it can be slightly confusing, what UPSC is asking. How will I read and understand
this question in order to answer it to the point?
This question will need you to give it a couple of readings, understand all the components it is asking
and then attempt it. Hence, not all questions are straight forward, and you will need good reading skill
to interpret these kinds of questions.
Here, first know that the statement is telling you about the powers of the CBI vis-a-vis states. That’s
the most crucial and probably the only thing you need to understand.
And the question is asking how does that power of a central agency vis-a-vis investigations and FIR play
out in our democracy where we have a federal form of government.
Therefore, you need to write down about two things: (1) CBI powers in States (2) States’ rights and
powers with respect to a central agency investigating there. And these two things have to be structured
around one major keyword here “Federalism”
First, I will define what powers CBI has.
Second, I will write down about CBI’s powers in States -> how that affects federalism.
Third, I will then write about States’ powers and how federalism gets affects because of this.
Finally, I will conclude on the basis of my analysis done.
Hope you get my point. I will repeat. First, dissect or break down the statement in two to three
fundamental parts. Here it is CBI – its powers vis-a-vis states. Then, find the most important concept
in the question. Here it is Federalism. Then, finally, write an answer that talks about the fundamental
parts with respect to the key concept asked. This will work for every question out there!
15

Let’s look it again! Yes, I am repeating it in a slightly different way so that it gets imprinted in your
mind and you understand it well.
First, I will see the keywords. These are the main concepts that are asked in the question. These will
give you a hint about what you have to answer.
Here the keywords are CBI, its powers in states, and federal character of India.
Therefore, it is clear from reading these keywords that UPSC is asking question about CBI and its
powers in our federal structure.
If you still don’t understand the question, further divide it into small parts and read and try to
understand each part. Do it over and over again. Don’t give up in first two times. Try four five times
and eventually you will start getting a hold of such questions.
Now try this technique I just told you on the second question.
In this question, it is not as confusing as the first one. If you read the question in parts, here, UPSC Is
asking a question about Human Rights commission. UPSC has asked about practical and structural
limitations of Human Rights Commission. That’s it. You just have to write about those two major
points.
I have seen many aspirants trying to write something about the first two sentences given in the
question. That’s not really needed. You can completely ignore that part and just focus on answering
what are the practical and structural limitations of Human Rights Commission.
If you try to somehow provide a context from current affairs based on the first opening statement of
this question, it will become almost impossible to answer it within the word limit and you won’t do
justice to the body of the question.
Here is a concise and effective answer to the Q 1 about CBI:
Answer:
CBI looks into matters of corruption or major criminal cases in the country.
CBI’s power vis-a-vis States:
1.
CBI’s power: Police is a State subject. Therefore, State government has complete power over
the police. On the other hand, CBI has been established under the DSPE act, 1946 which is a
Central Act, hence, it could encroach over state jurisdiction in various investigation matters.
2.
Need of Consent: CBI is required to have “general consent” from the state government before
beginning an investigation in the state. However, this condition often leads to delay in justice
delivery due to underlying political currents.
16

CBI and Federalism
1.
The jurisdiction of CBI often comes into direct confrontation with state police which causes
issues in federal relationships between states and the center.
2.
A strong, professional and unbiased strong federal agency is key to addressing corruption and
address issues of national interest. Therefore, the need of such an agency cannot be denied.
3.
However, if such a body is politically influenced and weak institutionally, it can erode trust
between the States and the Center, which is key building block of federalism.
4.
Such federal agency also enables Supreme court and the high court to handover cases of
national importance to the CBI.
Therefore, it is clear from the above points that a strong central investigation is key in ensuring .
However, such an agency should also have a strong institutional framework that insulates it from
undue political influence.
17

Chapter
Type of questions
05 asked by UPSC
T here are various types of questions asked by UPSC in Mains, and if you can prepare in advance to
at least 60-70% of these, your actual job of writing the answer in the exam hall will become much
simpler.
Here are these type of questions:
1. Definition Based Straight Forward questions
2. Statement Based questions – where the statement many times has not much bearing to the
question at all!
3. Differentiation between two or more concepts types of questions
4. Questions asking for ‘Causes’ or reasons or asking for ‘Affects’ or ‘Outcomes’ or ‘consequences’
5. Questions asking for ‘critical examination’ of the concept asked in the question
Let’s explore and understand each of these questions now.
1. Definition based
These questions simply ask the aspirant to define a particular concept or topic.
These are relatively straight forward as they ask only for what that concept or topic means.
Normally, such a question has multiple questions. The next question within the question might ask you
the impacts or outcomes of the concept asked in the definition.

For example:
Q19. What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian
society also?[(Answer in 250 words) 15; UPSC 2021 Mains]

Here, you have to simply define cryptocurrency, provide a couple of example (in definitions
always try to provide simple examples), then it asks for effects on global society and finally
its effects on Indian society. In these questions, just provide the information that has been
asked for. Don’t try to do something unique or different. Just focus on the basic definition,
sprinkle the answer with keywords where needed. Also, answer all the parts of the question.
Here, the other two parts must not be missed, i.e. about crypto’s affects on global society and
its affects on Indian society. Remember, its just a 250 word answers, so be balanced. If you
spend too much time explaining crypto currencies, you will waste time and you won’t be able
to sufficiently answer the other two parts. The examiner is looking for all the three parts. For
definition about cryptocurrency or whatever topic has been asked, provide a basic definition
and also give a couple of examples to support your answer. Here’s how I would handle this
question:
Answer:
A cryptocurrency is a virtual currency secured by cryptography. It works on the blockchain
technology. Examples include: Bitcoin, Ethereum and many more.
Cryptocurrency is affecting global society the following ways:
1. Integration of world economy and trade:
a.
It can help in creating a simple, online, decentralized model of transacting across the
borders without any financial costs, and thereby further integrate the world economy.
2.
Impacting Sovereign power: Cryptocurrencies undermine the sovereign power of home
country bypassing the traditional currency used there.
a.
Hence, it could possibly make economic and trade policy of the countries ineffective.
b.
It could even undermine the political power of the country itself.
i.
This has also been underlined by the RBI and Ministry of Finance as a possible threat
to Indian economy, and many other central banks for their economies.
19

3.
Decentralization of finance: Cryptocurrency also pose a challenge to traditional banking
systems.
a.
Big banks such as Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan have shown their disapproval of
cryptocurrency.
4.
Use by terrorist organizations, drug cartels, and mafias for smuggling, buying illegal weapons,
carrying out drug trade, and use in anonymous criminal activities over the web is a key concern
over the misuse of crypto.
a. Many such transactions have been reported by FATF (financial action task force)
5.
Creation of digital divide: Many people are still unaware and don’t have access to
cryptocurrencies due to lack of knowledge and understanding of this field.
a. This can lead to creation of a larger digital divide between poorer and richer countries.
Affect of Crypto on Indian Society:
1.
Regulation: The crypto space is largely untraceable and undetected. This presents various
legal and national security challenges to the government.
a. Crypto could be used to sponsor terror attacks or carry out many illegal activities.
b.
It could be used for hawala as well. Many unregulated traditional money lenders are one
of the major financial drivers of India’s economy.
i.
The emergence of cryptocurrency presents new challenges in front of the government
with respect to financial repercussions of crypto on money lending.
2.
Remittances: Crypto presents a viable alternative for people to send and receive foreign funds
without paying any fees. This presents a good alternative to the people, but it could be misused
by unscrupulous persons in the society.
3.
Investments: Many amateur investors are investing in crypto without much knowledge and
understanding, which could potentially become ripe ground for fraud.
It is clear that cryptocurrency presents many challenges to both the Indian and the global society.
Hence, regulation that promotes good uses of crypto but also stops its misuse is need of the hour.
2. Statement Based questions

These are question where a particular statement is provided, and then it is followed up with a question.
There are two ways UPSC mostly asks its questions with such statements.
20

Either, it asks you to critically examine the statement and provide your views. Or, the question is not
dependent on the statement itself. The statement gives only some context but has not much to do with
the question itself. Therefore, you must always read the question by itself separately in such cases.
Let’s look at both these examples one by one:
Q. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument
of governance.” Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the
situation. (150 words) [UPSC 2017 GS 2 Paper Mains Q1]
Approach: Understand the keywords and what the question is asking.

Here, the question is about the effectiveness of the local self-government system. The question
is asking for ‘critical examination’, so we have to view both sides of the issue, i.e., effectiveness
and non-effectiveness of the self-government system.
Therefore:

Define: First, define local self-government system in India: Provide a brief mention of the 73rd
and 74th Constitutional Amendments that led to local self-governance in India

Mention the major local self-governance institutions such as gram Sabha and panchayat, zilla
parishad, block-level institutions, and municipal corporations.

Describe: Describe the major points about how local self-government systems have been
effective instruments (i.e., the successes of these institutions).Then describe the major points
about how local self-government systems have not been effective instruments (i.e., problems)

Conclude: Finally, conclude with a simple two to three sentence ‘analysis’. This should follow
from the points provided above.

For example: From the above-mentioned, it is clear that there are many successes of local self-
governance system in India. With better capacity building, laws, and implementation, their
effectiveness can be increased for delivering effective governance to the people.

As you can see, you have to breakdown the question first. Then catch the keywords of the
question and what it is asking you to answer. Then you can go ahead and start your answer
and try to use a basic framework as follows (applies in most questions):
1.
Define the main issue in the question (here it was local self-government institutions)
2.
Argue the main points asked for (here it was effectiveness)
3.
Conclude
21

2.2 Questions where statement in the question provides only the context. You don’t have
to really answer it. Focus just on the question itself.
Q.
‘The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but
steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of the SHGs
in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote
the SHGs. (250 words) [UPSC Mains 2017 GS 2 Q. 16]
In this question, the statement can be ignored, and still the question can be answered by you.
Hence, focus on just the question, as the statement is only to provide a context.
Answer:
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are normally groups of women (15-20 in numbers) that work to provide
alternative livelihoods to women or encourage small regular savings programmes.
For example, Kudumbshree of Kerala and NABARD have funded the ‘e-SHAKTI’ programme
that provides funding to thousands of SHGs in India for undertaking new women-run business
opportunities.
Role of SHGs in Developmental Activities:
1.
Financing: For example, the priority sector lending that Government of India provides to SHGs
and the low interest rates and relaxed repayment agreements.
2.
Corporate Linkups: Various CSR programmes are spearheaded by SHGs now. For example, the
Saheli programme of Amazon.com.
3.
Livelihood programmes: The Deen Dayal Antodaya Yojana that encapsulates capacity building
of SHGs for development activities. Also, the Priyadarshini scheme.
4.
Social mobilization for health and sanitation awareness is a key part of various SHGs and many
of these initiatives are led by women groups in villages and small talukas.
Measures taken by government to promote SHGs are as follows:
• Bank loans: Government provides bank loans to SHGs as part of the National Rural Livelihood
Mission (NRLM) or Ajeevika scheme.
• SHG-Bank Linkage program: This program enables easy access to credit and micro-finance
to SHGs.
• Grants for new businesses and regular business expenses given by NABARD to SHGs.
• Regular skill upgradation program financed by the government for SHGs
• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh provides loans to intermediary organizations which further lend it
to SHGs.
22

Hence, it can be seen that the government plays role of a facilitator for various SHGs. These SHGs are
slowly coming to play a key role in developmental activities in the rural economy.
3. Questions requiring differentiation between two or more concepts

Hence, it can be seen that the government plays role of a facilitator for various SHGs. These SHGs are
slowly coming to play a key role in developmental activities in the rural economy.
These are questions where you need to show differences between two different topics or concepts. In
such questions ensure that you draw a simple two column table, and provide the differences in points.
This it becomes extremely easy for examiner to check and quickly grade it.
Some examples are as follows:
Q1. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.
(Answer in 150 words) UPSC 2021 Mains GS 3 Q1, 150 words 10 marks

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the market value of all goods and services
produced within an economy in a period of time. Difference between calculation of GDP before
and after 2015 are as follows:
GDP Calculation Before 2015 GDP Calculation After 2015

1.
The base year for calculation was 2004- 1. The new base year is now 2011-12.
05.
2.
GDP is calculated at Market Price
2.
GDP was calculated at factor cost instead of factor cost.
method.
4.
In new method, government uses
3.
GDP was estimated using the Index of data from MCA (ministry of corporate
Industrial Production (IIP) data and then affairs).
it was further updated from ASI (Annual
5.
Industry wide estimates of gross value
Survey of Industries) data.
added (GVA) is taken for calculation of
4.
ASI only accounts for firms registered the new GDP figures now.
under the Factories Act.
5.
Index of Industrial Production (IIP) was
used to measure manufacturing and
trading activity.
23

4. Questions asking for ‘Causes’ or reasons and Questions asking for ‘Affects’ or ‘Outcomes’
or ‘Consequences’
In these questions, you have to simply provide the causes where the causes of a particular phenomenon
has been asked, or in other questions affects or outcomes. This example will help you understand:
Q. Under what circumstances can a Financial Emergency are proclaimed by the President of
India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?
[(10) UPSC Mains 2018 GS 2 Paper Q3]
Answer:
Article 360 of the Constitution empowers the President to proclaim a financial emergency. No
financial emergency has been declared in India since independence in 1947.
Circumstances:
1.
The President is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit
of India or any of its territories is threatened.
2.
The President has the final and conclusive authority in this matter, but his/her authority can be
challenged for a judicial review.
3.
Both the Houses must approve this within two months. A financial emergency can be declared
for an indefinite period once approved and the President can revoke it at any time.
Consequences:
1. The Centre can direct any state to observe any rules/regulations of financial propriety as it
specifies.
2. T he President may issue any direction to the Centre/states/Judiciary for reduction in salaries,
allowances, etc. of public servants.
3. The President may direct the states to reserve money bills or financial bills for his/her
consideration.
4. The Centre has full control over the states’ finances.
This provision is a debatable one, as many constitutionalists have deemed it as “a serious threat on
the financial autonomy of the states.”
5. Questions asking for ‘critical examination’ of the concept asked in the question
‘Critically analyze’ or ‘Critical examination’ means to examine an issue analytically and present various
opposing sides of the issue.
24

In simple terms, you can provide pros and cons of the concept that is asked in the question.
However, it doesn’t mean that every critical examination questions can be address by stating its pros
and cons. Many times, you have to also analyze the statement or the question concept through an
analytical lens. Explore its various sides and angles and then present your answer.
Here, this example will help you understand this:
Q2. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘National Judicial Appointments
Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
(150 words)
Approach:
First, define the NJAC judgment briefly in two to three lines.
Second, provide the positive aspects of the judgment with respect to the appointment of judges.
For example, judicial independence would have been compromised if the NJAC was not ruled
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Third, provide the negative aspects of the judgment with respect to the appointment of judges. For
example, overreaching of the Judiciary in legislative matters.
Finally, conclude through an analysis of the above points. For example, from the above analysis, it
is clear that judicial independence is a must to maintain separation of powers and exercise checks
and balances. Hence, a better system of appointments must be proposed by the Legislative over
the current one.
Here, see a Radhika Gupta topper’s answer on such type of a question. She has actually tried to critically
discuss the topic on BRICS and its contradictions. She does that by first showing how it is an effective
forum, and then she also gives specific examples of how this forum is failing to emerge due to its
internal contradictions and problems.
(a)
25

(b)
(c)
26

(d)
(e)
27

Indicative words like
Chapter
Explain, Discuss,
06 Enumerate etc.
V arious keywords also appear in questions of UPSC Mains. These are as follows:
1. DISCUSS
2. ENUMERATE
3. EVALUATE
4. ELABORATE with illustrations
5. EXAMINE
6. EXPLAIN
7. COMMENT
8. JUSTIFY with examples
9. ARGUE
10. CRITICALLY EXAMINE
11. DO YOU AGREE?
12. HIGHLIGHT – the critical challenges, the factors...
13. THROW LIGHT on the significance..
14. DEFINE
...and more...
Generally, UPSC uses these words in context of the question statement that has been made, or the
question that has been asked. So, if it is a simple information based question, then, it will simply have
“discuss” or may be a straightforward question in that form.
For example, the question below about Circum-Pacific Zone appeared in 2020 Mains exam GS 1 paper.
It is a straight forward question asking the aspirant to write down the “geophysical characteristics” of
the Circum-Pacific Zone.

Q. Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone.
(Answer in 150 words – 10 marks)
There is no trick to the word “discuss” here. It simple means you have to write various points about
the geophysical characteristics and as expected in most geography questions, draw a diagram if
possible in that question
Similarly, look at Q. 6 from Mains 2020 GS 1 paper. It is a simple question about how melting of
Himalayan glaciers will impact water-resources in India. (insert question page number here)
Now, many students will try to write a solution for melting of glaciers rather than focusing on the
core of the question, which is about the impacts of the melting. The way forward or recommendations
in this question is not really needed.
Focus on what the question is asking and meet that requirement properly before you have time to add
things that are not even asked in the question. Therefore, I suggest, here you don’t really have to write
schemes, recommendations etc. at all.
Let’s look at another one which will help you understand this.
Q. How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water
resources of India? (Answer in 150 words – 10 marks)
Here, many coaching institutes will tell you that “critically examine” means giving “pros and cons” or
“both sides of the issue asked in the question. I think in this question, that is alright.
You have to examine what role WHO is playing during Covid-19 (ranging from monitoring the pandemic
to providing vaccine expertise, information dissemination, coordinating international efforts etc.) and
also provide how it’s work and role leaves much to be desired from a body of such size.
However, beyond that providing a way forward or recommendations to improve WHO’s role is beyond
the scope of this question. Many people will suggest that you do that, but that will be unnecessarily
taking much space from what you can write about the above points I discussed.
Hence, requiring a way forward, conclusion, recommendations etc. in every question is a very
simplistic and one-size-fits-all approach.
This question is simply asking WHO’s role in providing global health security during Covid-19.
Cover work done by it and also work that could have been done better by it. That’s it.
This is a harder question. This is from Paper 2 GS, Mains 2020. It has keywords “Highlight the critical
challenges”
29

That simply means lay down various challenges of ‘functionality’ faced by local institutions in India.
Now, since this is a 15 mark question, if you have written all points of challenges as asked by this
question, you can certainly provide a few points on how to address those challenges. These can be
recommendations made by an existing commission or committee. But do not go much beyond the
main portion of the question.
In simple terms, all of them are asking the aspirant to answer one simple thing: EXPLAIN. All these
keywords effectively are asking for explanation of the particular topic/question asked.
There is nothing more complicated to them to be honest!
All these terms have slightly different meanings, however, in context of the UPSC questions requiring
answer of 150-250 words, there is not much you can do to create much of a differentiation.
So, in short, don’t get too hung up on the particular meaning behind each of these indicative words.
Try to understand the question keywords and main concepts first and then use the below definitions
to frame your answer around those.
30

Time Management
Chapter
and Speed
Management 7
T his is probably the easiest thing to figure out for mains answer writing. Here, you have to simply
figure out what time do you have available for each question in the papers.
In GS 1-3, there are 20 questions, out of which 10 are ten marks questions and 10 are fifteen marks
questions. You have a total of 180 minutes to answer all the questions.
Also, you have to answer the 10 marks questions in 150 words and 15 marks questions in 250 words.
Therefore, total words possible to be written in entire paper are:
10 questions × 150 words = 1500 words
10 questions × 250 words = 2500 words
Total = 4000 words
Therefore, for 10 marks questions (10 questions with 1500 words), for each question you have how
much time approx:
 No. of marks  Duration of exam
 ×
 Total words  No. of questions
 1500  180
 × = 6.75 minutes per question.
 4000  10
Similarly, for 15 marks questions (10 questions with total 2500 words), for each question you have
how much time approx:
 2500  180
 × = 11.25 minutes per question.
 4000  10
In short, the golden rule is:

Time for 10 marks questions Time for 15 marks questions
Approx. 7-8 Minutes Approx. 11-12 Minutes
The above rule must also be learned more deeply by understanding that you can’t really spend 10-15
minutes on the 10 marks questions and similarly 15-20 minutes on 15 marks, trying to make them too
good.
Similarly, you can’t write many questions quickly in 2-3 minutes.
You have to maintain consistency in the entire paper. Instead of writing 5 very very good answers,
and then 5 average ones, and others poor, you can’t win in UPSC.
You should aim at giving average to good content/answers for most of the questions. Manage your
time consistently across most of the questions, then only will you win the battle.
32

Chapter
Presentation of an
Answer 08
P resentation simply means how the answer will look like on a sheet of paper. This is not about the
content, but the way you write it. This is about the aesthetic appeal of your answers.
There are 8 main elements of a good presentation for an answer. They are:
Now, let me first tell you, don’t worry about the presentation unless you are confident of your studies
and preparation. If you have covered all the topics in the syllabus properly, you are confident of the
static and current affairs portion to some extent, then you can start thinking about the presentation.
Don’t over think these points I have given. Try to inculcate them in your writing of answers. For
example, just average clear handwriting will do, you don’t need to have perfect, beautiful handwriting.
If your handwriting is unreadable, then you need to work on it.

Spacing
One way to improve handwriting is to include Spacing. Every sentence should have a proper spacing
between the words. If they are too closely written, it is hard to decipher them quickly and properly.
Therefore, try to learn this while you practice writing. This will bring huge changes to your handwriting.
Underlining
Underline the keywords in your answers. There may be a maximum of 5-6 keywords or major points
in each of your answers.
Just underline those. Don’t underline words that are not useful. The point of underlining is to draw the
attention of the examiner checking your answers to that keyword. These are little nuggets which help
you fetch a bit of extra marks.
The examiner’s eyes are running through hundreds of copies. So, if the keywords of those answers
are underlined, the examiner will quickly know that you know the main points of that particular topic.
Therefore, don’t hesitate to underline the keywords. See the example below:
This is from the topper Radhika Gupta. She has very beautifully boxed the sub-headings and also
underlined the ‘keywords’ thereby making her already good content shine even further.
(a)
34

(b)
Boxing
Another way of drawing examiner’s attention to the major points is to draw a box around them. These
are super keywords, whose value is more than even the keywords. You definitely want the examiner
to see them.
If you box them, the examiner will see that you know the core keyword associated with that particular
concept.
As shown above, Radhika Gupta one of the 2021 toppers used boxing really well. See an answer
written by her below, and see how well she uses boxing. Don’t forget to see that the content of her
answer is also really good.
35

36

Capital letters
I often used CAPITAL LETTERS to write the opening main words of a particular point in an answer. This
is from my test copy. Note, the “Economic Potential” and “Methodological problems” below...these
are boxed and capitalized to bring attention of the reader.
37

Undoubtedly, the examiner will be impressed by your ability to communicate easily in written format.
It will be more likely that the examiner will award more marks to person who has good content as well
as good presentation over the person who has only good content.
Therefore, writing in points, with appropriate spacing, underlining, boxing, bolding is something you
should always keep in mind.
Here look at an answer by topper Ganesh Kumar Bhaskar, who defines the Marshall plan’ in the
introduction, which is the key concept in in the question.
38

Second, he actually shows the Marshall plan area in the rough Europe map, which is very effective way
of showing your understanding and knowledge. This is also a small technique something you could
use for your answers.
(a) (b)
Writing in Points vs. Paragraph

Look at the answer below two answers to the same questions below. Which one do you think is quicker
and easier for you to read and comprehend faster?
Both copies belong to toppers, but I think I have an easier time reading the second one.
So, yes, it is your choice, and do however you feel more comfortable. But remember, writing in points
is simpler for most of the people, and it is similarly easier to read for the most.
As long as your content is good, writing in points will only make it easier to comprehend quickly.
39

(a)
40

(b)
41

(a) (b)
Here, in the above answer, topper Vishaka Yadav has used a new way to simply present her points.
Remember, the content is great and so is the presentation here.
Handwriting, English Language Proficiency and Pen

It is important to have moderately good handwriting. It doesn’t have to be the best handwriting, but
it should be easily readable.
Handwriting doesn’t get extra marks by itself. If you have written rubbish content with beautiful,
cursive, world-class handwriting, you will not get any marks.
However, if you have written great content but with horrible handwriting, you might not get good
marks as the examiner may not be able to decipher what you read at all.
Therefore, if you are someone with horrible handwriting, please practice some cursive writing to
improve it. Write slowly first, then the speed will increase by itself. Be patient.
42

It will take at least 2 months to get to decent useful writing. Don’t end up spending many many months
trying to make your handwriting perfect, that would be a poor use of your time.
While practicing handwriting, don’t use a ball pen or a gel pen. Use a pencil or a nibbed pen. Then only
your writing will improve.
If you have decent handwriting, which is readable, you are good to go. Don’t try to spend too much
time trying to improve your handwriting. You should spend that time trying to learn the syllabus topics
and content.
I have looked at the answer sheets of hundreds of toppers. All have one thing in common, simple
English, clear handwriting which is readable, well spaced sentences, use of headings and subheadings
where needed and good content that addresses the questions asked. .
As far as vocabulary is concerned, you are required to have basic vocabulary to be able to express what
you are thinking or the point you want to make. Therefore, just a basic hold on the English language is
good enough. You don’t need a knowledge of very complicated flowery words or proficiency in various
writing styles.
Just develop the skill to be able to write full sentences with proper English. Don’t use abbreviations or
whatsapp short cuts like ‘dat’, ‘gr8’ etc. These don’t look good in official writing. Have you ever seen
any newspaper or book written like that?
For instance, look at the following answer by Jagriti Awasthi, Rank 2 in 2020 CSE. Look at how she uses
simple language and vocabulary:
(a) (b)
43

Here, notice the simple introduction provided in form of definition of the key concept in the
question asked.
Then, notice she has boxed the ‘issues’ and given points on that as asked in the question. Following
that she has shown the way forward on resolving these issues.
(a) (b)
Use of Diagrams, Mind-maps, Tables, Arrows etc.

The only purpose of using diagrams, maps, mind maps, tables, underlines or arrows etc. is to make
your answer more presentable and bring the attention of the examiner to the pertinent things you
have written.
It also helps in showing your organization skills and shows that you actually care about your work and
have put in extra effort. However, again the prerequisite is to have good content. Without which, a
well presented answer is also useless.
I will give you a few examples on how to use the above.
First, learn to make a basic, very simple, world map, India map and simple diagrams by hand (pen
or pencil). This is very useful in geography and international relations questions. In any physical
geography or IR question, it is almost a must as it enhances the quality of your answer and shows you
know the topic well.
44

But remember, don’t make unnecessary diagrams. Even if you don’t make one, but write good
content, you will still get good marks. So making them is not a prerequisite to getting good marks at all.
Here is an example of a question with a illustrative map and without an illustrative map (map one
has shorter content):
Without map:
Q.1 Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone.

(10 marks, 150 words) (2020)
Answer:
The Circum Pacific Zone or the Ring of Fire is a highly active area in terms of vulcanism and
earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean region.
Geophysical Characteristics of Circum Pacific Zone
1. S hape: Horseshoe like structure extending from Philippines, Japan, till the Western coasts of
North and South America, forming an almost continuous chain of volcanoes.
Geophysical Active Zone: High tectonic activity resulting in frequent tsunamis, earthquakes,
2.
and volcanic eruptions: like the Philippines plate, Nazca plate etc.
Volcanic formations and hotspots: Repeated subductions of the oceanic lithosphere due to
3.
tectonic movements have resulted in the formation of many Volcanic mountains and islands,
like Mount Fuji in Japan
Boundaries and plates: The North American plate and the Nazca plate form a transform
4.
boundary, which is an exception as the rest of the tectonic plates in Pacific Rim form a
Convergent boundary.
The immense volcanic activity around the Pacific Ring of Fire holds a lot of scope for an in-depth
study of the Earth’s interiors.
With illustrative map:
Q.1 Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone. (10 marks, 150 words) (2020)
Answer:
The Circum Pacific Zone or the Ring of Fire is a highly active area in terms of vulcanism and
earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean region.
45

Geophysical Characteristics of Circum Pacific Zone
1.
Shape: Horseshoe like structure extending from Philippines, Japan, till the Western coasts of
North and South America.
2.
Geophysical Active Zone: High tectonic activity resulting in frequent tsunamis, earthquakes,
and volcanic eruptions: like the Philippines plate and others.
3.
Volcanic formations and hotspots: Repeated subductions of the oceanic plates due to tectonic
movements lead to formation of Volcanic mountains and islands, like Mount Fuji in Japan.
4.
Boundaries and plates: The North American plate and the Nazca plate form a transform
boundary, which is an exception as the rest of the tectonic plates in Pacific Rim form a Convergent
boundary.
Figure: Circum pacific belt

Now, which one looks better, and more convincing? Obviously, the second one.
46

Here are a few examples of such diagrams drawn by toppers:
Here, you will see diagrams in the most basic form to support the answer written by the topper,
Mamata Yadav. Even simple is fine as long as your content is good.
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(a) (b)
(c)
Second, some students also make mind maps. I think they are rather unnecessary and can be avoided.
In case you feel you are good at making them and can make them within a time period, go for it. But
avoid doing it in every question. I am including some examples of toppers that have used them, but
they are only 5% of the entire toppers, so it doesn’t seem it adds much value.
Here, look at how P. Srija, Rank 20 uses mind maps to replace points in an innovative way. It is the
same as points but in a little different way. But this is not necessary to be used, whatever you are
comfortable with yourself.
48

(a)
(b)
49

(c)
Third, tables must be used wherever you have to ‘differentiate’ or draw comparison between two
concepts asked in the question. This really makes it easier for you to write as well as help examiner
quickly understand your answer too.
Fourth, flow charts must be used wherever you have to show some hierarchy or some sort of a flow
from one point to another. Further, arrows can also be used instead of points as they are natural
indicators of flow. Here are some examples:
50

Here, look at the use of arrows and underlining by topper Abhishek Shukla, Rank 50 in 2020 UPSC. He
uses simple arrows and underlines the right ‘keywords’ to make it easier for any examiner to quickly
check and understand his copy.
(a)
51

Chapter
How to write an
09 Introduction
A n introduction is simply the definition of the main concept or keyword asked in the Question.
Introduction should be simple, to the point, and answering the main keyword or concept asked in the
question.
Few ways in which you can write any introduction are as follows:
1. Providing Definition of the main concept asked in the question, or
2. Providing Context of the concept or keyword asked in the question – for example, time period for
history questions, or
3. Providing a Linking statement in the Introduction – this statement is taken from the question itself
that helps to move to the Body of the Question
Remember, the word limit for any introduction is maximum 20-30 words (3 lines) for 150 word
question (10 mark question) and maximum 40-50 words (5 lines) for 250 words question (15 marks
question). Same word limit would be optional for optional answers also.
Providing Definition of the main concept asked in the question

For questions that are generally from history, geography, society, and polity, you can simply provide
the definition to the main concept asked in the question. That could be your introduction.
For example, if the question is “Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to
Indian culture. (150 words 10 marks)”. Then, you are expected to simply provide the basic definition
and estimate the time period of development of the Bhakti Literature (it’s background) in maximum
20-35 words.

Similarly, if the question is:
Q.2 Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to
Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Introduction can be about the socio-religious movements, when they started and their main goal/
focus:
Intro: Socio-religious reform movements started in India during 19th c. AD. These movements
focused on addressing various social and religious evils prevalent in India during these times.
Here, you see it is just a 25 word introduction that does two things: define the main concept asked:
socio-religious reform movements. Since, it is a history question, I have provided its time period
and then what these movements’ purpose was
Providing Context of the concept or keyword asked in the question – for example, time
period for history questions:
Many times, questions are such that it is not possible to ‘define’ the keyword or the main concept
asked in the question. In such questions, you should provide a basic context around that concept.
See an example here:
Q.3 Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process
of Indian Princely States. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Introduction of this Answer:
Post independence, many Princely States had decided to cede from India. These included
Hyderabad, Junagarh, Kashmir, and many others. Many challenges were faced by leaders of new
India when they started the process of assimilation of these states into India.
Administrative issues that hindered integration of princely states is as follows:
–
Here, I have simply provided the ‘context’ around the question of Indian princely states when
they tried to cede from India and then gone into the body which is about administrative and socio-
cultural problems.
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You could also use some simple data in the introduction, especially in GS 3 questions on developmental
issues. See an example here:
Q17. What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT
industries in major cities of India? [(Answer in 250 words) 15]

IT industries form the backbone of major cities in India. For instance, over 50% of employment
provided in Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, and Noida comes from IT industries. Over 70% of GDP
generated in these cities comes from the IT industry.

Main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in India is as
follows:

Now, see this example. After reading this question, try to attempt it yourself, and then see the
introduction I have provided.
Q18. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve
them in India in detail. [(Answer in 250 words) 15]

Population Education can be defined as an education program that aims to study population
to understand its trends and impacts on the well-being of the society as a whole.
A simple introduction that defines the main concept in the answer is sufficient. After this, you
have to answer two major points of this question. Would you like to take a guess? Do it without
reading further below.
The next two points are “Objectives” and “Measures”. We will discuss this is in the ‘Body’
chapter. If you answer these two points properly, you are set to get good marks in this
question.
Providing a Linking statement in the Introduction – this statement is taken from the question itself
that helps to move to the Body of the Question
Lot of students keep asking me, how to provide for a linking from introduction to the body of the
answer. What you need to do is, use the main points asked in the question itself to create that link.
See an example here from the topper Sanjita Mohapatra:
First, she simply provides definition of the ‘NITI Aayog’ in the introduction and what it does.
54

Second, she picks the main points asked in the question itself, i.e. ‘Structure’ and ‘Functions’ as linking
statement to the Body of her answer. Simple, but effective!
55

Chapter How to Write
‘Body’ of the
10 Answer
I t is the body of the answer where you fetch the most marks. It is here you must spend most of your
time and write all the points that you know.
The main aspects of the body of the answer are as follows:
1. Providing content related to the main concepts or keywords asked in the question
The body should be to the point and address what is asked in the question very clearly.
Here, aspirants should use simple subheadings taken from the keywords in the question itself to
directly indicate to the examiner what you are writing about.
You should use points to make it easier for the examiner to check what you are writing. I always
prefer points over paragraphs and I think everyone does. Don’t try to write in lengthy, big paras.
They will only make your work more unorganized.
Read the question carefully and provide answers that directly and holistically answer the question
asked. Don’t provide unrelated data or try to embellish your answer just for the sake of it. It won’t
get you any marks.
Here’s an example from the copy of topper Ganesh Kumar Baskar.

Notice a few best practices in terms of both introduction and the body he has used here.
First, he goes ahead and defines what is the Article 23 of the Indian constitution provides for, as it

is the specific Constitutional article dealing with this problem of bonded labour.
If you believe, in introduction, you could also define bonded labour, and provide some examples
or data around it – that would be another way of introducing it.
He then, sticks to the keywords of the question, which are ‘causes’ and ‘steps to be taken’ and uses
them as ‘sub-headings’ and answers those both parts of the question.

He provides specific points without any embellishment. There are no flowery words or any use of
fancy words. Straight forward language and very much to-the-point.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
Hence, it is clear that you should always, stick to what’s asked in the question.
2. Ensuring that all parts of the question are answered in the body

If there are two questions asked within a question, answer both of them! Don’t over answer one
portion and forget about the rest. This is absolutely key.
See for example:
The question here asks multiple things at once:
1. Major impediments in India-US trade relations
2. Consequences of withdrawal of Generalized system of preferences (GSP)
You should answer BOTH of these and sufficiently so, in order to get good marks. See the answer
written by topper Vishaka Yadav, and how she handles both parts well. I do not agree with her
conclusion as such, and perhaps it was not even needed in this question. However, I would like you
to focus on the body part of the answer.
58

(a)
(b)
59

(c)
(d)
3. Use at least one example in each point you use in your answer to support your point

Always remember to support at least 50% of points, including the definition of your answer, some
supporting example. This really has a major impact on the quality of your answer.
This works really well for GS 3 and Ethics paper where the scope of giving examples is a lot more
than GS 1 and GS 2 papers.
See the example below from topper Vishaka Yadav. She provides clear example of an ethical
dilemma, thereby showing her clarity of understanding this concept:
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61

You answer’s body should use sub-headings to answer most of the different parts of the
4.
question so that it is very clear that you have answered everything asked in the question

Use sub-headings and points to further give structure to your answer. Otherwise it will seem to be
too monotonous.
You should also provide relevant data, diagram, map or table required to support the content
5.
in the question

I always emphasize that while diagrams, maps, tables are very important, they cannot be just placed
anywhere. Only where, relevant, should you use these to enhance the quality of your answer.
I have seen aspirants mindlessly using mind-maps everywhere, even for answer writing. Don’t use
them unless they are very necessary. I personally never used them because they can actually get
very confusing.
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How to Write
Chapter
Conclusion of the
Answer 11
C onclusion can be one of the following:
1. It is a summary of everything in the body and introduction or a brief description of what happened
after that event (for history questions)
2. It provides a Way forward
3. It shows that you are coming to an analytical outcome
4. It provides some Additional informational as conclusion
Type of Conclusion Where/What type of questions could it be used for:

It is a Summary of everything in • This is most effective for GS1, and GS 2 questions.
the body and introduction
• Here, for instance, if there is a history question, in conclusion
you can provide a summary of the overall events.
• Alternatively, you can also highlight some further historical
event or outcome that followed what was asked in the
question (see the example 1 below to understand this point)
It provides a Way forward • This is most effective for GS 3 questions and policy type of
questions or government scheme questions.
• Here, you provide a way forward – what ‘way forward’
means is a suggestion or list of suggestions on future action
over that particular topic.
• see the example 2 below to understand this point

Type of Conclusion Where/What type of questions could it be used for:
It shows that you are coming to • This is useful in critical examine type of question where you
an analytical outcome might be required to provide an analytical outcome of what
you have provided in the Body of the answer.
• The idea here is that you need to come to a certain
conclusion based on various sides (pros or cons) provided
in the question.
• See example no. 3
It provides some Additional • Sometimes, you may not be that much aware of all the facts
information as conclusion or content for the question.
• In that case, try to provide some additional information
in the conclusion in order to boost your answer instead of
writing nothing.
Example 1:
See here, that the answer’s conclusion provides a summary and outcome of what actually then
happened as the Britishers realized from the Quit India movement that their days in India were
numbered.
(a)
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(b)
(c)
65

(d)
Example 2:
(a)
66

(b)
(c)
67

(d)
Example 3:
Here, the topper has already written a lot of content in the body, so she concludes with a simple analysis
about how SHGs got a boost from the bank linkage program and how it has also been mentioned in a
Committee report. Very simple, straight forward and meets the need of the question.
(a)
68

(b)
(c)
69

(d)
(e)
70

(f)
71

Chapter Should you answer
12 all the questions?
A minimum of 18-19 questions is a must! You should definitely not answer less than 18 questions.
See, the simple observation from my experience is that if you answer only 14-15 questions, you will
not get very good marks. This is because UPSC is not expecting you to know a few things very very well,
but it expects you to know all the things at least to a reasonable extent. That is why the answer word
limit is also not very long.
Therefore, a strategy of answering 14-15 questions really really well can backfire. This is because
you might not know the 14-15 questions very well, as UPSC paper is unpredictable. Therefore, study
everything properly and answer all possible questions (minimum 18) to average and higher than
average quality.
If you know 18 questions well enough but nothing about 2 questions, devote all your time saved from
not answering those 2 questions into making other 5-6 answers of really high quality. That way you
can balance out the marks lost in not answering those 2 questions.
If you do not know more than 2 questions, than you should try to atleast try to remember your syllabus,
where that question is being asked from and answer whatever you can possibly. Devote time saved in
not writing 2 questions in making other 3-4 questions really good, but still answer at least 18 questions
somehow. Even if they are average or a bit below average, it is important to answer 18 questions.

Booklist
GS 1
Topic Suggested Book
Indian Art and Culture My notes, available on

www.manujjindal.in
NCERT An Introduction to Indian Art Class XI
NCERT Living craft traditions of India
Nitin Singhania Art and Culture
Ancient India NCERT Ancient India Old edition
Medieval India NCERT Medieval India Old edition
Freedom Struggle Spectrum India’s struggle for independence

Bipan Chandra book on the same topic
One of the above is sufficient
Indian post Independence India Since Independence by Bipan Chandra
World History NCERT World History book class XI
Geography Fundamentals of Physical Geography XI NCERT

Physical Environment XI NCERT Fundamentals of Human Geography
XII NCERT
India: People and Economy XII NCERT Certificate Physical and Human
Geography: GC Leong
PMFIAS
Google and YouTube
Amit Sen Gupta geography videos on YT also good for clarifying
concepts
Indian Society NCERT Sociology Std XI and XII

Ram Ahuja Indian society selective chapters
73

GS 2
Polity and Governance My notes, available on
www.manujjindal.in
Laxmikanth
ARC reports (a must)
Law Commission reports (selective ones a must)
PRS Legislative website
Vision IAS monthly current affairs compilations
International relations India’s foreign relations by Rajiv Sikri is a good classic book
Any compilations
My notes, provided on manujjindal.in are also helpful
GS 3
Economy Economy by Nitin Singhania
NCERT XI macroeconomics to brush up basics
Focus on current affairs from monthly compilations
Economic survey major points
NITI aayog reports (especially 3 year plans)
Use Google and Youtube extensively
Development topics Yojana magazine – a must
Security Issues Vision IAS current affairs compilations
Disaster management Coaching compilations or ARC report on this topic is sufficient
GS 4
• YouTube Classes of Harvard professor Michael Sandel on Ethics
• Lexicon book for basic definitions for the theory part of the GS 4 paper – use a lot of google to
understand these definitions
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• Read about the lives of at least 10-15 great people of India and the world (moral, philosophical
thinkers) – just their main teachings and life story
• Case Studies: do at least 50-100 case studies in advance and connect the dots of which cases
are important and their solutions can be replicated
• 2nd ARC report on Ethics, read very selectively only for reference
• Internet google search
How to tackle GS 1 Syllabus Topic Wise

GS-1 syllabus can be broadly categorized into these subjects:
1. World Physical Geography
2. Indian geography
3. Art and Culture
4. History (World history post 19th century, Ancient and medieval Indian history, India’s Freedom
Struggle, and Post Independence Indian history)
5. Indian Society
Let’s see how you can handle each section with respect to answer writing:
World Physical Geography and Indian geography:

Questions here are quiet straightforward. They focus only on definitions or particular phenomena
given directly in the sources mentioned in this book. Hence, you don’t need to do anything special. Just
stick to the book based theory and you will be fine.
To get a bit of extra marks in these questions, this is what you can do:
You should use maps and diagrams in these questions whenever required and possible. For every
question in this section of geography, try to illustrate with some diagrams or maps.
Don’t worry about the absolute accuracy of the data. For example, if a question is asked about the
regions where there is a high amount of landslides, it can be roughly shown on the map of India. You
don’t have to be exact, but approximate.
Similarly, you can use rainfall maps, population density maps, vegetation maps, flora and fauna
distribution, natural resources etc. to showcase your point in the answer as per the need of the
question.
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Give sufficient examples to further boost your answer:
In Geography answers, remember to give examples of places, landforms, geographical features etc.
for the questions asked to get those extra marks.
Just writing the theory and not giving examples is not a complete answer. For example, if the
question is about circumpacific ring of fire, give specific examples of places/volcanoes that fall in
this region. Every such question of UPSC has examples, and these are all given in classic text books
such as NCERT etc.
Now, see example of use of maps and diagrams: Look at Shubham Kumar, Rank 1 copy. How he uses
simple maps to illustrate his points.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Art and Culture, and History (World history post 19th century, Ancient and medieval Indian history,
India’s Freedom Struggle, and Post Independence Indian history)
History, Art and culture answer writing is both about getting the facts right and also the analysis.
History, Art and culture answers require you to provide analysis around the question asked, facts
or examples to support your analysis and finally any good diagrams (rarely though), if the question
requires.
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Remember, in history, art and culture, most questions are about some event, personality or place.
Hence, questions will be tied to a particular context, it’s economic, social, political, or religious
significance. You must try to weave your answer around those points.
Let’s see a couple of examples:
Q.1 Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture.
[(Answer in 150 words) 10]
Straightforward questions about ‘nature’ and ‘contribution’ of Bhakti literature – hence, two
parts. No diagrams needed. It is an analytical question. So provide analytical answers with facts
and examples to support your analysis.
Answer:
Personalities such as Tukaram, various Sikh Gurus, Sankaradeva and many others contributed to
the development of Bhakti literature.
1.
Use of vernacular: local languages that appealed to the masses were used instead of formal
court languages.
2.
Use of devotional songs and rituals: Kirtans were developed, shaivites and vaishnavites also
3.
Universal, non-sectarian (inter-religious) in nature: Bhakti used stories interchangeably from
across various religions such as Sufi poetry from Islam
1. Development of fine arts and culture
2.
Development of vernacular: Various scripts of languages such as Punjabi,Gurmukhi, Marathi
etc. developed
3.
Development of Music and Dance: Use of Bhakti literature for devotional singing in kirtana,
4.
Growth of philosophical schools: Various schools such as dualism, non-dualism, (Dvaitadvaita,
Vishishta Advaita etc.) came into being
It can be seen from above examples that Bhakti literature made literature accessible to the masses,
and democratized its reach to the masses.
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Q.2 Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to
Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. [(Answer in 150 words) 10]
S ocio-religious reform movements started in India during 19th c. AD. These movements
focused on addressing various social and religious evils prevalent in India during these times.
They arose and grew as follows:
1. The successful British invasion awakened many Indians:
a.
The British rule exposed severe flaws in Indian society. It led to many Indians to do an
analysis of the Indian social and religious practices prevalent at that time.
b.
Various educated Indians responded to this foreign exploitative rule, which led to the
rise of socio-religious movements.
2. Well-educated Indians started to challenge the socio-religious structure of Indian society:
i.
Derozio was inspired by the liberal-intellectual developments in Europe, especially
France. He believed in the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality, rationalism,
reformation of law and religion.
ii.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy focused on reformation in prevalent Hindu practices of
Brahmanism, polytheism and idolatry etc. Societal ills such as child marriage, child
labour, sati etc. were challenged.
Universities served as the training grounds of such modern minds, which eventually led
3.
to rise and awakening of much larger mass movement.s
Hence, it can be seen that Socio-religious reforms were a reaction against colonial rule and true
criticism of the inward-looking Indian society at that time.
Type of Examples:
This can be a personality, place, event, examples of a particular kind of art piece or architecture.
The key thing is, it should have some examples, because that boosts your answer a lot!
Diagrams:
This is needed only in a very few questions – mostly related to questions where a map or some sort
of temple architecture can be shown. NCERT is the best guide where anything easily drawable with
a pencil can be also produced in the paper.
Here are a couple of example of the same:
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Indian Society
This topic requires you to have basic knowledge and understanding of various topics in sociology
such as Indian family structure, effects of globalization on the India society, family, regionalism,
communalism, linguism etc.
Study just the basic structure and ideas of these topics and make ½ - 1 page summaries of them. That
is sufficient. In addition, also study the current affairs related to these topics. These normally appear
in monthly magazines as well.
Remember to learn the basic definitions of each of these sociology topics, such as globalization etc. If
you have keywords of these definitions sorted out, it becomes much easier to quickly write answers
of these.
For instance:
Globalization: Globalization can be defined as a phenomenon in which various economies, societies,
and nations integrate closer to each other. It is brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
Here, keywords are: cross border trade, integration, investment etc.
GS 2
GS-2 is one of the least scoring papers of all. However, I consistently got over 110 marks in my three
attempts. In this chapter, I will help you understand each of the major sections of GS 2 and how you
should approach both preparation and answer writing for GS 2.
The major topics under this paper are:
1. Polity
2. Governance
3. Social Justice
4. International Relations.
The key to this paper is understanding and mastering the static portion of each of the above topics.
Most of the aspirants keep focusing on the current affairs part and then realize that without a solid
foundational understanding of the above topics, there is no way to handle this paper.
Let’s now see each of them individually:
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Polity, governance and social justice:
Look at the question below. Focus on how I have written the introduction. It is always key to start the
introduction with the main ‘static’ concept behind the question asked, whether it is related to current
affairs or static.
This ‘static’ can be the article number, any supreme court case, any amendment or any such other fact
or concept. Here, in the example below, that’s how I start the answer. This could almost be used as a
thumb rule for many questions!
Also, note, I use subheadings like ‘circumstances’ and ‘consequences’ directly asked in the question
itself.
Q.3 Under what circumstances can a Financial Emergency are proclaimed by the President of
India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (10)
Answer:
Article 360 of the Constitution empowers the President to proclaim a financial emergency. No
financial emergency has been declared in India since independence in 1947.
Circumstances:
1.
The President is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit
2.
The President has the final and conclusive authority in this matter, but his/her authority can be
3.
Both the Houses must approve this within two months. A financial emergency can be declared
for an indefinite period once approved and the President can revoke it at any time.
Consequences:
specifies.
2.
The President may issue any direction to the Centre/states/Judiciary for reduction in salaries,
allowances, etc. of public servants.
3. The President may direct the states to reserve money bills or financial bills for his/her
consideration.
4.
The Centre has full control over the states’ finances. This provision is a debatable one, as many
constitutionalists have deemed it as “a serious threat on the financial autonomy of the states.”
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Let’s see another example:
Q1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines
(EVMs), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the
trustworthiness of elections in India?* (10 marks 150 words CSE Mains 2018)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is the apex body that conducts the general and legislative
assembly elections in India.
The challenges before the ECI are as follows:
1. Paid news:
a.
Paid news has been used to manipulate people’s views about political parties. For example,
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, almost 50–60 complaints of paid news were reported to the
ECI.
b. No concrete legislations or rules exist to address the menace of paid news at the present.
2. Social media:
a.
Media such as Face book, Whatsapp, and others have become a source of major news
content and communication between people.
b.
A constant monitoring of these media during election periods and swiftly addressing any
misuse has emerged as a must area for the ECI.
3. Election expenditure
a.
A Law Commission report on election reform has also highlighted the need to curb money
power in elections.
4. VVPAT(Voter verifiable paper audit trail)
a.
Well-functioning VVPATs could provide paper trails that could address the concerns with
EVMs and also provide audit capability.
5. Voter awareness through SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Particiption)
a.
The SVEEP program of the ECI must be extended in order to educate the voters more
broadly about their responsibilities.
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What is important to note in these kind of polity questions:
1. This is a current affairs question, based on recent news about EVMs and the Election Commission
of India
2. Expanding on the basic points is enough here. In this question, the main matter is about the
“challenges” faced by the Commission, so please focus on that, as the answer is required in only
150 words worth 10 marks.
3. Give a brief introduction, a simple one which actually defines the role of the key body here. There
is no need to write an introductory statement such as “Recently, the ECI has faced criticism for
EVMs….” Just provide a background of ECI and go ahead with the challenges.
4. Use capital or bold letters to highlight the main points such as VVPAT and social media, so that the
examiner can check your answers quickly.
5. Conclusion is not needed in such short-format questions, as there is hardly any space for content.
Add Supreme Court cases, Articles, constitutional amendments, reference to Global reports and
studies to boost your answer
Quoting Supreme court cases, constitutional amendments etc. adds a lot of credibility and authority
to the argument an aspirant is making. Most aspirants fail to do this and merely provide your own
opinions.
But, quoting these provides more objectivity and balance to your answers. We must know all about
the landmark judgments of the Supreme courts..You can make a small list of these amendments and
court judgments (provided below).
Number of Year (not needed What is it about?

Amendment to remember, just
understand the
chronology)
25th amendment 1971 • Fundamental Right to Property was curtailed
42nd amendment 1976 1.
Preamble: Words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’ and
‘Integrity’ added
2. Article 51A: 10 Fundamental Duties added for the
citizens. (The Fundamental Duties of citizens were
added upon the recommendations of the Swaran
Singh Committee that was constituted by the
government in 1976)
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understand the
chronology)
3. Enhanced powers of the cabinet and central
government
4. Curtailed judicial review power of the High courts
5. Added 3 new DPSPs to the Constitution
44th 1978 • The act was brought to nullify the amendments
made by the 42nd Amendment Act 1976:
• It reversed the provision made by the 42nd
amendment act that allowed the government to
amend the constitution on its wish by Article 368.
• 44th Amendment Act removed Right to Property
from the list of fundamental rights and made it a
legal right.
• Previously, the grounds for the declaration of
national emergency were external aggression and
internal disturbances but the 44th amendment
replaced the word ‘internal disturbances’ with the
word ‘armed rebellion’.
• Article 226 was amended to restore to the High
Courts their power to issue writs for any other
purpose besides the enforcement of fundamental
rights.
• 44th Amendment Act modified the Constitutional
emergency provisions and prevented them from
being misused in the future.
• It restored the Supreme Court and High Courts’
jurisdiction and power which they enjoyed before
the 42nd amendment act was passed.
52nd Amendment 1985 • New 10th schedule to the constitution added
• This Introduced Anti-Defection laws and provisions
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understand the
chronology)
61st amendment 1989 • Voting age reduced from 21 to 18 years
73rd amendment 1992 • Panchayati Raj institutions were given
constitutional status.
• A new Part-IX and 11th Schedule were added in the
Indian Constitution to recognize Panchayati Raj
Institutions and provisions related to them
74th amendment 1992 • Urban local bodies were granted constitutional
status
• A new Part IX-A and 12th Schedule were added to
the Indian Constitution
86th amendment 2002 • Elementary Education was made a fundamental

right – Free and compulsory education to children
between 6 and 14 years
• A new Fundamental Duty under Article 51 A
was added – “It shall be the duty of every citizen
of India who is a parent or guardian to provide
opportunities for education to his child or ward
between the age of six and fourteen years”
100th amendment 2015 • To pursue land boundary agreement 1974
between India and Bangladesh, exchange of some
enclave territories with Bangladesh mentioned
101st amendment 2016 • Goods and Service Tax (GST) was introduced. Read
more about GST in the linked article.
Language amendments sometimes asked in prelims:
21st amendment, 1967 – Sindhi added as language in the 8th schedule.

71st amendment, 1992 – Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali added as languages in the Eighth Schedule.
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92nd amendment, 2003 – Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili and Santhali were added in the Eighth schedule
Supreme Court cases (list not complete – create your own during course of the study, just for illustrative
purposes)
Name of Case Outcome/Concept/Judgment

SR Bommai • Federalism is a basic feature; rules for imposing Article 356.
• This ruling had a major implication for state-centre relations, as SC
clearly curtailed the powers of Article 356 by detailing how and in
what circumstances can President’s Rule be imposed.
Kesavanand Bharti Case Basic Structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution
Minerva Mills Case Applied and expanded basic structure doctrine
Maneka Gandhi case Established that fundamental rights and other laws can be subject to
judicial review under assumptions of natural law and “due process of
law”, not merely by procedure established by law
AK Gopalan
Golaknath case • Fundamental Rights are inalienable and cannot be curtailed by the
Parliament
Bachan Singh case • Rarest of rare doctrine for pronouncing capital punishment
• Ignored in real application
Vishaka judgment Court gave directions regarding the sexual harassment that women
face at the workplace.
Three judges case Collegium system
Shreya Singhal case • Section 66A of IT Act unconstitutional
♦♦ Section 66A was arbitrary, excessive and disproportionately
invades the right of free speech and upsets the balance
between such right and the reasonable restrictions that may
be imposed on such right.
DC Wadhwa • Supreme Court pointed out that between 1967-81, the Governor
of Bihar promulgated 256 ordinances with the same text.
• Court ruled that such repromulgation of ordinances would
amount to violation of the constitution and is liable to be struck
down
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Name of Case Outcome/Concept/Judgment
R. Rajagopal case • “The Right to be Left Alone” is part of personal liberty and right to
privacy subsisted even if a matter becomes case of public record;
Right to Privacy
Lily Thomas case • Disqualified convicted members of parliament or legislatures
(with punishment >2 years), from membership of the house with
immediate effect.
• Earlier, a stay could be taken against such order, and until the
convict exhausts all the possible measures, membership could be
retained.
• According to the Association of Democratic Reforms, as many
as 72 sitting MPs face criminal charges and could be disqualified
if convicted for over two years. If that is the case, one can hope
that the dream of “Clean Politics” might not be that far-fetched,
after all?
For GS 2, you should also make basic list of some important Commissions, reports etc. such as:
1. Law Commission Reports
2. 1st ARC
3. 2nd ARC
4. Sarkaria Commission
5. Punchhi Commission etc.
International Relations
Generally, aspirants tend to dive right into current affairs when it comes to studying International
Relations. However, the right way to approach this for mains and answer writing is to study the
concepts and theoretical foundations of India’s foreign relations with its neighbors and the rest of
the world.
These have remained largely unchanged over the years. India aims to occupy the role of a ‘benevolent,
socialist, and secular democracy’ in the world. However, with the changing dynamics of geopolitics
and techno-politics across the globe, the tactics do change from time to time.
Understanding the above-mentioned concepts would be critical for being able to answer questions
on international relations.
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One can frame one’s answers from various viewpoints, including those indicated in the figure below.
So, understand the:

1. Historical backdrop of how India’s foreign relations and international strategy has evolved.
2. What are various policies we adopted in the past and how they shaped India’s relations with its
neighbours.
3. Remember, UPSC tends to focus on India’s relations with neighbors or major groupings India is
part of.
4. Use the above framework to answer your questions to make it holistic and multi-dimensional.
5. Use diagrams or maps to further enhance a question which involves something that can be
explained through the diagram or map in an easier and more versatile way.
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For example:
Q. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national
interest of India? How should India respond to its situation?
Answer:
Approach:
First, provide a short introduction of the US-Iran Nuclear Pact and the controversy, within 30- 40
words. Basically, define the main issue in the question first.
Second, handle the main part of the question, i.e., the impact on the national interests of India.
Here, the following quick points should come to your mind:
1.
Energy security—do not just write “oil needs,” etc.; use keywords such as energy security; draft
your answer as if a bureaucrat has written it.
2. Regional security.
3.
Strategic ties with US could be impacted—Increasing defence, communications, energy,
technology exchange, and trade ties.
4. India’s image might get impacted on an international level.
5.
Trade relations—India’s exports of rice, processed food products, raw materials, diamonds,
and machineries.
6.
Impact on proposed strategic projects such as Chahbahar Port to counter China’s influence will
be impacted—Also draw a rough sketch of the port connecting India with Iran to Central Asia.
7. Historical and Cultural Ties
Third, move on to the next part, i.e., “What should be India’s response…” Here you can start with
something like “With deepening strategic ties with the US, India finds itself in a catch 22 situation…”
India’s response (think of a maximum of three to four points):
1.
A comprehensive bilateral dialogue with the US to resolve the issue. Possible multiplepartite
talks with Iran and other stakeholders such as Russia and USA.
2.
A continuation of all possible historical ties and exchanges with Iran in order to maintain
continuity in relations.
3.
Urgent delegations to both US and Iran and associated countries to resolve these matters and
reaffirm India’s efforts to achieve a neutral and win-win situation for all parties.
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(You may notice that I have not focused on the Conclusion much. It is something that is not strictly
needed, but can be used where the need is felt. Here, both the answers already require a solution
to the given problem; hence, a conclusion is not needed.)
GS 3
This paper is heavily current affairs driven. The main subjects that are covered in this paper are as
follows:
1. Development Economics (current affairs based)
2. Security
3. Environment
4. Disaster Management
5. Science & Technology
Developmental Economics (mostly current affairs based)

This section asks various questions that have to do something with overall macro-developmental
economy. This will include various:
1. Policy decisions by the government
2. Government schemes
3. International macroeconomics trends (non-technical and developmental in nature only)
The questions in this segment have to be handled slightly differently than from GS 2. Due to current
affairs nature of these questions, it is appropriate also to give examples to support your answer here.
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Some of the best practices to follow while answering these questions are as follows:
1. Use statistics and data from renowned reports to open your introduction
a. For example, if there is a question about government scheme on drinking water supply in rural
areas - Jal Jeevan Mission – you can start with a statistic on how many villages have running
water supply or how many %age of households in India have functional tap connections.
b. This really helps you to show your understanding, preparation and illuminates your answer.
c. Be sure to mention the source of such data if possible in brackets, unless it is a well known
piece of data.
d. For example, if I have to talk about reading and math proficiency of students in India, I can use
ASER data and quote ASER as well in the answer.
2. What are the various sources to collect this data from?
a. NITI Aayog reports, ARC reports, Economic survey, budget etc. However, be very selective
about the data. Cover the basics of each sector, ranging from education, health, water supply,
social justice etc.
i. I personally created 1-2 page summaries of each sector in order to quickly revise and
remember the data needed for my answers.
These summaries on various topics will provide you very high returns in the exam. These sheets can
include basic information such as:
1. Definition of the concept
2. Latest data and statistics about it
3. Any government schemes or policies to support that particular topics
4. The problems of that sector – example education
5. Solutions to those problems – keep them simple, short and to the point and find out government
schemes that are solving that problem
6. Any kind of credible reports to quote from..
Here, you can see the kind of small data sheets (not summaries, but data sheets) I prepared:
1. Education:
• Gross Enrollment Ratio
♦♦ Primary: 106
♦♦ Secondary: 75
♦♦ Higher Education: 24 (as compared to 50%-100% of developed countries)
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• Ease of Doing Business: India Rank 130, Singapore 1, US 7, China 84, Brazil 116, S. Africa
73, Russia 51
• Corruption: Denmark 1, India 76, China 83 [Transparency International]
• GDP[nominal]: US $18 trillion, China $ 11 trillion, Japan $4.1 trillion, Germany $3.4 trillion,
UK $ 2.8 tr, France $2.4, India $2.1 trillion (ranked 7th)
• GDP[PPP]: China $19.5 tr, US $18 tr, India $8 tr, Japan $4.8 tr, Germany $3.8 trillion
• Happiness Index
♦♦ Published in World Happiness Report by UN Sustainable Development Solutions
Network
♦♦ Weighted avg. score including variables: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life
expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, perceptions of corruption (trust
or absence of corruption).
♦♦ Each country is compared against a hypothetical nation called Dystopia.
♦♦ Rankings: Denmark #1, US #13 (low in trust), China #83, India #118 (low in trust, social
support), Bhutan #84
♦♦ Gross National happiness
The phrase Gross National Happiness (GNH); A phrase coined in 1972 by Bhutan’s
fourth Dragon King,Jigme Singye Wangchuck. It represents a commitment to
building an economy that would serve Bhutan’s culture based on
Buddhist spiritual values instead of western material development gauged by gross
domestic product (GDP).
♦♦ The four pillars of GNH philosophy are:
Sustainable development
Preservation and promotion of cultural values
Conservation of the natural environment, and
Establishment of good governance.
♦♦ Gross National Happiness values are measured by tracking wellness in seven domains:
economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social, and political. These
seven broad measures were recently incorporated into the first country-wide Gross
National Happiness Survey in Bhutan.
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• Ease of Doing Business: India Rank 130, Singapore 1, US 7, China 84, Brazil 116, S. Africa
73, Russia 51
• Corruption: Denmark 1, India 76, China 83 [Transparency International]
• GDP[nominal]: US $18 trillion, China $ 11 trillion, Japan $4.1 trillion, Germany $3.4 trillion,
UK $ 2.8 tr, France $2.4, India $2.1 trillion (ranked 7th)
• GDP[PPP]: China $19.5 tr, US $18 tr, India $8 tr, Japan $4.8 tr, Germany $3.8 trillion
• Happiness Index
♦♦ Published in World Happiness Report by UN Sustainable Development Solutions
Network
♦♦ Weighted avg. score including variables: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life
expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, perceptions of corruption (trust
or absence of corruption).
♦♦ Each country is compared against a hypothetical nation called Dystopia.
♦♦ Rankings: Denmark #1, US #13 (low in trust), China #83, India #118 (low in trust, social
support), Bhutan #84
♦♦ Gross National happiness
The phrase Gross National Happiness (GNH); A phrase coined in 1972 by Bhutan’s
fourth Dragon King,Jigme Singye Wangchuck. It represents a commitment to
building an economy that would serve Bhutan’s culture based on
Buddhist spiritual values instead of western material development gauged by gross
domestic product (GDP).
♦♦ The four pillars of GNH philosophy are:
Sustainable development
Preservation and promotion of cultural values
Conservation of the natural environment, and
Establishment of good governance.
♦♦ Gross National Happiness values are measured by tracking wellness in seven domains:
economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social, and political. These
seven broad measures were recently incorporated into the first country-wide Gross
National Happiness Survey in Bhutan.
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Use of lot of headings and subheadings, and write in point format only in this paper:
1. I would say this is true for all GS papers, but especially true for this paper.
2. Break down your answer into smaller parts and provide subheadings to each of these points. You
can see this in numerous examples I have already provided.
3. This is key for providing organization in your answer and shows that you can think and communicate
in a logical, organized way.
Security and Disaster Management

This is a rather predictable and simple topic if you break it down into smaller parts. ‘Security’ can be
viewed from a point of two perspectives: (1) Internal (2) External
Now, further, main security problems of India if divided in these categories can help you understand
the entire security paradigm from a birds eye’s view:
1. Internal Security:
(a) Naxalism
(b) Insurgency in the North East
(c) Kashmir Issue — separatism and terrorism
(d) Fake Indian Currency Notes
(e) Black Money and Corruption
(f) Inter-State Water Disputes
(g) Cross border Human trafficking and arms trafficking
(h) Climate Change
(i) Maritime Security
2. External Security:
(a) Border disputes with China (Arunachal Pradesh [Tawang region], Aksai Chin region and PoK)
(i) Examples: CPEC — china Pakistan economic corridor
(ii) China’s investment in Gwadar Port
(b) Border disputes with Pakistan (Sir Creek Issue and also Kashmir issue)
(c) Water Disputes with Pakistan — Indus Water Treaty
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(d) China’s increasing influence in South Asia — The String of Pearls and Indian Ocean strategy of
China
(e) Cyber Security
(f) Other new issues arising
Hence, it is all about covering: (1) Security problems in India (2) What has India done to overcome and
address these (3) What are latest developments in this area
Disaster management can be covered easily from ARC report on this topic and related current affairs.
You can also refer to coaching notes of Vision IAS, I found them to be more than sufficient for this topic.
Once you prepare along these lines, and simply answer questions on the lines I have indicated in above
sections, you are good to go.
Science and Technology

UPSC will always ask you S&T questions that are very basic and generalist in nature. You are not
expected to know the technical details, nor should you attempt to show your technical expertise if you
have any in GS papers. You can do that in optional papers.
For example, see how I handle this question on cryptocurrency:
Q.19 What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian
society also?[(Answer in 250 words) 15; UPSC 2021 Mains]
Answer:
a.
It can help in creating a simple, online, decentralized model of transacting across the
2.
Impacting Sovereign power: Cryptocurrencies undermine the sovereign power of home
a. Hence, it could possibly make economic and trade policy of the countries ineffective.
b. It could even undermine the political power of the country itself.
i.
This has also been underlined by the RBI and Ministry of Finance as a possible threat
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3.
Decentralization of finance: Cryptocurrency also pose a challenge to traditional banking
systems.
a.
Big banks such as Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan have shown their disapproval of
cryptocurrency.
4.
Use by terrorist organizations, drug cartels, and mafias for smuggling, buying illegal weapons,
5.
Creation of digital divide: Many people are still unaware and don’t have access to
Affect of Crypto on Indian Society:
6.
legal and national security challenges to the government.
a. Crypto could be used to sponsor terror attacks or carry out many illegal activities.
b.
It could be used for hawala as well. Many unregulated traditional money lenders are one
i.
The emergence of cryptocurrency presents new challenges in front of the government
7.
Remittances: Crypto presents a viable alternative for people to send and receive foreign funds
without paying any fees. This presents a good alternative to the people, but it could be misused
by unscrupulous persons in the society.
8.
Investments: Many amateur investors are investing in crypto without much knowledge and
Hence, regulation that promotes good uses of crypto but also stops its misuse is need of the hour.
Here, you could totally go into technical details, however, the idea is to showcase your foundational
understanding of the concept.
The key to studying here is to know all the emerging areas of various topics (generalist definitional
knowledge that shows your foundational understanding). Then move to current affairs – which
may have to do with applications of these technologies and areas.
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For example: Artificial Intelligence is an overall emerging area, and IoT (internet of things) is its
application. Similarly, others are blockchain technology, nanotechnology, biotech, space technology
etc.
Best way to prepare is to go for monthly magazines or compilations from leading coaching
institutes. Don’t go for S&T focused magazines. They are not needed and only increase your work
load a lot more.
GS 4
GS 4 or Ethics is one paper where a lot of aspirants get stumped and clean bowled. Especially when
they ignore it till the last moment.
Therefore, my first advice to you all is, cover this subject at least once before the prelims (in early
stages of the preparation). Once is enough. After that, you can come back to it after prelims.
Ethics paper is tough because it is something we have generally not been exposed to at all in colleges
and in our reading habits.
Ethics is a very subjective paper also. The theories are many and case studies which are based on
various situations can be of many kinds.
On top of that, the length of the paper is daunting, and you will always find it challenging to answer all
the questions in the time limit provided.
Now, the key here is to do the following:
1. Understand that there are two main parts of the syllabus:
a. (1) Theoretical
b. (2) Case studies based on real life situations
2. Both of the above have to be handled in completely different ways. To do so, first you should get
a good grip on the various topics of ethics provided in the syllabus.
3. Stick to the theoretical topics in syllabus and prepare these topics well – i.e. prepare their
definitions with some ready examples (good examples inspired from real life and from lives of
great men and women)
a. Know these defintions well enough to produce them fast in the exam with the examples..
4. Practice at least 100 case studies before the exam, and use the frameworks of common situations
and apply these wherever necessary.
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a. For example, if there is a question about handling a natural disaster, one of the top things
is evacuation of humans stuck there. Regardless of what kind of disaster it is, the solution
or the order of evacuation of people will almost be the same. (women, children, old
persons first..and so on)
Now, let’s discuss each part (theory and case studies) one by one:
Theory:
In this part of the exam, questions are usually of 3 types as follows:
1. Definition of the ethics principle
2. Examples associated with it
3. What’s the main significance of that principle
4. The application of principle in our lives
For example: What is the probity? Why is probity essential in public service? How does probity play a
key role in the life and work of a civil servant? What is the difference between probity and integrity?
Definition of probity:
Probity can be defined as the quality of having strong moral principles.
Probity in governance is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of
governance and for socio-economic development.
Difference between integrity and probity:
Integrity generally qualifies the characteristic which is innate in a person. Probity generally refers
to the expression of this in the behavior and conduct of the person. In this sense, integrity refers
more to the character of a person and probity to the personality
From Insights: For individuals, probity is about understanding the limits of their authority and
powers and acting within those limits. Public servants need to be conscious at all times of the need
to uphold the highest standards of conduct in their dealings on the government’s behalf, which
includes acting with integrity and avoiding conflicts of interest.
For organizations, probity is about setting values at an organization level, and then implementing
those values through policies and codes of practice.
It is then for managers to demonstrate those values through leadership, to positively reinforce the
values and also to ensure compliance with, and enforcement of, the values etc.
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You should be prepared with such kinds of questions for each principle and also have appropriate
examples.
Prepare all such definitions of the terms given in the syllabus and explore their various dimensions
as required.
Case Studies
The whole idea of the ethics paper is that once you understand the theoretical aspects of ethics and
morality, you are able to apply these in real case studies to come up with solutions that are ethical in
nature
Theory helps you to form a worldview and also have a framework in place in order to handle situations…
case studies are applications of these theories in real life situations
Case studies can be administrative problems faced by bureaucrats, law and order situations, disaster
situations, political situations, situations dealing with tough decisions between what’s ethically right
and what’s legally right and so on…
A framework/process for thinking when you come across a case study:
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As the above process shows, following are the most important things to do in a case study:
1. Figure out who the main characters (human or otherwise) are and what are the relevant facts of
the case.
2. Figure out what are the most significant ethical issues presented in the case.
3. Figure out what are the main options available to the persons (you) in the case (ethical or unethical)
4. Then, figure out what is the most ethical option available and create a plan to implement it
5. Finally, you should defend your option with appropriate reasoning and also theories where
needed.
Ethical theories/principles and legal principles must be incorporated in answers to make

them more impactful
• Be sure to use appropriate ethical principles or legal pronouncements of the court / laws to
support your ethical outcome in a case study
For example: consider this case study asked in UPSC:
You are the Executive Director of an upcoming infotech Company which is making a name for itself
in the market.
Mr. A, who is a star performer, is heading the marketing team. In a short period of one year, he has
helped in doubling the revenues as well as creating high brand equity for the Company so much so
that you are thinking of promoting him. However, you have been receiving information from many
corners about his attitude towards the female colleagues; particularly his habit of making loose
comments on women.
In addition, he regularly sends indecent SMS’s to all the team members including his female
colleagues.
One day, late in the evening, Mrs. X, who is one of Mr. A’s team members, comes to you visibly
disturbed. She complains against the continued misconduct of Mr. A, who has been making
undesirable advances towards her and has even tried to touch her inappropriately in his cabin. She
tenders her resignation and leaves your office. (20 marks | 250 words)
I. What are the options available to you?
II. Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons.
Approach to solution:
This is a very realistic situation. Private and government offices alike face these kind of situations
often.
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This case study is about dealing with sexual harassment of women at the work place. Here apart
from listing out various options (both ethical and unethical), it is almost necessary to use Supreme
court judgment on Vishaka or The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace law to make your
answer stand out.
Finally, don’t use too many philosophical or ethical jargons – it is a generalist exam, remember that.
But definitely use those that are already provided in the syllabus.
Steps:
List various facts and stakeholders
Write down around 4–5 options, 2 of which can be ruled out for being purely ethical (for
example: ignoring the situation or firing the employee)
Write down the merits and demerits for each option, where no merits, don't forcefully
mentioned them
Now, use thoretical concepts about safety at workplace, professionalism and use of committee
to protect women's interests in the work place
Use the vishaka guidelines or the Act to explore various options
PICK THE MOST APPROPRIATE SOLUTION
Let’s look at a case study answered by Vishaka Yadav, IAS. She has done a wonderful job in succintly
following the system I have mentioned above.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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(e) (f)
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
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Feedback and checking
Chapter
– self-evaluation
13 framework
F irst of all, try to subscribe to a test series, and most times you will receive basic feedback that will
help you improve till a certain point through the test series itself.
However, I believe that at some point, the test series feedback will not be enough and you will have to
put in some self-work to evaluate your own papers.
This happened to me as well. I was getting decent feedback from the coaching institutes (marks
ranging from 80-110 in GS answer writing test series), but did not understand how to progress further.
I decided to develop an answer writing framework myself. This is a simple, systematic and easy to
follow framework that you can use to check some answers you have written. The impact of this is
positively disproportionate → you will truly benefit if you apply to your questions and fairly and
honestly evaluate yourself.
Here are the steps:
First of all, don’t try to check every question you have written. That will be very tiring and unproductive.
You have to check upto 2-4 questions in your paper of 20 questions and see whether you are following
these steps/pointers while answering questions (should not take more than 1 hour to check and
understand your mistakes/strengths):
Broadly, there are two things to be checked:
(1) content (2) structure (presentation/points etc.)
Write these two down on the side of the answer and then go ahead and follow these steps:
1. Have you understood the key concept asked in the question? Does your answer reflect this basic
thing?
If yes → give yourself 2 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 3 marks in 15 marks question.
2. Have you provided a clear definition of this key concept in the introduction?
If yes → give yourself 1 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 1.5 marks in 15 marks question.

3. Have you stuck to the demands of the questions and provided answer/points for each concept/
question asked in the question?
4. Have you missed answering any parts in the question?\
If yes → minus/reduce 1 mark (in 10 marks questions) and 1.5 marks in 15 marks question.
5. Have you clearly stated points in the ‘body’ portion about various aspects of the question?
6. Have you missed any major points (content wise)
If yes → reduce 1 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 1.5 marks in 15 marks question.
7. Have you given sufficient examples (one for each point and where required), specially for GS 4
paper?
8. Have you mentioned 1-2 government schemes in way forward/conclusion?
If yes → give yourself 0.5 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 1 marks in 15 marks question.
9. Have you provided a conclusion that clearly summarizes the entire answer or provides a way
forward (where needed)?
If yes → give yourself 0.5 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 1 marks in 15 marks question (only
where conclusion seems necessary)
10. Have you presented both sides of the concept (especially when presenting pros and cons) where
needed?
11. Have you used any relevant map, diagram, table etc. to enhance your presentation (will add some
value to your answer – presentation)?
12. Have you stuck to the word and time limit (plus-minus 10% is okay)? (for self-improvement
purposes)
If yes → give yourself 0.5 marks (in 10 marks questions) and 1 marks in 15 marks question.
Now, if you calculate accordingly, and honestly, you will get a good idea where you stand. Moreover,
you can pinpoint where you are falling short. That’s the best part about this framework.
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Chapter
14 Conclusion
W e have reached the end of this book. It took me an immense amount of time and work to finalize
it, but I didn’t actually know where to stop.
I think, the greatest challenges aspirants face throughout their preparation are two-fold:
1. the challenge of where to start
2. the challenge of when to stop
Well, it’s great that you decided to address your questions about answer writing through this book.
So you have indeed started well. I am sure, if you took certain takeaways from this book, they will help
in your journey.
But you probably don’t know where to end your preparation, where to sit back and believe, “okay I
think I am well-prepared”. This is a hard feeling to get. In fact, you might never feel prepared enough!
At least, I didn’t. But there will be a point when your heart will tell you – I have done well, I have
prepared and worked very hard, very honestly. Now, it is up to God. That’s the end point.
That’s where you should know, you will be fine, regardless of what maybe. Everything will be okay.
So, best of luck, my friend. May all your dreams come true! Sayonara!

GENERAL STUDIES PAPER
2017 2
In this paper, I attempt to show you how you can think about the questions and their sub-parts,
rather than just trying to solve them. Don’t worry about the answers, first learn how you can
break-down questions and approach them.
Q.1. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of
governance.” Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.
(150 words)
Approach:
Understand the keywords and what the question is asking. Here, the question is about
the effectiveness of the local self-government system. The question is asking for ‘critical
examination’, so we have to view both sides of the issue, i.e., effectiveness and non-
effectiveness of the self-government system. Therefore:
Define: First, define local self-government system in India:
• Provide a brief mention of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments that led to local
self-governance in India
• Mention the major local self-governance institutions such as gram sabha and panchayat,
zilla parishad, block-level institutions, and municipal corporations.
Describe: Describe the major points about how local self-government systems have been
effective instruments (i.e., the successes of these institutions). Then describe the major points
about how local self-government systems have not been effective instruments (i.e., problems)
Conclude: Finally, conclude with a simple two to three sentence ‘analysis’. This should follow
from the points provided above.

For example:
From the above-mentioned, it is clear that there are many successes of local self-governance
system in India. With better capacity building, laws, and implementation, their effectiveness
can be increased for delivering effective governance to the people.
As you can see, you have to break down the question first. Then catch the keywords of the
question and what it is asking you to answer. Then you can go ahead and start your answer and
try to use a basic framework as follows (applies in most questions):
1. Define the main issue in the question (here it was local self-government institutions)
2. Argue the main points asked for (here it was effectiveness)
3. Conclude
Q.2. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘National Judicial Appointments
Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
(150 words)
Approach:
Same as above, follow the Framework (Define, Describe, Conclude)
First, define the NJAC judgment briefly in two to three lines.
Second, provide the positive aspects of the judgment with respect to the appointment of
judges. For example, judicial independence would have been compromised if the NJAC was
not ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Third, provide the negative aspects of the judgment with respect to the appointment of judges.
For example, overreaching of the Judiciary in legislative matters.
Finally, conclude through an analysis of the above points. For example, from the above analysis,
it is clear that judicial independence is a must to maintain separation of powers and exercise
checks and balances. Hence, a better system of appointments must be proposed by the
Legislative over the current one.
Q.3. “Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of
time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to
the people.” Discuss. (150 words)
Try to answer this question yourself through the framework I have provided before you go
ahead and read my explanation!
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Approach:
Same as above, follow the Framework (Define, Describe, Conclude)
First, define the concept of simultaneous elections. Try to use historical references such as the
fact that it was widely debated in the Constituent Assembly Debates.
Second, provide the positive benefits of having these elections. (Refer to the Law Commission
Report on Elections.) For example, simultaneous elections will provide more time for policy
making and execution for the government instead of going into election mode every on or two
years.
Third, provide the negative aspects of having simultaneous elections. For example, muscle
power, money power, etc. will come to dominate unless more electoral reforms are ushered in.
Finally, conclude through an analysis of the above points.
Q.4. How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that
informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent
years? (150 words)
Approach:
Same as above, follow the Framework (Define, Describe, Conclude). This is a simple question
because it is one of the main topics in the syllabus itself and also given comprehensively in many
resources.
First, define pressure groups. Give some examples of both informal and formal pressure groups.
Second, provide an explanation of how pressure groups influence the Indian political process
under a heading, such as ‘Pressure Groups Influencing Indian Politics’. For example, pressure
groups such as the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) publish various research papers and
organize conferences with major political leaders to push their major agenda and views through
political pressure.
Third, provide two more points on the second part of the question—how informal groups
have become powerful. For example, informal groups such as ASSOCHAM (The Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry in India) has emerged as an influential industrial agency
that provides many inputs on policy making to the government.
Then also provide an alternative view of how they are not truly pressure groups but alternative
political groups. Example: The AITUC (All India Trade Union Congress) plays an important
politico-social role in the Indian democracy.
Finally, conclude through an analysis of the above points in favour of one or the other stance
depending on the points you have provided.
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Q.5. Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government
to the people. (150 words)
At least, two to five such straightforward questions will be asked. Do not try to develop an
opinion here, just provide the main points you remember.
Approach:
Define PAC, provide bullet points on its role, and conclude.
Q.6. “To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene
needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated
outcomes.” Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (150 words)
This question is mainly looking for WASH scheme points. Here, the statement is specific and
focuses on ‘identification of beneficiary segments’. Therefore, include points about it as the
main content to the answer.
WASH is a collective term for water, sanitation, and hygiene. Each of these three components is
dependent on the presence of the other. For example, without toilets, water sources become
contaminated; without clean water, basic hygiene practices are not possible. (UNICEF)
Then, provide various points of WASH and conclude.
Such questions can be a bit out of scope, as they are deal with international programmes that
are still not popular in India. The key is to use generic points and discuss them around the
context provided.
Q.7. Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure an effective mechanism for
empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss. (150
words)
• This is also a straightforward question about this Act. Define the Act and provide some basic
details in two to three lines.
• Provide the positives (effective mechanism) and negatives of the Act (not effective/
shortcomings).
• Conclude.
Q.8. Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today.
Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous
problems. Suggest measures for improvement. (150 words)
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This is a simple question that can be divided into three segments by carefully reading the
question. You will most probably know the content for the answer here but its presentation is
the key here. To present it you can use a table here. This can be as follows:
Provide an introduction with the definitions of hunger and poverty through statistics.
Successive governments Dealing with hunger and poverty

1950–1965 (first-third plan era/post-inde-
Imports of grains, ICDS (Integrated Child
pendence) Development Scheme), and free ration
programmes
1965–1990 (era of total command economy Agricultural revolution, new health schemes
era)
1990–2004 (post-liberalization era) Market economy, PPP, etc.
2004–2017 (recent era) DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) and demand-
driven era
After this, provide measures for improvement. This can itself be the conclusion.
This presentation is key here, as it will enable the examiner to understand your content and give
better marks.
Q.9. “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential
military power status in Asia.” In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her
neighbour. (150 words)
This is an important question. The statement is something but the question is something else.
The statement is about China using its economic relations to develop military status in Asia, but
the question is not about that. It is about the impact of China’s development as an economic
and trade power on India. So, it is a well-disguised question, where the UPSC is testing how well
you read the main gist of the statement.
Approach:
Here, the Define approach will not work in a straightforward manner. Hence, define the rise
of China as a trade power through examples. For example, China has emerged as the second
largest economy and the largest trading/exporting country in the world. It has launched various
economic initiatives such as CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) and Maritime Silk Road,
which have much strategic and military value.
Then, give points on impact on India of these projects. These can be economic, military, soft
power, social impact, etc. Conclude with two to three points on how India can counter the
impact through its own projects such as Chabahar port project.
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Q.10. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)?
Explain different functional commissions attached to it.
This is like the PAC question (Q. 5). It is mostly factual. If you do not know the answer to such
questions or do not remember the facts, do not waste time. Move ahead with other questions
first and come to this in the end. Just writing anything will not fetch marks. You have to maximize
marks with the answers you know first and then come to the questions that you are not sure of.
Approach:
• Define ECOSOC.
• Provide bullet points on its functions.
• Mention different commissions and explain their role in a maximum of 1-3 lines maximum.
• Conclude.
Q.11. Explain the salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act,
2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough “to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide
for common national market for goods and services”? (250 words)
This is a factual question just like Q. 10.
Approach:
• Define what the constitutional amendment is.
• Provide bullet points on its main features.
• Then, under a heading ‘EFFECTIVENESS OF GST’, explain how the amendment will remove
the cascading effect of taxes and discuss these points in detail.
• Then, under a heading ‘INEFFECTIVENESS’, provide the shortcomings and how the
amendment raises many problems as well.
• Then in conclusion, you can end by providing an analysis/summary on the basis of the above
points, as in the examples I have shown in some other questions. For example, “On the
basis of this analysis, it is clear that the 101st Constitutional Amendment will enhance tax
buoyancy in India, remove the red-tapism for businesses, and remove multiple taxation.
Hence, by addressing some of its shortcomings, it can prove to be a game changer for the
Indian economy.”
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Q.12. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgment of the Supreme
Court on Right to Privacy. (250 words)
This is an expected question given the fact that the Right to Privacy and the Supreme Court’s
judgment on it was much in news this year. In this question, the examiner is looking for specific
analysis by the aspirant. This is regarding the various fundamental rights impacted by the latest
judgment of the Supreme Court.
Therefore, quoting those particular judgments as well as the articles and then analysing how the
Right to Privacy judgment has impacted these is what this answer requires. You can structure it
as follows:
• Provide a short introduction about Right to Privacy and the ongoing case.
• Provide a list of Fundamental Rights impacted by the judgment followed by the explanation.
• Form a conclusion.
Q.13. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the
Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the
occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (250 words)
Purely factual question.
Approach:
• First, define a ‘joint session’.
• Second, provide points on ‘when it is held’, i.e., the occasions.
• Third, provide when it cannot be held and explain the reasons.
• Finally, conclude with a point about the utility of joint sessions and how, when it is
summoned, it has helped in coming to some decisions on important constitutional matters.
Q.14. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed
electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to
make the democracy successful? (250 words)
Very standard question, as you must have studied election reforms in the news regularly.
Approach:
• Define in brief the role of elections and electoral reforms (give past examples)
• Make a heading, ‘Proposed Electoral Reforms in 2016’ and then under it provide a bullet-
point-wise list of as many as you can recall with a brief outline of each.
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• Then make anther heading, ‘Significance in Making Democracy Successful’ and then
provide points about how will they improve the electoral system.
• For example,
Proposed Electoral Reforms in 2016:
(a) Making bribery in elections a cognizable offence
(b) Ban on exit polls and opinion polls
(c) Ban on government sponsored ads before elections
(d) Paid news
(e) Maintenance of accounts by political parties
… and so on.
Significance in Making Democracy Successful
(i) Making bribery a cognizable offence will reduce the money power influence in
elections, and so on.
You can also use a table to show the proposed reforms in one column and their significance in
the next column:
Proposed Electoral Reforms in 2016 Significance in Making Democracy Successful

(a) Ban on exit polls and opinion polls Will ensure that public opinion is not influenced
by select media houses and corporate supported
parties.
There are many such reforms and they can be found in the “Electoral Reforms” report published
by the Election Commission in 2016-17. The key is to know about the major recommendations
of such reports and be able to discuss them as illustrated. Then, follow with the conclusion.
Q.15. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that
women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.
(250 words)
The question is asking about successes and failures of the National Commission for Women.
Read the keywords ‘Is the NCW able to strategize and tackle problems…”
Hence, use the same pattern/technique as I have mentioned: (1) Introduction of NCW with a
few examples of major schemes/interventions, (2) Successes, (3) Failures, (4) Conclusion with
a way forward.
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Q.16. ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but
steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of the SHGs
in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote
the SHGs. (250 words)
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are normally groups of women (15-20 in number) that work to provide
alternative livelihoods to women or encourage small regular savings programmes. For example,
Kudumbshree of Kerala and NABARD have funded the ‘e-SHAKTI’ programme that provides
funding to thousands of SHGs in India for undertaking new women-run business opportunities.
Role of SHGs in Developmental Activities:
1. Financing: For example, the priority sector lending that GoI provides to SHGs and the low
interest rates and relaxed repayment agreements.
2. Corporate Linkups: Various CSR programmes are spearheaded by SHGs now. For example,
the Saheli programme of Amazon.com.
3. Livelihood programmes: The Deen Dayal Antodaya Yojana that encapsulates capacity
building of SHGs for development activities. Also, the Priyadarshini scheme.
4. Social mobilization for health and sanitation awareness is a key part of various SHGs and
many of these initiatives are led by women groups in villages and small talukas.
Conclude by giving either a way forward or just a simple conclusion (as provided in other
questions).
Q.17. “Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they
are backed by political will.” Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty
alleviation programmes in India. (250 words)
The Constitution of India provides for social and economic justice as key goals to be achieved
by our government and society. For achieving this, many poverty alleviation programmes such
as NREGA (Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), National Old Age Pension Scheme, PMGAY
(Gram Awaas Yojana), Maternity Benefit Scheme, and many others have been launched.
Need for political will:
1. Leads to quick and productive policy decision making.
2. Leads to swift executive and administrative decisions.
3. Directly enhances the grass-roots vision of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.
4. Reduces corruption.
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Provide some examples about how political will leads to success in such poverty alleviation
programmes. These can be found elsewhere in the book. For example, The Bangalore Action
Task Force and Delhi Government’s Bhagidaari programmes.
Q.18. Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and
effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view
that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment. (250 words)
The focus here should be to provide an introduction of the civil service reform recommendations
so far, summarize major recommendations, and then conclude with a forward-looking
statement. The key here is to note that not only do you have to provide a brief list of
recommendations but also the reasoning behind why these reforms are needed. Hence, do not
miss that part.
Introduction: Provide a short list of (two to three) reforms and the committees that
recommended them. For example, Civil Services form the critical ‘steel frame’ of India’s
administration, which must be reformed from time to time to avoid it from ‘rusting’. Various
committees such as ARC (Administrative and Reforms Commission 1996), the Hota Committee
(2004), and many others have proposed key reforms.
Reforms—The content should focus on the following points:
1. Training and capacity building
2. Civil Services Board
3. Fixed tenures
4. Domain expertise
5. Accountability and transparency
Why are these drastic reforms the need of the hour:
1. The socio-economic-politico milieu of the country has changed drastically. Greater
economic opportunities, grass-roots politics, and emerging religious/caste dynamics need
empowered as well as accountable bureaucracy.
2. The devolution of power with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments needs a new
bureaucracy to handle the greater democratic dialogue.
3. Rapid urbanization presents new challenges.
You can add more points (but keep in mind the word limit of 250–275 words).
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Q.19. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic
progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (250 words)
India is a global giant of oil consumption and imports almost 90% of it. This makes India energy
dependent on foreign sources, thereby making oil a key strategic resource like defence and
telecommunications. It is also a key ingredient of India’s interest in West Asia. India is dependent
on imports for 80% of its oil needs, of which roughly 55% is sourced from the Persian Gulf region.
There are various key successes of India in energy cooperation in the region. India has also
launched many programmes for energy policy cooperation in the West Asian Countries as
follows: (the answer can be formed along these major points)
1. Look West
2. Strategic Petroleum Reserve System
3. SLOCs (sea-lines of communication)
4. TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline)
5. Joint ventures between Indian and West Asian oil giants
Challenges and Failures
1. Bureaucratic hurdles and red-tapism
2. Massive fluctuations in world oil prices and the role of the OPEC (The Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries) cartel
3. Regional geopolitical challenges such as the blockade of Qatar, a major gas producer.
Conclusion: Form a conclusion that has one to two points on the way forward. For example:
Way Forward:
1. The Energy Security Policy document needs to be drafted
2. Constant dialogues with West Asian Countries on energy security and mutual cooperation
in synergistic areas
3. A dedicated ‘Energy Security Cell’ in West Asian embassies
Q.20. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and
society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in Southeast Asia in this context (250 words)
This question is a bit unexpected as it is specifically asking about the Indian diaspora in Southeast
Asia. Normally, the Indian diaspora in USA, UK, and the Middle East is more talked about than
that South Asia. East Asia Research Programme published an article about this in 2017, but it is
almost unlikely that many aspirants would have read it.
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Therefore, the strategy with such questions could be to answer them in a more generic way so
that you can score some points. This ‘generic’ way could draw on your knowledge from the GS
1 history section, from which the section on the influence of India’s historical ties in Southeast
Asia could be used. This could fetch good marks. Also, try to attempt this as one of the last
questions if you do not know the specifics.
Approach:
First, define the term ‘diaspora’; specifically the strength of Indian diaspora in the world. Then,
write two to three points about India’s presence in Southeast Asia.
For example:
The diaspora of any country provides a human dimension to the links between two
countries. They have a unique role in international relations because they find themselves in
between two countries, sharing two cultures, having an emotional investment in two nations,
and preserving social connections in two societies (refer to EARP.in).
From a historical perspective, Southeast Asia has been hugely influenced by India in art, culture,
architecture, religion, and so on. For example, the Chola Empire sent many expeditions to this
region and many Indians settled there permanently.
Now you can elaborate on further points such as:
1. The Indian diaspora plays various roles in this region:
2. Soft power
3. Trade ties and economic role (source of huge currency remissions to India)
4. Software development and outsourcing (ASEAN-India ties)
5. Role of Indians in politics and civil services of Southeast Asia (you can use the Singapore
example, where a large number of Indians are bureaucrats)
6. Strategic role
Conclusion: Form the conclusion along these lines:
The Indian government must promote a conducive environment to ensure that the diasporic
community always remembers its relationship with the homeland. Government initiatives
such as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas, Pravasi Bharatiya Sammelan, and trade facilitation centres for
overseas Indians are steps in the right direction (refer to EARP.in and ICRIER).
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GENERAL STUDIES PAPER
2018 2
‘APPROACH & FRAMEWORK’ to follow
In this chapter, I have provided some detailed and partial solutions to the 2018 GS 2 paper along
with explanations about how to study and approach those questions.
This will provide you a good idea about how to go about actually solving a question, rather than
just getting a solution to the question.
So, I advise you to read the explanation and the content of the question carefully!
Q.1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), what
are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of
elections in India? (10 Marks)
Answer:
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is the apex body that **If you remember
conducts the general and legislative assembly elections in India. any relevant constitutional
article, you can refer to it here as
The challenges before the ECI are as follows: well to add depth to your answer,
1. Paid news: but it is not necessary.
a. Paid news has been used to manipulate people’s views about political parties. For example,
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, almost 50–60 complaints of paid news were reported to the
ECI.
b. No concrete legislations or rules exist to address the menace of paid news at the present.
2. Social media:
a. Media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and others have become a source of major news
content and communication between people.

b. A constant monitoring of these media during election periods and swiftly addressing any
misuse has emerged as a must area for the ECI.
3. Election expenditure
a. A Law Commission report on election reform has also highlighted the need to curb money
power in elections.
4. VVPAT (Voter verifiable paper audit trail)
a. Well-functioning VVPATs could provide paper trails that could address the concerns with
EVMs and also provide audit capability.
5. Voter awareness through SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation)
a. The SVEEP program of the ECI must be extended in order to educate the voters more
broadly about their responsibilities.
**How to study for such questions:
1. This is a current affairs question, based on recent news about EVMs and the Election Commission
of India
2. Expanding on the basic points is enough here. In this question, the main matter is about the
“challenges” faced by the Commission, so please focus on that, as the answer is required in only
150 words worth 10 marks.
3. Use capital or bold letters to highlight the main points such as VVPAT and social media, so that
the examiner can check your answers quickly.
4. Give a brief introduction, a simple one. There is no need to write an introductory statement such
as “Recently, the ECI has faced criticism for EVMs… .” Just provide a background of ECI and go
ahead with the challenges.
**Notice here, that I am simply providing
5. Conclusion is not needed in such short-format
the definition of the body first. In this case
questions, as there is hardly any space for content.
I might not have known what EXACTLY
NCSC does. But I know in a general sense
Q.2. Can the National Commission for Scheduled its purpose. Do not need to know the exact
Castes (NCSC) enforce the implementation of definition sometimes. You can build such
constitutional reservation for the scheduled definitions from your understanding of that
particular concept too.
castes in religious minority institutions? Examine.
Answer:
The NCSC was set up as a Constitutional body to promote the social, educational, economic, and
service interest of scheduled castes in India.
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The NCSC has directed Aligarh Muslim University to
**Here, notice that the question has
implement the reservation policy after judgment of asked ‘can the national commission..’ → so
the Allahabad High Court, which declared AMU as a I am answering both sides, Why it CAN and
non-minority institution. why it CANNOT.
So, address both sides when it is explicit in
Why can NCSC enforce the implementation
the question asked!
of constitutional reservation for SCs in such
institutions?
SPECIAL OFFICE UNDER THE CONSTITUTION
• It has been set up as a special body to address the socio-economic-politico problems of the
scheduled castes and ensure their well-being to meet the ideals of the Constitution (specially the
Right to Equality and Article 338) and therefore it can do so.
Why it cannot?
1. Even though the NCSC is a constitutional body, it does not have the necessary judicial or
executive powers to do so.
2. The NCSC is not an implementation body but a policy maker. It can only provide recommendations
to the government.
3. Religious Minority Institutions have special rights accorded by the Constitution as well. The
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions is the apex body for their oversight.
Hence, the NCSC’s enforcement could be questioned.
From this analysis, it is clear that the NCSC does not have a clear mandate to enforce, and hence the
apex court’s final judgment must be awaited in order to determine the status of minority institutions
and reservations therein.
Q.3. Under what circumstances can a Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of
India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (10 Marks)
Answer:
Article 360 of the Constitution empowers the president to proclaim a financial emergency. No financial
emergency has been declared in India since independence in 1947.
Circumstances:
1. The president is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit
2. The president has the final and conclusive authority in this matter, but his/her authority can be
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3. Both the Houses must approve this within two months. A financial emergency can be declared
for an indefinite period once approved and the president can revoke it at any time.
Consequences:
specifies.
2. The president may issue any direction to the **If you remember any such statements
Centre/states/Judiciary for reduction in salaries, or quotes that are relevant, you can use
allowances, etc. of public servants. them in introductions or conclusions.
3. The president may direct the states to reserve However, don’t just memorize. Understand
such things in a general sense and you can
money bills or financial bills for his/her quote them where they fit..
consideration.
4. The Centre has full control over the states’ finances.
This provision is a debatable one, as many constitutionalists have deemed it as “a serious threat on the
financial autonomy of the states.”
Q.4. Why do you think committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss,
in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee. (10 Marks)
Answer:
A number of committees assist the Parliament to carry out its work. Two kinds: (1) Standing
committees, which are permanent in nature. (2) Ad-hoc committees, which are temporary in nature.
Why are these committees are useful?
1. They reduce time and workload for an otherwise very busy Parliament.
2. They provide expertise in the specific areas they handle, **you should underline
such as Finance. important keywords here to
emphasize and communicate the
3. They ensure that the varied functions of the Parliament are point to the examiner
efficiently handled.
4. They provide intensive scrutiny of the legislative matters of utmost importance.
Estimates Committee
The Estimates Committee examines estimates such as that of the budget and suggests ‘economies’
in public expenditure.
1. It reports on various parameters such as efficiency, administrative reform, and overall
improvements needed.
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2. It also suggests alternate policies to bring in administrative and economic efficiency.
3. It ensures that the estimates are within the prescribed limits.
Hence, it can be seen that the Estimates Committee provides expertise, reduces the burden of the
Parliament, and undertakes the key work of scrutinizing the important public function of budget.
Q.5. “The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is
reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as in the range of powers he can
exercise. (10 Marks)
Answer:
The CAG [Article 148,149] is considered as the guardian of the **If you remember any
public purse and controls the entire financial system of the relevant constitutional article
country. Dr B.R. Ambedkar referred to the CAG as the most (here Articles 148,149), you
can refer to it here as well to
important officer under the Indian Constitution.
add depth to your answer, but
Appointment: it is not necessary.
1. Appointed by the President of India

2. Holds same precedence as that of a Supreme Court judge
Range of Powers:
1. Security of tenure:
(a) The CAG can only be removed by the president on the same grounds as that of a Supreme
Court judge. This ensures that his/her work is not impacted by vested interests.
2. Eligibility for further office
(a) He/she is not eligible for further office in the Government, thereby ensuring his/her
impartiality and highest level of ethics while in office.
3. Independence and working
(a) Salary is determined by the Parliament and it cannot be altered to her/his disadvantage.
(b) All expenses are borne by the Consolidated Fund of India, thereby ensuring independence.
(c) CAG is an agent of the Parliament and prepares AUDIT reports of expenditure on behalf of
the Parliament.
(d) Reports are considered by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Committee on
Public Undertakings
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Q.6. “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in
inadequate protection and prevention of degradation to the environment.” Comment with
relevant illustrations.
Answer:
How to approach such abstract questions:
It is very unlikely that you will actually remember such a statement from the news or reports you
might have read. Such abstract and seemingly out-of-place questions require you to cite some
concrete examples (the question also mentions “relevant illustrations”); stick to the word limit as
much as possible and give two to three really strong points to fetch maximum marks. It also needs
a good conceptual understanding.
I am giving a broad overview of the answer here, not a complete answer. You can build your own
answer using such points. Remember, I am teaching YOU HOW TO WRITE, not just throwing
content on you…
Broad Answer:
Various sectors and stakeholders compete for the same resources, which has led to the degradation
of the environment. This is due to (add more points):
1. Limited availability of environmental (forest, land, water) resources that could be used for
developmental purposes
2. Competing claims for development by the state (government) and forest dwellers/tribals, who
have traditional rights to the resources
Examples/Illustrations:
1. Bullet train development
2. Dam development
3. Mining rights
Solutions:
The government has started the District Mining Funds in order to provide some funds to the tribals/
inhabitants. Use such current examples to improve your answer.
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Q.7. Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve
‘Health for All’ in India. Explain.
Approach:
1. Provide basic definition of ‘Health for All’.
2. Provide points for the need of local community level healthcare intervention with existing
provisions.
3. Conclude.
I am giving a broad overview of the answer here, not a complete answer. You can build your own
answer using such points.
Answer:
Health for All is a World Health Organization (WHO) programme to ensure full primary healthcare to
promote human dignity and well being.
As often said, “It takes a village to raise a child;” local community interventions are key to achieving
“Health for All” in India:
1. Malnutrition starts at pregnancy, not after birth
(a) If a pregnant mother has proper nutrition, the chances of a low-weight birth and other
deficiencies reduce significantly. Hence, community focus on the mother’s nutrition is the
need of the hour.
2. Sanitation
3. Immunization
(a) While some top-down led immunization programmes have been successful, communities
still remain unaware of the many necessary supplemental immunizations.
4. Awareness at the local community level
(a) The local community is largely unaware of basic health interventions.
Steps in India:
1. A village-level health committee has been set up as a part of the gram sabha to enable local
community discussions about health outcomes in the village.
2. Anganwadi and ASHA workers are focused solely on the local community solutions and
interventions to ailing health outcomes in India. Greater institutionalization and strengthening
of these institutions will further expand Health for All.
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Q.8. E-governance in not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much
about the critical importance of the ‘use-value’ of information. Explain. (10 Marks)
Answer:
Information is a highly valuable commodity. It has a tremendous value in terms of the insights it can
provide to improve governance, thereby improving the quality of life and service delivery to millions
of citizens. This ‘use-value’ of information through e-governance can be utilized as follows:
1. Big data E-governance naturally collects many gigabytes of user information. For example, crop
insurance disbursals made online can be used to study crop failure patterns and the impact of
climate, inputs, and marketing through big data. This is tremendous use-value.
2. Trends analysis For example, the government can run a trends analysis on agriculture export
and import data to educate farmers about market trends.
3. Cross-use in various applications Beneficiary (citizen) data gathered from education can be
used in health services and vice versa. Such cross-applications can truly enhance the value of
e-governance and its impact on the beneficiaries.
4. Understanding gaps in implementation Various shortcomings of the schemes can be
understood by carefully studying the data generated through e-governance, thereby enhancing
its use-value.
Note: Aspirants should note that such questions are hard to prepare for well in advance. Therefore,
it might happen that your answer is not satisfactory or you end up leaving it altogether. It is not
something to worry about, as we cannot really do much about one or two questions!
Q.9. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be
rolled back.” Discuss. (10 Marks)
Answer:
India-Israel relations have reached new defining heights. The two countries have many similar world
views and areas of congruence. India and Israel are both deeply religious countries, stricken with
domestic and international challenges and with many overlapping strategic interests in the following
areas:
1. Fighting terrorism (security): Israel’s hi-tech capabilities in countering terrorism along the
border can provide India with the many capabilities it needs for itself.
2. Agriculture and water: Israel has developed water-efficient technologies. In line with India’s
“MORE CROP PER DROP” policy in agriculture, a partnership in this area is natural.
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3. Defence production and trade: Various Israeli companies have entered into agreements with
Indian companies and startups to develop defence technologies after the recent investment
deregulation in India.
4. People-to-people exchanges: Israel has also decided to start an annual exchange of bilateral
visits by 100 young people from science-related educational streams.
Apart from these areas, India and Israel are entering into areas of cooperation such as oil and
gas, cybersecurity, films, and startups. These areas are indicative of diverse and broad-based
engagement between the two countries, which will only gain further momentum in future.
Q.10. A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone
of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat
Agreement, 2018. (10 Marks)
Answer:
Central Asia has become a hotbed of ‘the new great game’ that is unravelling in the region. Its natural
resources, trade potential, and geo-political importance has led to entrenching of powers such as
Russia, China, USA, and many others in the region.
Implications of India joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018
1. International North-South transport corridor (INSTC): It would enable India to utilize the
existing transport and transit corridor to facilitate trade and commercial interactions with the
Eurasian region.
2. Trade with Central Asia: It would make it easier for India to reach out to Central Asia, which
houses strategic and high-value minerals including uranium, copper, titanium, etc.
3. Competitive Trade with Euro-Asian Transit System: Container transport plays a significant
role, and for India to join the competitive situation in the Euro-Asian transit system, active
participation in transportation projects becomes essential.
4. Connecting to Afghanistan via Chabahar: Setting up the port and opening up the INSTC (shown
in Fig. x.1) has been essential for India and it has already sent shipments of wheat to Afghanistan
through the Chabahar port. This corridor opens a new door of relations to the region.
It is clear from the above analysis, that India’s position and interest in Central Asia will be further
boosted by participation in the Ashgabat Agreement.
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Fig.: International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
Q.11. Can the Supreme Court Judgment (July 2018) settle the political tussle between the Lt
Governor and the elected government of Delhi? Examine. (15 Marks)
Answer:
The Supreme Court recently passed a judgment interpreting Article 239AA, which is the key originating
point of tussle between the two parties.
Why should it settle the political tussle?
1. The SC has ruled that the LG of Delhi had to act as per the aid and advice of the Council of
Ministers of the Delhi Government except in matters of land, police, and public order.
2. It has also ruled that the LG cannot interfere in each and every decision of the Delhi Government
and Delhi Government need not concur with the governor in all matters.
3. The power given to the LG is not for routine matters but only for valid reasons when it becomes
necessary to safeguard the interest of the Union Territory. Hence, it cannot be used freely.
4. LG has been termed as “Administrator”.
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Why will it not?
1. The Court has said that Delhi government must communicate all decisions to the LG office, even
though it does not need concurrence of LG office. This creates a room for reinterpretation of
the judgment.
2. The Court has held that Delhi is not a ‘state’ and occupied a special status under the Constitution,
thereby further complicating the role of an elected body of legislators in the non-state entity of
Delhi.
What is more important here is the spirit and words of the larger judgment, which point towards the
efforts of collaboration between the LG office and the representatives.
It has clearly said that the Union and state governments must embrace a collaborative federal structure
by displaying harmonious coexistence and interdependence so as to avoid any possible constitutional
discord. Unless this is understood by both the sides, the political tussle is likely to stay.
Q.12. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts?
In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competence of the tribunals in
India. (15 Marks)
Answer:
The Law Commission Report on Tribunals has defined a ‘tribunal’ as an administrative body established
for the purpose of discharging quasi-judicial duties.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided for Articles 323A and 323B in the Constitution of India,
which led to the establishment of Administrative Tribunals.
Hence, they are constitutionally valid quasi-judicial bodies.
How they curtail jurisdiction of ordinary courts:
1. Conflicting judgements: Many times, tribunals pass conflicting judgments from high court or
Supreme Court rulings, thereby curtailing their jurisdictions.
2. Appointment of judges in tribunals: The Supreme Court has ruled that tribunal judge
appointments are equivalent to those of high court judges, thereby creating a conflict between
the jurisdiction of the courts.
3. The tribunals have been set up to reduce the workload of courts, but in doing so, they often pass
overzealous decisions outside their jurisdiction, which often leads to the denial of timely justice
to the aggrieved parties.
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How they don’t:
1. Judicial review: The power of judicial review of high courts and the Supreme Court is a basic
feature of the Constitution and no tribunal order lies outside its scope.
2. Appeals to high court and Supreme Court: High courts and the Supreme Court accept appeals
of tribunal judgment on the merits of the individual case.
3. An administrative tribunal is neither a court nor an executive body. It stands somewhere
midway between a court and an administrative body. Hence, it is not a purely judicial body.
Competency of Tribunals
1. Pendency of cases not resolved: Over 3.5 lakhs are pending in five major tribunals, thereby not
achieving the core idea behind establishing them, i.e., resolving the delay in delivering justice.
2. Benches not established: Access to justice through tribunals not yet achieved, as they are not
uniformly present in all parts of India as envisaged.
3. Lack of uniformity in appointments: The system of appointments in tribunals has not been
completely streamlined yet.
Hence, it is clear from the above analysis that tribunals serve an important purpose, and a streamlined,
well-supervised tribunal system can lead to quicker justice delivery in India.
Q.13. India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political
systems are based.
Answer:
India & USA

Constitutionalism Both democracies are based on a set of fundamental values enshrined in their
constitutions. In both democracies, the Constitution limits the power of the
government to deprive citizens of their natural rights.
Liberty Both democracies prescribe liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and
worship as one of the core values. This has to be assured to every member of
all the communities.
Equality Both democracies ensure equality of status and opportunity to every citizen
for the development of the best in him/her.
Separation of Both democracies have strict separation of powers of the Legislature,
powers Executive, and the Judiciary. However, there are a few exceptions in the Indian
democracy where there are overlaps in the Executive and Legislature.
Independent Both have independently functioning judiciaries headed by the Supreme
Judiciary Court.
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Differences:
Rights
Even though fundamental rights are guaranteed in both democracies, in USA they are considered
as natural rights but in India they have been granted by the Constitution. Therefore, the difference
between the ‘due process of law’ vs ‘procedure established by law’ arises.
Socialism
While India has declared itself to be a socialist country with a focus on equitable distribution of public
goods, this is not the case with USA. The Indian Constitution directs to prevent concentration of wealth
and power in a few hands.
Secularism
Secularism implies that India is not guided by any one religion or any religious considerations. At
the same time, the Indian state is not against religion. It allows all its citizens to profess, preach, and
practise any religion they follow.
On the other hand, USA is a secular state but not in similar terms as India. USA has separated the state
and the church entirely. American presidents take the oath of office on the Bible, unlike India where
it is done on the Constitution.
Q.14. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of
reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (15)
Answer:
Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for setting up of the Finance Commission. It is
constituted by the President of India every 5 years. The main tasks of the Finance Commission are:
1. It decides the distribution of revenue between the Centre and the states.
2. It also specifies the underlying principles on which grants-in-aid are given to the states.
The 15th Finance Commission has been constituted recently, and the following are the major terms
of reference:
1. It will review the current status of deficit, debt levels, and fiscal discipline followed by the Centre
and the states.
2. It will recommend a fiscal consolidation roadmap.
3. It will foster higher inclusive growth in the country, guided by the principles of equity, efficiency,
and transparency.
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4. It will review the present arrangements on financing disaster management initiatives under
the Disaster Management Act.
5. It will also study:
a. The impact of GST on revenues
b. The impact of the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission (devolution of funds
to the state government)
c. Progress made in moving towards the replacement rate of population growth
d. Progress in sanitation, solid waste management, etc.
Major Issues with terms of Reference:
• Census data: The 14th Finance Commission used the 1971 census data for determining the
devolution of taxes, duties, and grants-in-aid. The Central Government asked the 15th Finance
Commission’s terms of reference to use the 2011 data.
♦♦ This puts the southern states at a considerable disadvantage in devolution of funds as they
have been successful at controlling population growth, while the northern states have grown
at a faster rate comparatively.
♦♦ This could lead to lower resource allocation to the southern states.
The Centre has noted that:
• Finance Commissions will use both qualitative and quantitative criteria
• The Terms of References of the 15th Finance Commission rightly balance both
the “needs” represented by the latest population and the “progress towards population control.”
• Also, it recognizes the efforts of all the states that have done well in population control.
The need of the hour is to address the concerns of stakeholders and evolve principles that lead to an
equitable distribution of resources among the states and between the Centre and the states.
Q.15. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government.
Apart from government grants, what sources can the panchayats identify for financing
developmental projects? (15 Marks)
Answer:
The 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution gave constitutional teeth to and formalized the
Panchayati Raj (PR) system in India. It now consists of a three-tier system of governance: gram
panchayat, panchayat samiti, and zilla parishad (with some exceptions in a few states).
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Importance of Panchayat System
1. Decentralization of governance:
a. The gram sabha is the soul of the PR system. It can hold meetings to discuss issues, create a
village level development plan, and appoint implementation agencies in concurrence with
the executive.
b. This decentralization could solve the problem of top-down approach of governance.
c. It enables local people and leaders to address local problems directly
2. Participative governance: The system envisages the participation of each and every resident
of the village to ensure true participative democracy.
3. Representation of women: A 33% reservation in panchayats ensures that the concept of
women in leadership roles is emerging from the very grass roots and enabling a greater say of
this gender in governance matters.
4. Grass-roots accountability: It also brings greater accountability, as development projects are
conceptualized and executed at the local level itself.
Sourcing for financing projects by panchayats
1. Local taxes: The gram panchayats can collect taxes locally on water, places of pilgrimage, local
temples, and markets. These funds can be used for financing developmental projects within
the village. However, many gram panchayats have not evolved these functions due to lack of
awareness, manpower, and capacity.
2. Proportion of land revenue: Gram panchayats can also get a certain proportion of land revenue
from the district as a grant from the state. This provides additional sources for development.
This has been implemented in some states such as Maharashtra.
The PR system is not merely a Gandhian idea, but a true democratic tool that can transform India’s
rural governance. Better financing, training, and awareness can lead to efficient and timely delivery
of developmental projects through this institution.
Approach to the question:
This is a standard question and study from traditional sources such as Yojana, this book, and the
Internet should be able to address it.
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Q.16. Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to
problems of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all
commissions under an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case. (15 Marks)
Approach:
In such questions, more often than not, you will need to provide an answer created by common sense
laced with your knowledge. Here is a basic overview (not a complete model answer)
Answer:
India has set up various commissions to address the cause of equitable development as mandated
by the Constitution. For example, the National Commission for backward castes, safai karamcharis,
women, unorganized sector, human rights, and many others.
Advantages of an Umbrella Human Rights Commission:
1. Single point of reference for all cases
2. Single-point evaluation of progress and justice delivery
3. One body to advice the government about issues faced by these sections
4. Quick decisions to reach justice
5. Cuts red-tapism
6. Accountability
Disadvantages:
1. Dedicated commissions are able to understand and address section-specific issues
2. Lack of overlapping of issues across sections
3. Specialization of functions is needed
Provide a conclusion that analyses the above points and reaches a logical conclusion.
Q.17. How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main
cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in
India? (15 Marks)
Answer:
Hunger continues to be a major human development problem. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) report, almost 200 million people (15% of the population) are still malnourished
in India due to hunger.
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India has produced a record amount of food grains, 280 million tons, in 2017, which is considered
enough to meet the total demand.
However, lack of availability (which leads to hunger) occurs due to the following reasons:
1. Food waste
2. Unstable markets
3. Climate change and agriculture instability (lack of proper supply chains and distribution
systems)
4. Lack of technological development in agriculture
5. Poverty trap
On the other hand, ineffective development policies are also a cause of major hunger problems. These
are:
1. Poor implementation by design: Various schemes have failed to meet their intended purpose.
For example, the MUDRA Loan scheme has not solved the problem of creating livelihoods, as
many entrepreneurs lack the essential skills and knowledge to utilize such loans.
2. Poor governance and rule of law: A key condition for schemes and policies to succeed is the
presence of rule of law and good governance. However, lack of these leads to the failure of well-
thought policies.
3. Lack of awareness: A key problem has been the lack of awareness about policies amongst
the public. For example, despite the introduction of the Panchayati Raj System in India, many
states have not devolved powers to the grass-roots. Therefore, awareness is key for success of
policies.
Hence, it can be seen that both shortage of grains caused by artificial/extraneous reasons as well as
poor policy lead to hunger. Both must be addressed simultaneously to solve this problem.
Q.18. The Citizen’s Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability,
but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater
effectiveness of the Citizen’s Charter. (250 words)
Answer:
The Citizen’s Charter is a public statement that defines the entitlements of citizens to a specific service.
It covers the following as per the Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC):
1. Standards of service delivery
2. Condition to be met by users
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3. Remedies available to users if they don’t get the service
Hence, Citizen’s Charters are effective tools to ensure citizen-centric governance to promote
transparency and accountability. For example, the Income Tax Department has implemented Citizen’s
Charters across its offices in India.
Fig.: Features of the Citizen’s Charter
Limitations:
1. Capacity development and training: Lack of proper understanding among government officials
leads to poor citizen interface. Bureaucratic red-tapism also leads to poor implementation.
2. Legal enforcement: The Citizen’s Charter is not legally enforceable and, therefore, is non-
justiciable. This reduces its efficacy.
3. Awareness of citizens: Citizens remain largely unaware of the charter and its grievance
redressal mechanism, thereby making its demand-driven feature useless.
4. Variance in standards: There is no single standard to guide the charter formation; hence they
vary across organizations, making monitoring difficult.
The Citizens’ Charters initiative was introduced in India in 1997. However, implementation has faced
various problems as outlined above. Measures that can be taken to solve these problems are as
follows:
1. An effective awareness campaign for all the stakeholders including government officials and
citizens must be undertaken at this stage.
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2. Right to Service (RTS) Acts: Many states are coming up with RTS Acts to enforce the right to
service for citizens. This provides the much needed legal force to Citizen’s Charters.
3. Monitoring and Implementation (SEVOTTAM): Immediate adoption of the Sevottam model
to address implementation, grievance redressal, and others problems.
Fig.: The Sevottam model
[Such figures (in reality, they will be rough drawings) can be drawn to improve your presentation of the
answer. Please do provide a title or explanation for the figure, without which it will seem out of place.]
Q.19. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade
War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (15 Marks)
Answer:
A joint report by the WTO, IMF, and the World Bank has issued an emergency call to reform the
multilateral trading systems due to US’s retreat from the prior arrangement. Due to the increasing
threats of ‘Trade War’ by the US, various key reforms are needed:
1. Focus on e-commerce
a. New rules are needed to govern the investments in e-commerce and e-services.
b. India has emerged as one of the most dynamic markets for e-commerce, with large global
players such as Amazon already functioning here.
i. This poses a direct threat to the traditional Indian supply chain of millions of small
traders and shops that are present in the country.
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ii. Hence, reforms are needed in this area, as these are key for Indian markets.
2. Better dispute settlement mechanism
a. WTO dispute settlement systems have been problematic for developing countries like
India.
b. For example, the recent contested decisions in exports of dairy and agriculture products
from USA to India and that of mangoes to Europe have shown that developing countries
are at a natural disadvantage (lack of level playing field).
c. The US also opposes and fails to implement rulings that go against it.
d. Hence, the WTO needs to revive this mechanism.
3. Like-minded countries
a. More agreements are needed with countries that have similar mindsets when it comes to
trading.
b. India is already pushing for such ‘plurilateral accords’, such as those with ASEAN, Japan,
and Australia.
A new era of trade is emerging and the WTO must rethink its policies to remain an institution of
relevance in times to come.
Q.20. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest
of India? How should India respond to its situation?
Answer:
Approach:
First, provide a short introduction of the US-Iran Nuclear Pact and the controversy, within 30-40 words.
Basically, define the main issue in the question first, as done in Q. 18 on Citizen’s Charters.
Second, handle the main part of the question, i.e., the impact on the national interests of India. Here,
the following quick points should come to your mind:
1. Energy security—Do not just write “oil needs,” etc.; use keywords such as energy security; draft
your answer as if a bureaucrat has written it.
2. Regional security
3. Strategic ties with US could be impacted—Increasing defence, communications, energy,
technology exchange, and trade ties.
4. India’s image might get impacted on an international level
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5. Trade relations—India’s exports of rice, processed food products, raw materials, diamonds, and
machineries.
6. Impact on proposed strategic projects such as Chahbahar Port to counter Mention how
China’s influence will be impacted—Also draw a rough sketch of the port connecting India with
Iran to Central Asia
Figure: India’s outreach to the Middle East
7. Historical Cultural Ties

Third, move on to the next part, i.e., “What should be India’s response… .” Here you can start with
something like “With deepening strategic ties with the US, India finds itself in a catch 22 situation… .”
India’s response (think of a maximum of three to four points):
1 A comprehensive bilateral dialogue with the US to resolve the issue. Possible multiple-partite
talks with Iran and other stakeholders such as Russia and USA.
2. A continuation of all possible historical ties and exchanges with Iran in order to maintain
continuity in relations.
3. Urgent delegations to both US and Iran and associated countries to resolve these matters and
reaffirm India’s efforts to achieve a neutral and win-win situation for all parties.
You may notice that I have not focused on the Conclusion much. It is something that is not strictly
needed, but can be used where the need is felt. Here, both the answers already require a solution to
the given problem; hence, a conclusion is not needed.
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PAPER
GENERAL STUDIES
2021 1
Q.1. Evaluate the nature of the Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (Answer in
150 words) 10
Personalities such as Tukaram, various Sikh Gurus, Sankaradeva and many others contributed to
the development of Bhakti literature.
1. Use of vernacular: local languages that appealed to the masses were used instead of formal
court languages.
2. Use of devotional songs and rituals: Kirtans were developed, shaivites and vaishnavites also
3. Universal, non-sectarian (inter-religious) in nature: Bhakti used stories interchangeably from
across various religions such as Sufi poetry from Islam
1. Development of fine arts and culture
2. D
evelopment of vernacular: Various scripts of languages such as Punjabi,Gurmukhi, Marathi
etc. developed
3. D
evelopment of Music and Dance: Use of Bhakti literature for devotional singing in kirtana,
4. G
rowth of philosophical schools: Various schools such as dualism, non-dualism, (Dvaitadvaita,
Vishishta Advaita etc.) came into being
It can be seen from above examples that Bhakti literature made literature accessible to the
masses, and democratized its reach to the masses.

Q.2. Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young
Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Socio-religious reform movements started in India during 19th c. AD. These movements focused
on addressing various social and religious evils prevalent in India during these times.
They arose and grew as follows:
1. The successful British invasion awakened many Indians:
a. The British rule exposed severe flaws in Indian society. It led to many Indians to do an
analysis of the Indian social and religious practices prevalent at that time.
b. Various educated Indians responded to this foreign exploitative rule, which led to the rise
of socio-religious movements.
2. Well-educated Indians started to challenge the socio-religious structure of Indian society:
i. Derozio was inspired by the liberal-intellectual developments in Europe, especially France.
He believed in the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality, rationalism, reformation of
law and religion.
ii. Raja Ram Mohan Roy focused on reformation in prevalent Hindu practices of Brahmanism,
polytheism and idolatry etc. Societal ills such as child marriage, child labour, sati etc. were
challenged.
3. Universities served as the training grounds of such modern minds, which eventually led to
rise and awakening of much larger mass movement.s
Hence, it can be seen that Socio-religious reforms were a reaction against colonial rule and true
criticism of the inward-looking Indian society at that time.
Q.3. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of
Indian Princely States. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Post Independence, States had the option to either join India, Pakistan, or remain Independent.
Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon carried out the process of integration of such States into India.
Key administrative issues in Integration:
• Transforming the states into viable administrative units. Smaller states were integrated into
contiguous units, for example, the merger of Gujarat into Bombay province.
• Some states were Centrally Administered, for example Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Bhopal etc.
• Demand for independent statehood by several Princely States for reasons like power, prestige,
control over vast natural resources etc.
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• The Instrument of Accession provided for the accession of the States gave control to the Union
only over three sectors: Defence, External Relations, and Communications.
Social-cultural problems:
• Communal Issues: The will of majority populace come into conflict with princely rules of
Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Hyderabad.
• Linguistic Issues: prevailed in the State like Hyderabad that saw. Divide between Telugu, Urdu,
and Marathi speaking people.
• A cultural need to maintain the traditional roles of Princes in states like Travancore was
strongly felt.
Through continued legislative efforts, constitutional amendments, and political processes, the
Indian union has become a strong quasi-federal unit today.
Q.4. Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (Answer in
150 words) 10 marks
Answer:
Landslides can be defined as the movement and sliding of large earth and rock. Landslides can occur
due to various reasons such as heavy mining, tectonic activity, deforestation, earthquakes etc.
Following are the differences in causes of landslides in Himalayan and Western Ghats:
Western Ghats causes Himalayan region causes

1. Human activities such as building, 1.
Himalayas are prone to tectonic activity,
infrastructure, road construction etc. movement of plates, which often causes
landslides
2.
Deforestation activities for various
development activities 2.
Due to natural factors such as heavy wind
and snow, landslides are also often caused
Mining activities in these regions
3.
here
4.
Untimely and heavy rainfall and sometimes
The slope in the Himalayas is very steep,
3.
cloudbursts due to climate change
which causes gravity to have a greater
5.
The thick soil of the western ghats is more effect on its soil strata
susceptible to landslides as well
4.
Many major rivers in their young stage flow
6.
Examples of such activities in Kerela, rapidly through the valley, cutting the rock
Maharashtra etc. and soil, thereby causing landslides here
5.
Increasing effects of anthropogenic
activities due to more settlements
6.
Examples include landslides in parts of
Himachal, Uttarakhand etc.
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Q.5. Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes
much less to its Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in percentage. Discuss.(Answer in 150 words) 10
Answer:
Gondwanaland is the ancient supercontinent that incorporated present-day South America, Africa,
Arabia, Madagascar, India, Australia, and Antarctica. As a part of Gondwanaland, the Indian sub-
continent is home to some of the most mineral rich ancient rock systems.
Despite the abundance, the share of mining to the country’s GDP remains at 1.63% in 2019, whereas
that of South Africa is 7.5% and Australia is 6.99%.
Reasons for lower GDP contribution of mining in India are as follows:
1. Rights of tribal communities: Most of the mineral belt is located in the tribal areas. Tribal
communities have strong spiritual and historical ties to the forests. Hence, mining is a sensitive
political issue.
2. Environmental clearances: The process of clearances tedious and long, discouraging these
activities in India.
a. Environmental issues arising out of mining like groundwater depletion, deforestation, soil
erosion etc.
3. Lack of Exploration: only 10% of India’s Obvious Geological Potential has been explored of which
only 1.5% has been mined.
4. Lack of technology: India still lags behind in use of smart and environmentally friendly mining
techniques.
Government steps to boost mining:
The National Mineral Policy, 2019 aims to boost the mining sector in India by encouraging private
investors to take up exploration on a revenue sharing model. District Mineral Funds have been set up
to ensure equitable development of mining affected regions.
Q.6. What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of the water bodies into urban
land use? Explain with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Answer:
Land reclamation means raising the level of seabed or riverbed of low-lying areas for uses like creation
of infrastructure, or agricultural uses etc.
For example: A large part of Mumbai is made by land reclamation
Environmental Implications of Land Reclamation:
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1. Destruction of ecology:
a. Destruction of the habitats and sources of food of the migratory birds, affect their migration
journey and survival.
b. Coastal land reclamation changes tidal patterns and sea wave patterns due to changes in the
shape of seabed.
c. Influx of nutrients from human activities around the water bodies damage the ecological
balance, increase incidences like algal bloom.
i. For example: Srinagar Dal lake flooding
2. Species extinction: Due to pollution of these water bodies many idigienous species in these bodies
could extinct
3. Liquefaction of land: Land reclamation in earthquake prone areas can cause liquefaction of land
where prolonged shaking can liquefy once solid sediment of land.
4. Prone to flooding: these areas are constantly at the risk of flooding
5. Impact on livelihood:
a. It severely impacts the livelihood of fishermen who directly depend on freshwater and marine
resources
Healthy water bodies are key to sustainable living in the cities. Urban town planning requires to be
done by keeping such ecological balance and ecosystems in mind.
Q.7. Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional
environment. (Answer in 150 words) 10
A volcano eruption occurs when lava and gas are released from an active volcano.
Following volcanic eruptions happened in 2021:
Hunga-Tonga Volcano: It is located on the subduction zone of the Pacific plate under the Indo-
1.
Australian and Tonga plate
Taal Volcano- It is the most active volcano on the Pacific Rim of Fire located on the boundary
2.
of Philippines Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate
Nyiragongo Volcano- it is an active volcano in Congo
3.
Cumbre Vieja Volcano- located Spain’s Canary Islands, the volcano erupted for the first time
4.
in 50 years
Iceland eruption
5.
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Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on regional environment:
1. Volcanic eruptions mostly stimulate earthquakes.
2. Volcanic ash reflects incoming solar radiation, resulting in localized cooling effect in the region
engulfed in ash.
3. Volcanic ash clouds reduce visibility
4. Pollution caused by harmful gasses in the ash
5. Volcanic lightning also occurs in these regions when these eruptions happen
6. These can potentially increase the fertility of the land
Q.8. Why is India considered as a subcontinent? Elaborate your answer. (Answer in 150 words) 10
A subcontinent can be defined as part of a continent that has distinct geographical, political and
cultural identity.
India is considered as a subcontinent for the following reasons:
1. Geographical reasons:
a. Indian landmass is bounded by Himalayas in the north and Indian ocean in the south that
gives it a distinct geographical identity.
b. A long coast line, a large desert (Thar), highest mountains ranges and large plains (India-
Ganga-Brahmaputra plains) gives a distinct physiological diversity.
c. India is also a completely different plate which collided with Eurasian plate leading to
formation of Himalayas.
d. India also has a large landmass, it is the 7th largest country in the world.
2. Flora and fauna:
a. India is home to a wide range of vegetation ranging from evergreen, deciduous and
mountain forests.
b. Many of the animalland bird species found in India are endemic and not found in any
other part of the world.
3. Cultural identity:
a. India is an ancient civilization with unique cultural practices
b. It is home to thousands of religions, languages, rituals etc.
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4. Political identity:
a. India is also the world’s largest democracy.
b. It has a rich political culture and a grand constitution which gives it a distinct place in the
world.
5. Population: Indian has 2nd largest population in the world
Q.9. Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge systems when compared with mainstream
knowledge and cultural systems. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Tribal knowledge systems can be defined as information gathered and passed-on over many
generations by tribal communities.
This can include knowledge about flora and fauna, medicinal plants and techniques, mythology
and history, knowledge of nature and environment, knowledge of agriculture, trade, crafts,
religion etc.
Tribal knowledge systems are unique in the following ways:
1. Oral traditions to pass information from generations: Many tribes like Madia in Bastar pass
on information from generation to generation via oral means, instead of written means.
2. Use of natural elements vs. man made ones
3. Use of mythology and storytelling to pass such information
4. While mainstream knowledge systems are based on rigorous refining and questioning of ideas
through discussions and scientific verification, tribal methods are based on conservation of
knowledge. For example, the awareness among tribals of Andaman & Nicobar about a wall of
sea helped them against Tsunami in 2004.
5. Tribal knowledge systems are stored in songs and stories, while mainstream knowledge is
preserved in books and recordings.
6. Tribal knowledge systems promote integrated learning for the community. In mainstream
society, knowledge and traditions have bifurcated, with traditions becoming a subject of
study instead of mode of studying.
7. Tribal knowledge systems are non-exclusionary and marked by equity. Mainstreams
knowledge systems are mired in barriers like cost of education, patent protections, social
exclusion etc.
Tribal and mainstream societies are not mutually exclusive systems. Constant interaction and
mutual dependence have enriched both. The way forward should be based on mixture of mutual
learning and preservation through salad bowl model instead of assimilation. Recent initiatives
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like India’s Traditional Knowledge Didital Library initiative or the Nehruvian model of Tribal
Panchsheel are some other approaches.
Q.10.Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (Answer
in 150 words) 10
A ‘Gig Economy’ can be defined as a labour market which is characterized by the prevalence of
‘temporary workers’ or short-term contracts (freelance work) as opposed to permanent jobs.
For example: persons working for companies like Freelancer are known as ‘Gig workers’ and they
work on temporary, project basis rather than as permanent employees of the company.
The role of Gig economy in process of empowerment of women in India is as follows:
1. Flexible working hours and part-time working opportunities offered by gig employers to
women allows them to have a career beyond their role as homemakers.
a. For example: women have chosen to work as content writers and online bloggers for such
companies which requires commitment of 1-3 hours a day.
2. Financial empowerment: This allows them to earn on the side as well and build savings and
financial independence.
3. Sense of achievement and purpose in life: Women are able to break out from stereotypes and
are able to pursue self-growth and feel a sense of achievement through their work.
a. They also get a chance to showcase their creativity through just ‘gig jobs’
4. Accessibility in tier 2 & 3 cities: Such gig work allows many women in smaller cities to take up
work and not worry about shifting to bigger cities.
a. They can also pursue work from home and the concern of safety and late travel is also
addressed.
5. Upskilling and higher education: Due to exposure from gig works many women also chose to
get higher education or enroll in skilling courses that help them get even better jobs.
Hence, the gig economy has transformed the work culture and opportunities available to women
in India. However, questions about issues such as social security benefits, lack of stability,
exploitation by some employers (in late payments) etc. still need to be addressed in the new gig
economy.
Q.11.To what extent did the role of the moderates prepare a base for the wider freedom movement?
Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Moderates were leaders of Indian national movement active between 1887 to 1905.
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These included personalities such as Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna
Gokhale, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and many others.
The role of moderates in preparing the base for wider freedom movement was as follows:
1. Foundational base:
a. Moderates laid the foundation of an ideological, political and economic case against the
British rule in India
b. For example, Dada Bhai Naoroji provided the first economic critique of the British rule in
India known as “Drain of Wealth” Theory. This exposed the exploitative nature of British
rule in India
2. Defence of Civil Rights:
a. Moderates demanded the Abolition of the Preventive Detention Act and restoration of
individual liberties and right to assemble and to form associations.
b. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was arrested and tried for making provocative speeches. Many
future leaders from this as well.
c. They also wanted the Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on
the freedom of speech, and the freedom of the press.
d. This sowed the seeds for later wider movements in India led by Mahatma Gandhi and
other leaders.
3. Constitutional and administrative Reforms:
a. Moderates believed in the idea of ‘self-government’ which laid the first belief that Indians
were capable to run our own country
b. Moderates pushed hard for reforms in many laws and Council reforms such as the Indian
Council Act
c. They pushed for expansion of legislative assemblies and councils for wider political
representation of Indians
Moderates sowed the early seeds for Indian independence movement. They also provided a solid
legal, constitutional framework and created the Indian National Congress that later played a key
institutional role in India’s struggle for freedom.
Later leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi further utilized this foundation and base for a wider
freedom struggle that spread across India like wildfire.
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Q.12.Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation
Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Constructive programmes were various social works of Mahatma Gandhi that were launched
when Gandhiji was not actively involved in the freedom struggle movement.
These were:
1. Khadi and Indian products: He promoted the production and use of Khadi and village products.
He set up ashrams with spinning wheels, khadi godowns, and actively boycotted use of foreign
cloth.
2. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity: This was continuously emphasised through various
Ashrams across villages. He used to organize various bhajans and inter-religion meetings for
the same.
3. Untouchability: Gandhi himself interacted with and worked actively on removal of
untouchability among dalits and tribal groups.
4. This program also ensured that spirit of people was kept up even during the absence of other
movements against the British.
5. Constructive programme of Mahatma Gandhi provided the cadre for the freedom struggle,
created a training arena for them and expanded the social basis of the national movement.
Constructive programmes of Gandhiji played a key role in keeping the moral of all freedom
workers high,it also helped in expanding the reach of the movement to the villages and helped
the cadre to prepare for the next phase of struggle.
Q.13.There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World
Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Challenge to democratic state system was a fundamental challenge in the inter-war years in light
of events that followed.
Following are the challenges that arose to the democratic state system between the two world
wars:
1. Rise of Hitler and Fascism to power in Germany, Italy and some other European states. This
was mainly due to rise of extremist ideology and a rise of extreme nationalism in these states.
a. The Nazi Party used extensive propoganda to amplify this to challenge the democratic
state system.
2. Rise of Racialism: The Nazi party and other such establishments were outrighlty racist and
classist. They propounded the ‘Aryan’ theory and rejected other races as inferior and an
enemy of the State.
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a. This weakened the idea of a democratic state where all the people are considered equal.
3. Intolerance of other ideas: The rise of facsim saw with it the rise of extreme hate for differing
ideologies such as communism and socialism.
4. Absence of the Rights based system led to the rights of many minorities like Jews be completely
disregarded.
5. Militarism led to the rise of a defence-industrial complex which propagated and lobbied for
war. This presented a threat to various democratic states in Europe at that time.
6. Failure of the economic system was also contributing to rise in poverty, which in turn sowed
the seeds of new political alignment that threatened the democratic states.
7. Appeasement policies by few countries towards ideological and aggressive states like
Germany and Italy eventually backfired.
These inter-war years witnessed a massive crisis of democratic values. This led to creation of a
situation that led to the second world war.
Q.14.Briefly mention the alignment of major mountain ranges of the world and explain their impact
on local weather conditions, with examples. (Answer in 250 words) 15
A mountain range can be defined as a continuous and elevated portion of the Earth’s crust. It has
steep sides with exposed bedrock.
The major mountain ranges of the World include, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, Rockies,
Atlas etc.
The alignment of these ranges and their impact on local weather condition is as follows:
The • Himalayas extend for a 2500 km from west to east in an arc shaped
Himalayas: manner.
• They protect the Indian subcontinent from the frigid, dry winds blowing
from the Tibetan plateau.
• It acts as a barrier for monsoon winds. This results in rainfall all across
India.
• It is home to many of India’s key rivers such as the Ganga, Indus and
Bramhaputra.
The Alps • It is the highest mountain range system of Europe, west to east.
• It influences rainfall patterns in South Europe and Eurasia.
• Alps also influence the local winds such as Foehn, Mistral etc.
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The Atlas • The Atlas Mountain lies in Africa and runs through Morocco, Algeria and
Tunisia.
• It separates the Mediterranean region from the Sahara Desert.
• It causes high rainfall in this region by capturing the moisture laden winds
from the sea
• It stops the moisture laden winds from ever reaching the Sahara desert.
The Andies • Andies is the longest continental mountain range in the world.
• Extends North to South across many south american countries
• Andes stops winds to make the Atacama Desert rain shadow area.
The Rockies • Rockies lie in the United States.
• They are key in formation of warm snow eater Chinook winds.
Q.15.How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather
patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Arctic ocean is an ocean which is covered by thin layers of perennial sea ice in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Antarctica is a continent that is covered with thick ice cap, and it lies in the Southern Hemisphere.
The melting of ice and glaciers in these two affects the weather pattern and human activities
differently as follows:
Weather Patterns:
Arctic Antarctic
1.
Melting of ice in Arctic has led to the 1.
Melting of glaciers in Antarctic will lead
more frequent occurrence of El-nino disrupting of the gulf stream.
events.
2.
It will also cause colder winters and
2.
It will also lead to extreme weather hotter summers in North Atlantic
events in the middle latitudes across the regions.
world.
3.
It is also linked with extreme weather
events in Europe.
4.
Further, it can intensify the effects of
global warming.
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Human Activities:
Arctic Antarctica
1.
It may also end up in opening of the 1.
Melting of Antarctic glaciers could raise
North Sea route, saving both time and the sea levels substantially.
cost for global trade .
2.
Melting of Antarctic glaciers will increase
2.
It will affect the native population for this coastal erosion, storms, and flooding in
region as they will have lesser access to coastal cities across the world.
its resources due to commercialization.
3.
It will greatly impact the economic and
3.
Rise in temperatures in this region could social lives of millions of people living in
lead to many changes in the quality of coastal cities like New York etc.
life of people in these areas.
4.
It could emerge as an area for global
confrontation as race for natural
resources will intensify.
Hence, it is clear that newly emerging patterns of climate change due to the Arctic and the
Antarctic will have deep economic and socio-cultural impacts on human lives.
Coordinated global efforts and meeting the Global climate change targets to address this is the
need of the hour.
Q.16.Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world.
(Answer in 250 words) 15
Mineral oil is unevenly distributed across the world. It is heavily concentrated in some parts such
as the Middle East, South America, Africa, while virtually absent in many other areas.
This uneven distribution of mineral oil has the following multi-dimensional implications on the
world:
1. Economic:
a. Countries with easy access to oil are either very prosperous or suffering from ‘resource
curse’. For example, while Saudi Arabia has a high per capita income, countries like
Venezuela are suffering due to political instability despite having large reserves of oil.
Hence, oil resources present both an opportunity and a curse.
b. On the other hand, countries like India are dependent on oil imports, therefore making
them susceptible to economic shocks.
c. It also impacts the countries’ balance of trade and exposes it to sudden losses in its
currency if not managed well.
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2. Political implications:
a. Regional conflicts: Oil is a strategic resource. Uneven distribution has seen various
conflicts in regions rich with oil. For example, conflicts in Iraq, Kuwait etc.
3. Diplomatic implications:
a. This resource enables countries having it with diplomatic leverage. For example, India’s
dependence on the Middle East for oil, gives it an edge in international geopolitics on
some issues.
4. Social implications: Due to the sudden boom in economies of oil rich countries in the last
50 years or so, large amounts of migration has happened to these countries from poorer
countries in Asia and Africa.
a. This has resulted in exploitation of these people and lack of social security for them is a big
issue. For example: exploitation of south asian laborers in Qatar for building of football
world cup infrastructure.
Hence, such uneven distribution of the mineral oil resources leads to various opportunities as well
as challenges of a global scale.
The key to balance in such lies in ensuring diplomatic channels are open between these countries
to avoid conflict and resolve matters in a timely manner.
Q.17.What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries
in major cities of India? (Answer in 250 words) 15
Answer:
The IT industries in India are concentrated in the major metropolitan cities of India such as Bengaluru,
Mumbai, Chennai etc. This has the following socio-economic implications:
1. Female participation in the workforce: Due to higher education opportunities for women in
urban areas, they are able to participate in these IT industries, thereby providing them with
financial opportunities and also empowering them within the family.
2. Impact on family dynamics:
a. Women are often seen working as both housewives, taking care of home and also working
full-time in IT industries. This puts undue stress and burden on them as many times they alone
are involved in both the jobs.
b. Rise of nuclear family: Joint families have reduced due to financial independence of individuals
due to this as well.
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3. Higher Incomes: IT industries tend to pay their employees good salaries and quick promotions.
This has led to the rise of a new middle class in India.
a. Many such professionals also move to foreign countries after a few years of experience.
Influence of western culture has rise:
4.
a. As many of such IT industries have clients in the west, many employees are influenced by
western language, western food and lifestyles etc. For example, cafe and club culture in
Gurugram.
5. Rise in migration: Many students, young job applicants move to cities to aspire and work in these
IT companies, thereby giving a push to migration and urbanization.
6. A boost to social infrastructure: IT hubs have emerged as places with abundant social
infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, theaters, gardens, multiplexes etc.
7. S kewed development: The IT hubs are also places where some of the largest slums are found. This
is due to the uneven development and inequality that has emerged in these areas.
8. Increase in violence, law and order challenges: Such areas have emerged as hotspots for criminal
activity, thereby needing upgrades to policing and administration.
Q.18.Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve
them in India in detail. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Population Education can be defined as an educational program that educates about the
knowledge and understanding of ongoing population condition in a country and the world.
Main Objectives of Population Education are as follows:
1. Family Size control: Helps to understand how to control family size. It helps to enable
population control in a country.
2. It helps to develop an understanding of the influence of population trends on the various
aspects of human life such as economic, political, environment etc.
3. It helps to understand the benefits of small families and also problems associated with decline
in population growth.
4. It enables development of scientific and medical advancements required to control and
manage big populations.
The various measures to achieve the objectives of population education in India are as follow:
1. The National Family planning program aims controlling population growth at a socially
desirable direction by reducing Total fertility rate to 2.1 (which will help in maintaining
population in India)
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2. Contraception has also been a key component of the National Health program and its
education is provided across schools and health centers in India.
a. ASHA workers are utilized for spreading information about such programs and also
incentivized on achieving desirable birth numbers.
3. Women empowerment and awareness: programs such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and
othersaimatensuringthatgirlchildisprotectedandthepopulationsex-ratioismaintainedtoachieve
necessary economic and social growth in the country.
Population education program is key as India is projected to become the most populous
nation by 2027. This is set to present many challenges, economically, socially, politically and
environmentally.
Hence, population education initiatives, education and skill development of its people remains
a key challenge for the Indian government today.
Q.19.What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society
also?(Answer in 250 words) 15
a. It can help in creating a simple, online, decentralized model of transacting across the
2. Impacting Sovereign power: Cryptocurrencies undermine the sovereign power of home
a. Hence, it could possibly make economic and trade policy of the countries ineffective.
b. It could even undermine the political power of the country itself.
i. This has also been underlined by the RBI and Ministry of Finance as a possible threat
3. Decentralization of finance: Cryptocurrency also pose a challenge to traditional banking systems.
a. Big banks such as Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan have shown their disapproval of
cryptocurrency.
4. Use by terrorist organizations, drug cartels, and mafias for smuggling, buying illegal weapons,
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5. Creation of digital divide: Many people are still unaware and don’t have access to
Affects of Crypto on Indian Society:
1.
legal and national security challenges to the Indian government.
a. Crypto could be used to sponsor terror attacks or carry out many illegal activities in India.
b. It could be used for hawala as well. Many unregulated traditional money lenders are one
i. The emergence of cryptocurrency presents new challenges in front of the government
2. Remittances:
a. Crypto presents a viable alternative for people to send and receive foreign funds without
paying any fees → India being one of the biggest receivers of remittances can benefit.
b. This presents a good alternative to the people, but it could be misused by unscrupulous
persons in the society.
3. Investments: Many amateur investors are investing in crypto without much knowledge and
a. India being a developing country with a young financial system could potentially be
affected by this new investment asset.
Hence, regulation that promotes good uses of crypto but also stops its misuse is the need of the
hour.
Q.20.How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enumerate the
changes taking place in it.(Answer in 250 words) 15
Indian society is defined by traditional social values like collectivism, spiritualism, tolerance, and
non-violence.
Indian society has maintained continuity in these traditional social values in the following ways:
Strong Family structure:
1.
a. Having a strong institution of family has ensured that traditional values are passed-on
from one generation to next through socialization.
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b. Indian families live together, celebrate many festivals together, have joint businesses and
have strong bonds which have helped to maintain continuity in traditional social values
like collectivism.
Importance of Festivals and spiritual gatherings:
2.
a. Indian people celebrate many festivals to commemorate new crops, seasons, triumph
of good over evil (Deepavali) etc, which instills a collective and spiritual value system and
maintains continuity.
b. The tradition of bhajan-kirtans, qawwali has been continued in the same shape and form
for many hundreds of years.
Marriages – these play key role in continuity of family traditions and also are core to the family
3.
structure
4. In addition, Indian society has been a flexible and accommodating society which accepts
foreigners and people of different races to mingle and assimilate their culture.
a. However, the practice of Caste in India also imposes continuity of discriminatory practices.
Changes taking place in these values are as follows:
Technology: Social media and Artificial intelligence are changing the way India society
1.
interacts today. Due to interactions enabled by such media, traditional practices such as
caste-discrimination etc are being questioned even more.
Decline of tolerance:Various incidents where fringe groups of various religions like the issue
2.
of Namaz in Gurugram and Haridwar Dharma Sansad show a trend of rising intolerance.
Rise of individualism – Excessive competition and a race to be successful in various aspects of
3.
life has resulted in an increase in self-centered view of the society as against collective view.
Rise of capitalism – the rise of materialistic society in India is also challenging the spiritualism
4.
and social nature of people in India and making money as the new center piece of success.
Joint family is in a steady decline while families are becoming nuclear now.
5.
Women empowerment: Modern education has also ensured the recognition of women’s
6.
rights and more engagement in all aspects of life in India.
As seen above, Indian society has the peculiar quality of maintaining some core values while still
changing with the times and due to the influence of globalization.
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PAPER
GENERAL STUDIES
2021 2
Q. 1.‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential
facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial
decisions. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Constitutional Morality can be defined as the process of sticking to the fundamental constitutional
principles and values. It means that the government and the citizens alike should adhere to the
Rule of Law.
It refers to the commitment to various constitutional values such as democracy, equality,
socialism, fraternity etc.
This doctrine can be explained in the following ways (through various judicial decisions):
1. Limit the power of the government to ensure the constitution is protected: The basic
characteristic of any Constitution is to limit the power of the government. This aspect of
constitutional morality was adhered to by the SC in Kesavanand Bharati Case by outlining the
Basic Structure of the Constitution which cannot be changed by the Parliament.
2. Sabarimala Judgment: The Supreme court gave a new definition to Constitutional Morality
by balancing the Right to freedom of Religion and Right to Equality through ‘doctrine of
essentiality’ test.
3. Right to Privacy Judgment: court overturned previous SC judgments in Kharak singh and
declared Right to Privacy as a fundamental right. Here the court reaffirmed what probably
was assumed by the constitution makers – that privacy is part of life. Choice of food, partners,
reproductive choices etc.
Hence, it can be seen that various Supreme Court judgments over the years have helped us
understand the moral fibers of the Constitution that many times lie not only in the letter but in
the spirit of the constitution.

Q.2. Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure
diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Judiciary has faced poor representation of women judges in high courts and the Supreme court.
Only 10-12% of the High Court judges are women. There has never been a female CJI.
Desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary:
1. Gender neutrality in judgments
• Women can bring a different perspective to the law which will enrich the legal field and
judicial performance as well
2. Addressing women’s issues at top forums and judicial processes
• Many cases such as the Sabarimala case, and the Vishaka case directly dealt with the
questions pertaining to women’s freedoms and safety issues.
• Female representation in the judiciary would balance the scale of justice.
• Many cases in which women are victims, it must be imperative that one of the judges on
the bench is a woman.
3. Role model for young women
• Young women can dream of occupying the highest offices and becoming agents of change
in the country when they see more women judges
Way forward
• Greater enrollment of girl students in law colleges is important first step – this could be
encouraged through a reservation policy for women and scholarships
• Escalation of women judges in top spots by forming a special committee to look into these
matters
Q.3. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the states to
improve their fiscal position? (Answer in 150 words) 10
The Finance Commission is constituted by the President (Article 280 of the Constitution). It gives
recommendations on the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and
amongst the States themselves.
Recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission that enabled states to improve fiscal position
are as follows:
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1. Increased devolution to states from the divisible pool of taxes from 32% to 42%
• States now receive a larger volume of untied funds relative to tied funds.
• This will enhance the states’ autonomy in deciding their expenditure priorities.
2. It recommended reduction in conditional grant-in-aids to states
3. It recommended 8 centrally sponsored schemes (CSS) to be delinked from support from the
Centre, thus, providing states with more autonomy.
4. It devolved much larger funds to the local governments thereby realizing in letter and spirit
the vision of 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.
Hence, it is clear that the 14th finance commission worked towards greater devolution of finances
to enable states to fulfill the obligation of their larger say in local governance.
Q.4. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in
India? (Answer in 150 words) 10
The Parliament of India is equipped with various means to ensure control over the Executive in
the following manner:
1. Various discussion and questioning provisions in the Parliament such as the Question-hour,
zero-hour, calling attention motion, adjournment motion, no-confidence motion, censure
motion etc. enable the Parliament to keep questioning the working of the Executive.
2. Budgetary control – appropriation of grants and post-budget control is done through financial
committees like the Public Accounts Committee.
3. Walkouts, abstaining from voting, use of live-streaming to put pressure on the executive is
also used.
How is Parliament unable to ensure accountability of the executive:
However, sometimes the government in power can use tactics to deflect means shown above.
1. Evading debates, discussions etc. by passing Money bills. For example: The Aadhar bill was
passed as a money bill.
2. Voice vote mechanism is used as well to avoid discussions. For example: Farm bills
3. Ordinances are a popular way to bypass Parliamentary scrutiny
4. Sometimes, parliamentary committees are not even presented with questions
5. Low quality of debates also affects the Parliamentary check on the Executive
6. Frequent disruptions in the Houses also reduce the effectiveness of the parliament to control
the Executive
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Hence, it is clear that while the parliament has excellent tools to check the Executive in theory, due
to the working of the Parliament and other go-arounds, it is unable to exercise this as effectively
as envisioned by the Constitution makers.
Q.5. “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the
business associations contribute to public policies. (10 marks, 150 words) (2021)
A pressure group can be defined as a group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a
particular cause.
For example: FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry), CII (Confederation
of Indian Industries)
These business associations act as pressure groups for various purposes.
Business associations contribute to public policies in the following ways:
1. These associations regularly engage and discuss policy making with the government.
a. This way they try to influence policies through suggestions, white papers and
presentations.
2. These associations also communicate their grievances and bottlenecks of various sectors and
industries to the government.
3. Policy Training: They also conduct workshops, seminars, and conferences to provide new
views on government policies.
4. They provide a common platform for consensus-building and people-networking
5. They also facilitate research on new technology, trends etc.
Hence, these business pressure groups play a key role in providing valuable information and new
developments for the government to form policies that enhance economic growth.
Q.6. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary
precondition for sustainable development.” Analyze.
Primary health structure is a key function of the Welfare state.
It consists of various villages to blocks to district level primary health care centers and trained
professionals.
For example, a community health care center is manned with ASHA, ANM and community health
care officer.
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It is necessary precondition for sustainable development for following reasons:
1. Contribution to GDP:
a. Good health outcomes are directly linked with productivity of the people of a country and
its economic output. The World Health Organization has indicated that India can raise its
GDP by almost 2%, just with improvements in primary health structure.
2. Universal health care:
a. A robust primary health structure ensures that the poorest with low incomes get access
to good health care, thereby helping them save out of pocket expenses on healthcare and
also income shocks.
3. Access to primary structure must as climate change becomes more pronounced:
a. A range of tropical and vector-borne diseases are expected to expand thereby making
more tribal communities and poorer people more vulnerable to health issues.
4. Primary health structure and its manpower has the ability to reach the very last person in the
villages and mohallas to enable regular health checkups, health awareness programs and a
vibrant health system functioning at the grassroots level.
5. This structure also addresses the new lifestyle diseases which are covered under the National
Communicable Diseases Program.
Hence, a strong primary health structure is key to achieving sustainable development goals
outlined in UN mandate and also ensuring holistic development of the people of our country.
The government has launched various programs such as Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakaram
(RBSK), PM Matra Vandana Yojana and many others under the National Health Mission in India.
Q.7. “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and
skill training meaningful.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10 (2021)
The Ministry of Tourism has launched a scheme ‘Earn While You Learn’ with a view to inculcate
appropriate tourism travel traits and knowledge amongst trainees to enable them to work as
‘student volunteers’.
It envisages training of college-going students in the age group of 18 to 25 years. Then these
students can work on an honorarium basis to earn while they study in college as well.
Strengthening it is the need fo the hour to make vocational education and skill training meaningful:
1. Greater participation by the private sector – companies should be encouraged through
Pressure groups such as FICCI and CII to participate more in this project.
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2. Awareness campaigns to expand reach – government should undertake a massive awareness
campaign to inform students about the benefits of this program
3. Expansion of scheme to non-tourism sectors such as technology, robotics, AI, general
accountancy etc. will address future needs of the industry sector
4. Fixed honorarium as per skills and education level of students will provide security and
support to them
5. More hands-on experience and exposure to students through field trips
This program is key to enable India to reap its rich demographic dividend and transform from a
jobless growth economy to high growth high employment economy.
Q.8. Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through
microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)
Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education,
nutrition and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition.
How microfinancing can break the vicious cycle gender inequality, poverty, malnutrition for
women of SHGs:
1. Credit availability ensures financial security: Microfinancing of women SHGs provides much
needed finance availability to its members to start small businesses. This further helps them
generate income and avoid poverty traps.
a. For example, Kudumshree program in Kerala provides credit to its SHG members
2. Decision making ability among women: Microfinancing helps SHGs in development of the
decision making abilities of its women members about finances, accounting, marketing etc.
This helps in addressing gender inequality and empowering women.
3. Enhancing nutritional standards: Many SHG programs run nutritional kitchen gardens,
organic spice and food stores etc. This helps in creating awareness of SHGs about nutrition
security amongst women.
4. Community involvement: Microfinance directly brings communities together, breaks the
barriers of social conventions, gender, even caste in some cases. This promotes gender
equality.
5. Socio-economic empowerment: Programs such as UMED and MSLRM in Maharashtra and
Wardhini groups have increased the income of women as well as given them a social status.
Hence, it is clear that microfinancing of SHGs is a key tool in addressing gender inequality, poverty,
and malnutrition among women at a large scale. There are many examples of such success
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stories. Further institutionalization of this system can truly help achieve women empowerment
and gender equality in the country.
Q.9. “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.”
In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (150 words, 10
marks)
Africa has emerged as one of the most attractive destinations of
India’s influence in Africa in recent years can be examined as follows:
1. Historical ties
a. India has deep, old ties with Africa. Mahatma Gandhi’s struggle in South Africa served as
a template for Nelson Mandela’s struggle against the aprtheid.
b. India also has hundreds of years’ old trade and people-to-people exchanges with many
African countries.
2. Trade and Economy:
a. India is Africa’s 3rd largest trading partner with almost 70 billion trade in 2019-20.
b. Africa has emerged as one of the leading export hubs for Indian goods such as automobiles,
pharmaceuticals etc. while Africa serves as an import hub for goods such as minerals, oil,
iron etc.
3. Indian diaspora
a. India’s diaspora is influential and wide spread across Africa, which can serve as a medium
of exchanging ideas between India and Africa
b. In addition, India’s soft power through bollywood helps India in creating goodwill with its
people
4. India has long been a firm supporter of many African nations’ causes in the UN and
international forums. These include BRICS, South-South cooperation, NAM etc.
5. India also provides an option for African countries to look beyond Chinese debt-trap economic
policy and have a partner like India which is principled and long term thinker
6. India is also providing grants-in-aid and credit lines to help many countries in Africa
7. India has also increased its influence by providing COVID through medicines and vaccines.
Clearly, India has established a firm presence in Africa. However, due to instability in many African
nations, it is still not clear how these relationships will emerge as Africa rises as the next continent
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for growth. It is imperative that India continues its outreach to the African Union and its countries
to make India a priority partner for these nations.
Q10.“The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging
than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (150 words, 10 marks)
China has emerged as a major global power with both an economic and military might that is
catching up with that of the US.
How USA is facing challenges from China that are much more than faced by it from the erstwhile:
1. China continues to surge ahead economically as its share of global trade, economy and per
capita income are growing rapidly.
a. On the other hand, the Soviet Union exhausted its economy while competing with the US
in defense and space,
b. Hence, China presents a great economic threat to the US as it might emerge as the
financial capital of the world and potentially derail the dollar.
2. China has also developed close relations with many Asian countries and forged close ties and
invested heavily in Africa, South Asia and the Middle East, These new fronts may threaten the
American miltary and soft presence in the world.
3. China continues to evolve its administrative models and governance in line with its ideology
and civilizational ethos. While, erstwhile Soviet Union broke away due to an unnatural
integration of these countries. Hence, China presents a greater threat to the US.
4. China aims to construct a new model of major-country relationship with the United States.
This means, it sees USA as a key country for its continued growth.
a. On the other hand, Soviet Union viewed USA as a mortal enemy.
b. Hence, the threat of China is veiled but certainly greater.
5. China has invested heavily in the USA as well. This shows that despite differences and
competition, it has always chosen to keep its enemies close.
While China has emerged as a leading contender for the next super power to dominate world
geopolitics, the contemporary global economy being more integrated and its dependence on the
USA for exports, does not provide it a lot of room to flex muscles openly.
Also, China still lags the US in military power by a huge distance.
Hence, China is well-placed and planning to capitalize on emerging trends and its powers. Its rise
cannot be compared to that of the Soviet Union and it certainly presents a greater threat to US
than the later.
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Q.11.The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and
conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However,
the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special
reference to the federal character of India. (250 words, 15 marks)
CBI looks into matters of corruption or major criminal cases in the country.
CBI’s power vis-a-vis States:
1. CBI’s power: Police is a State subject. Therefore, State government has complete power over
the police. On the other hand, CBI has been established under the DSPE act, 1946 which is a
Central Act, hence, it could encroach over state jurisdiction in various investigation matters.
2. Need of Consent: CBI is required to have “general consent” from the state government before
beginning an investigation in the state. However, this condition often leads to delay in justice
delivery due to underlying political currents.
CBI and Federalism
1.
The jurisdiction of CBI often comes into direct confrontation with state police which causes
issues in federal relationships between states and the center.
2.
A strong, professional and unbiased strong federal agency is key to addressing corruption and
address issues of national interest. Therefore, the need of such an agency cannot be denied.
3.
However, if such a body is politically influenced and weak institutionally, it can erode trust
between the States and the Center, which is key building block of federalism.
4.
Such federal agency also enables Supreme court and the high court to handover cases of
national importance to the CBI.
Therefore, it is clear from the above points that a strong central investigation is key kin ensuring .
However, such an agency should also have a strong institutional framework that insulates it from
undue political influence.
Q.12.Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection
of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and
powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures.
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and various State Human Rights Commissions
(SHRCs) have been constituted under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
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These commissions are the watchdog of human rights in the country. However, due to various
factors, they continue to phase challenges in fully safeguarding human rights. These reasons are
as follows:
Structural and practical limitations of Human Rights Commissions:
1. Limits on jurisdictions:
a.
The HRCs have limited jurisdiction into investigating Human rights violation by armed
forces and private parties
2. Non-binding nature of recommendations:
a.
Due to this many times important cases are not necessarily reviewed at the government
level
3. Limitations on case periods:
a.
NHRC cannot initiate cases beyond 1 year as well, however many such human rights
violations cases appear after this period
4. Lack of dedicated cadre for investigations :
a.
The officers conducting investigations in human rights violations cases are usually on
deputation from the same cadre that has been accused of violations. This seriously limits
the ability of commissions to do anything
5. Lack of resources:
a.
The NHRC has been often been called a toothless tiger because it has many cases but has
few resources to address them.
6.
Many complaints are dismissed even before a preliminary hearing – critics often argue that
the NHRC shies away from cases with political repurcussions
Measures to strengthen NHRC:
1. More powers to NHRC for inquiry and also enforcement of its decisions
2.
Powers for conducting human rights violations by Armed forces: There is a limitation of
powers in such cases and they should be lifted
3.
Commission’s membership should be expanded: Members of NHRCs should also include civil
society, human rights activists, etc. rather than only ex-bureaucrats.
4.
Independent cadre for NHRC: It should have its independent investigating staff recruited for
its own purposes.
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There is a need to strengthen the NHRC as it will enable the commission to protect and assert
human rights.
Q.13.Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA
and India. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Equality is a key feature of both the Indian and the American constitutions. The distinguishing
features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India are as follows:
Equality in USA Equality in India

1. Origin: 1. Origin:
a. The United States did not initially have a. The Constituent assembly inserted
any concept of Rights in the original Equality as a “Fundamental Right” in the
constitution. Constitution as it viewed it as absolutely
necessary for the new democratic India.
b. It was incorporated in the Bill of Rights
through an Amendment in 1868. 2. Indian concept as presented in Article 14
follows both the British concept that is
2. The American concept of equality is ‘Equal
‘Equality before Law’ and American model
protection of law’, i.e. equal treatment of
of ‘Equal protection of law’
persons under equal circumstances.
3. Hence, the Indian Right to Equality is broader
3. It protects mostly the legal rights but not the
as it protects both the legal rights as well as
socio-economic rights of the people.
socio-economic rights of a person.
4. The American notion does not provide for
4. Indian notion of equality also expressly
affirmative action as it is more procedural in
provides for affirmative action to ensure
sense
equality
5. Focuses just on equality of opportunity.
5. Focuses on ensuring equality of outcomes
6. The original American constitution did along with equality of opportunity, which is
not prevent any discrimination, example: done through reservations.
segregation of African-Americans
6. Indian constitution prevents discrimination
and abolishes untouchability since its
inception
Q.14.Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review
the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (Answer in
250 words) 15
Legislative councils are upper houses in the States.
Constitutional provisions:
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1. The Parliament can abolish or create a legislative council by a simple majority, if the legislative
assembly of the concerned state passes a resolution for such by special majority.
2. Article 171 provides for the Composition of council.
Working and current status of State legislative councils:
Advantages:
1. These councils can bring diverse opinion in policy making of the State
a. Since many different groups represent in these councils such as teachers, graduates, local
representatives etc., hence they can contribute positively to the legislative process.
2. Nominated members of these councils who come from apolitical backgrounds can provide
intellectual inputs in decision making
3. Councils can also work as a bulwark to check any legislation passed in a haste without proper
research and involvement of stakeholders.
Disadvantages:
1. They can be created and abolished by the Union parliament by a simple majority, thereby
reducing their importance
4. Councils’ recommendations are not binding on the Assembly
5. They impose a considerable burden on the public exchequer
6. Representation of graduates has outlived its utility in today’s day and age
7. These councils can also delay important policy making in the State
8. They tend to serve as back-door entry for unsuccessful politicians
9. Burden on public exchequer.
Hence, it is clear that current working and status of the councils is questionable given the limitation
of the powers and limitation in outcomes provided by them. A better legislative framework may
be required to empower councils to do more value addition in legislation.
Q.15.Do department related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its
toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees
with suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words) 15
The department related Parliamentary Standing Committees have been formed for all Ministries
and departments of the Government of India. These Committees consist of members from the
Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
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How department related Parliamentary Standing Committee keep administration in check:
1. They consider the demands for grants of the related Ministries
2. They examine bills of their related Ministries
3. They also consider the annual reports of the Ministries
4. These Committees emphasize on long-term plans, policies guiding the working of the
Executive
5. They provide direction, guidance and inputs for broad policy formulations and its execution
6. These smaller groups help in conducting in-depth reviews of Departments when needed
7. They also enable inputs from experts and stakeholders
8. They ensure accountability of the working officers towards the legislature through more close
contact and review of their working.
Shortcomings:
1. The committee’s recommendations about the executive are not binding in nature.
2. Many of the bills are not referred to the departmental standing committees, which bypasses
their scrutiny.
3. One year tenure leads very little time for understanding of the working
Hence, while these committees are key in keeping check over the work of the administration,
their limited scope of work often makes them ineffective in doing so.
Q.16.Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and
Communication Technology(ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development?
Examine with justification. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Answer:
Digital Literacy is the ability of individuals to understand and use digital technologies and ICT for
meaningful actions to bring benefits in their lives.
ICT can help in enhancing outcomes in healthcare, education, nutrition and many other such
developmental sectors.
However, lack of digital literacy in rural areas coupled with lack of ICT accessibility has hindered socio-
economic development in these areas as follows:
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1. Internet connectivity issues:
a. Rural areas still face low internet penetration (only 15%) and poor internet connections.
b. Electricity connections are also erratic.
c. This prohibits their accessibility to ICT thereby excluding them from the fruits of digital
technology.
d. In many cases, this lack of accessibility is counter-productive as it becomes a roadblock in
carrying out general developmental activities.
2. Lack of training in use of such technologies among the rural government staff further exacerbates
this problem.
3. Due to the above, children are not able to access quality digital education or attend virtual
classrooms.
a. This digital divide was further enlarged during the Covid 19 pandemic creating a wide
imbalance between urban and rural education.
4. The above problems further impact tele-medicine services delivery in these areas.
5. Due to this digital device, rural youth is not able to capitalize on various employment opportunities
available mostly through online means
6. Digital illiteracy prevents delivery of e-governance and delivery of online government schemes to
beneficiaries.
7. Beneficiaries are deprived of many schemes due to the presence of middle-men who due to
access to digital know-how charge large sums for enrollment of beneficiaries in schemes.
8. This impacts the elderly population population and the women and girls the most as they are
major beneficiaries of the government schemes.
Hence, this issue has both the aspects of lack of know-how (digital illiteracy) and lack of access due to
poor IT equipment or internet connections. To address the same, the government has launched the
Skill India mission and also the Bharat Net program for enhancing the access of IT services and know-
how in rural areas.
Q.17.“Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude
towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education
and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (Answer
in 250 words) 15
India continues to be a patriarchal society despite big strides in women empowerment and
education since Independence.
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Indian women are excelling in many professional fields. For example, women representation is
much larger in civil services, doctors, engineers, politics etc.
However, various incidents on a daily basis and structure of Indian society still limit women’s rights
in the society. For example: the Sabrimala controversy or Triple Talaq highlight that patriarchy is
still strong in India.
Interventions needed to help change this:
1. Family values: Sensitisation of boys right from a young age:
a. A key factor of change is encouraging families in India to educate boys about their
behaviour with girls, their understanding of women’s issues and their sensitivity towards
the other gender.
b. Men should not view themselves as saviours and protectors of women, but their partners.
c. The traditional macho image of men needs to be changed with widespread campaigning.
Men can be sensitive – which is a universal quality.
2. Seeing women beyond the homemaker role:
a. In cities, women continue to work both as homemakers and full time professionals. While
women are provided with financial freedom, they also undergo extreme stress.
b. Hence, men should be sensitized about their role in domestic chores in family as well.
3. Public Safety:
a. This will enable greater participation of women in the economy and public life.
b. It addresses family barriers and enables women to come out more. Concepts like 24X7
cities can help in breaking barriers for women.
4. STEM education:
a. Participation of women in Science, technology, math and engineering is still low.
b. This must be further enhanced through incentives in STEM for the girl students.
5. Changes in popular culture:
a. Cinema and music can play a key role in changing social attitudes about traditional roles
of women. Movies such as Dangaal helped in breaking the stereotypes around women.
b. The government can incentivize such movie makers so that these subjects are presented
more creatively to the people.
The above state soft interventions are key in changing the hearts and minds of people to see
women in equal light with men.
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Q.18.Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public
service delivery to benefit the common citizen. Discuss the challenges of this alternative model.
Civil Society and NGOs play key roles in development initiatives, education and bringing
stakeholders together for a variety of important civil issues.
They can be used as alternative model of public service delivery in the following ways:
1. Skill development: Civil society groups often have a good team of trainers and experience of
grass roots working, that can be utilized to train manpower in the government as well.
2. Manpower: They can provide a ready and trained pool of volunteers and human resources
for the government to tap into. For example: they can be used to identify inclusion-exclusion
errors in various schemes through volunteer networks.
3. Last mile delivery of services: They can be used for last-mile delivery of public services. In fact,
during covid lockdown many NGOs distributed food, ration and provided shelters for the
migrants.
4. Counseling services: These organizations can also set up counseling services for domestic
violence, administrative and legal assistance to marginalized sections which is often absent
in the government sector.
Challenges:
1. Mis-appropriation of funds:
a. Various NGOs have been found to be swindling government funds for their personal uses.
As per CBI, less than 10% of the NGOs registered under Societies Registration Act, file
annual financial statements.
2. The Enforcement Directorate has reported some NGOs to be working as front organizations
for the banned CPI (Maoist) that funded Naxal operatives.
3. Trust between NGOs and Government is something that has still not development in India
4. NGO are often accused of using foreign funds for provoking protests and stall governmental
projects. For example, the protests against the Kudankulam nuclear plant.
5. These organizations also sometimes lobby with the political leadership and use the media to
manipulate issues. This impacts their legitimacy and showcases their vested interests.
Hence, as recommended by Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC), a strong institutional and
legal framework is required to ensure the working of the Civil Society Organizations and NGOs is
easy while they are also held accountable and conduct their work transparently.
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Q.19.Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization that aims
at political, economic and security cooperation between its member nations. India became a
permanent member of the SCO in 2017.
Other members include China, Russia, Pakistan and other countries.
How successful is SCO in meeting its aims and objectives:
1. SCO aims to strengthen the relations between its member states, however the strained
relations between major members such as India, Pakistan and China itself create a complexity,
divergence and conflicting interests.
2. SCO aims for joint cooperation between the members to confront terrorism etc. However,
some of its member states such as Pakistan are themselves actively involved in supporting
terrorism in Indian territory
3. SCO also aims to develop a democratic and equitable international political order, while China
itself is known for muffling independent voices of democratization of the country. It is also
known for human rights violations.
The SCO holds following importance for India:
1. SCO platform allows India to deepen its strategic ties with Central Asian countries.
2. SCO membership can also help India to answer its future energy needs
3. SCO also presents a potential for trade ties
a. Indian investors can use this platform for inroads into the vast market of Central Asian
region. For example, the FICCI hosted the SCO Business Conclave.
4. India can use the SCO as a neutral platform to discuss bilateral issues with Pakistan and China.
5. SCO can be a powerful platform for combating terrorism in the region.
Hence, SCO platform is an opportunity for India to create an atmosphere of change and positive
outcomes for the member states through diplomacy and create closer ties with all member
states.
Q.20.The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the
Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the
strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (Answer in 250 words) 15
AUKUS is a new trilateral security pact between the USA, Australia, and UK for the Indo-Pacific
region. As per the pact, the US and UK will help Australia acquire nuclear powered submarines.
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The pact also includes cooperation on military and advanced technologies such as cyber, artificial
intelligence, quantum technologies, undersea capabilities and information sharing.
It may supersede existing partnerships in the region due to following reasons:
1. It may replace the existing partnerships to
2. It may impact the role and coordination of the ASEAN which is already a strong grouping in the
region
3. It may undermine the objectives of QUAD – which is also a grouping of these countries plus
India and Japan for the region (minus UK).
4. It may further undermine the five eyes alliance group as New-Zealand has already shown
displeasure over the formation of AUKUS
5. USA pursuing specific security goals while undermining key partners such as India and
SouthEast Asia in the region does not sit well for the current regional security architecture.
Strength of AUKUS:
1. Its focused approach on enhancing marine military capabilities of Australia will help it get
things done at a fast pace.
2. Presents an alternative for the Pacific countries to develop their militaries to counter the
Chinese threat
3. It is more focused as it has central goal of partnership with Australia only as compared to other
groupings
4. It will further enhance patrolling and surveillance power of its members in the Indo-Pacific
Impact:
1. May instigate a nuclear and conventional arms race in the region, which is already facing
threats from developments in China
2. Even Australians have criticized this due to massive costs involved and loss of Australian
sovereignty to the US influence
3. Many countries such as France and New Zealand have shown their disapproval of this grouping
a. AUKUS was formulated ignoring France – this may increase trust deficit between the like-
minded democratic countries
Hence, it is clear that while AUKUS could work to balance the power equations vis-a-vis China
in the region, it also presents challenges. It has been termed as an Indo-Pacific NATO. Wider
consultations by the USA and UK are a must to ensure their partners are not sidelined and
interests of important players such as India and South-East Asia are also taken into account.
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PAPER
GENERAL STUDIES
2021 3
Q.1. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (Answer in 150 words)
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the market value of all goods and services
produced within an economy in a period of time. Difference between calculation of GDP before
and after 2015 are as follows:
GDP Calculation Before 2015 GDP Calculation After 2015

1. The base year for calculation was 2004-05. 1. The new base year is now 2011-12.
2. GDP was calculated at factor cost method. 2. GDP is calculated at Market Price instead of
factor cost.
3. GDP was estimated using the Index of
Industrial Production (IIP) data and then 3. In new method, government uses data from
it was further updated from ASI (Annual MCA (ministry of corporate affairs).
Survey of Industries) data.
4. Industry wide estimates of gross value added
4. ASI only accounts for firms registered under (GVA) is taken for calculation of the new GDP
the Factories Act. figures now.
5. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) was used
to measure manufacturing and trading
activity.
Q.2. Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both
these Budgets. (Answer in 150 words)
Answer:
Budget can be defined as a financial statement which provides for yearly estimated receipts and
expenditures of the government.

Following are the components and differences between revenue and capital budget:
Capital Budget Revenue Budget

1. Capital budget can be defined as budget that 1. Revenue budget can be defined as budget
accounts for expenditures that are fixed and that accounts for expenditures that are
one time in nature. recurring or regular in nature.
2. This accounts for government’s estimated 2. This accounts for estimated revenue receipts
capital receipts and capital expenditure. and revenue expenditure.
3. Two components of Capital budget are 4. Two components of Revenue budget are
capital receipts and capital expenditures. revenue receipts and revenue expenditures.
5. Capital receipts include market borrowing of 5. Revenue receipts include tax revenues such
debt etc. as income tax, GST and non-tax revenue like
interest etc.
6. Capital expenditure is the expenditure of the
government which creates assets – T axes are the highest portion of revenue
receipts
• For example: it includes spending on
defence equipment, roads, school builds 6. Revenue expenditures include regular
etc. expenses of government.
• For example: spending on salaries of
officers, repairs of buildings etc.
Q.3. How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic
conditions of marginal and small farmers ? (Answer in 150 words)
Land reforms can be defined as changes in conditions of land ownership, its leasing, transfer, and
property rights of land in India.
India underwent various land reforms after independence. Land ceiling laws were introduced and
the Bhoodan and Gramdan movements enabled such reforms.
How Land Reform improved socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers:
1. Abolition of Intermediaries:
a. This enabled abolition of Zamindari system, Ryotwari system and Mahalwari system. It
also enabled the reduction of the debt trap of the poor.
b. Further, this stopped dispossession of land from small farmers.
c. Eventually, this led to the emergence of the middle class of peasants with a strong political
voice.
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2. Ceiling of land reforms:
a. Ceiling laws ensured redistribution of land from big landlords to landless laborers. This
enabled land ownership, access to credit, and food security for smaller farmers.
3. Tenancy system Reforms:
a. Tenancy resulted in poverty of many landless persons.
b. Abolition of this system led to security of land tenure and conferment of ownership rights
on tenants.
c. This helped in enhancing food security and investment in irrigation seeds and fertilizers.
(for example: Operation Barga benefited 14 lakh sharecroppers in West Bengal).
4. Consolidation of Holdings:
a. The pooling of small lands into larger ones was enabled by this reform and it helped in
increasing yield of the field, input efficiency, more usage of modern implements and
generating higher income for farmer groups.
5. Land Records:
a. The national program on updation and digitization of land records will improve land
administration (government program of Digital India Land Records Modernization
Programme (DILRMP) is one such scheme).
Hence, it can be seen that land reforms have led to much improvement in land administration as
well as achieving a more equitable distribution of land. However, land reforms need to continue
to meet the challenges of the new burgeoning population in India.
Q.4. How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in solving India’s water crisis ?
(Answer in 150 words)
Micro-irrigation is the method of irrigation by which water is irrigated through drippers, sprinklers,
foggers etc in a more efficient way.
This is helping in solving India’s water crisis in the following ways:
1. Micro-irrigation ensures water use efficiency. It applies water directly to the root zone of the
plant.
2. It stops the loss of water through run-off.
3. It enables deep percolation and avoids evaporation of water.
4. Water savings from this as compared to flood irrigation are as much as 30%-50%.
5. Electricity consumption is also much lower that saves farmers money
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6. Micro-irrigation also prevents fertilizers from washing away
7. It further reduces nutrient loss or leaching of the soil that is seen from traditional irrigation
methods.
8. The micro-irrigation system can also be used to apply fertilizers (fertigation) in a targeted way
so as to prevent weed growth.
The government has launched the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana and set up a micro
irrigation fund for enabling more number of farmers to adopt this scheme.
Q.5. How is S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in
the world? (Answer in 150 words)
The S-400 is a mobile long range surface-to-air missile system developed by Russia. It is considered
as one of the world’s most advanced air defence systems that can track and neutralize a range of
incoming aerial threats.
India has engaged with Russia for the purchase of S-400, missile defence system.
S-400 are superior to other missile defence system available in the world in the following ways:
1. Lower cost system: S-400 is much less costlier than THAAD
2. Greater Range: S-400 can also protect a much wider area as compared to to Iron Dome of
Israel and THAAD.
3. Engagement with Aerial While: S-400 is capable of engaging aerial targets such as small planes
and UAVs.
4. Greater specifications and multi-function systems: S-400 has systems that come with
multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting system, anti-aircraft missile
systems and a command-and-control centre. These are not available in other such missiles.
5. Time period required to deploy is lower: S-400 can be deployed in 5 mins, while Patriot system
takes upto 25 minutes.
6. Higher speed: The S-400 has much higher speed that the Patriot system as well.
Q.6. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the
COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first
floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) ? (Answer in 150 words)
The Green grid initiative was announced at COP-26 at Glasgow by India and the UK. It is an
international initiative to create an interconnected global power grid for reliable, resilient and
affordable supply of clean energy for all.
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The idea for the single global grid for solar was first outlined at the first assembly of International
Solar Alliance in 2018 by the Indian Prime Minister.
Purpose of the Green Grid Initiative is:
1. Carry out investment and R&D in green grid technologies
2. Carry out the process of decarbonization of energy production
3. To develop technologies for transportation of solar power across countries
4. To create an international network of global interconnected solar power grid
5. Initiate a collaborative effort to minimize cost, maximize efficiency and attract investments
to build a global green grid.
6. Create a sustainable and impactful change to lift millions out from poverty through green
energy
7. To protect the environment by developing a long term sustainable form of energy production
and transmission
However, many challenges still remain as financing for such a massive undertaking still exist. The
Green grid initiative, led by India, has the potential to create many jobs, clean energy use across
many continents, production and transmission of scalable green energy. This could answer the
problem of climate change in the long term.
Q.7. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released
by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005?
What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised
standards ? (Answer in 150 words)
The WHO has released an updated version of the Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs). WHO has
further lowered the recommended levels of various pollutants that can be considered safe for
human health.
Key Points of revised AQGs:
1. New air quality level guidelines have been released by reducing levels of key air pollutants
2. Countries can both mitigate climate change and also global climate change by doing this.
3. WHO move also sets the stage for shifts in policy by the governments towards evolving stricter
standards.
4. It recommends air quality levels for six pollutants. These include: PM 2.5 & PM10, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide
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Global Air Quality Guidelines 2005 were less strict as compared to 2021
Changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme needed to achieve these standards are as
follows:
1. India’s air pollution standards need to be updated as they are less strict as compared to the
WHO’s prescribed guidelines.
2. India also needs to make the reporting and recording of PM2.5 & PM10 more stringent.
Hence, India has a long way to go in order to implement the clean air policy in the country and
reduce the emissions that are impacting health and the environment.
Q.8. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including
the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during
the last three decades. (Answer in 150 words)
Earthquake hazards can be defined as dangers associated with an earthquake that can affect
people’s daily lives. Earthquake hazards can be caused by shaking, surface rupture, landslides,
liquefaction, tsunami etc.
Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-related hazards:
1. More than 58% of Indian landmass is prone to earthquakes.
2. Densely populated areas and unplanned urbanization have increased risks associated with
earthquake hazards.
3. Many island areas such as Andaman & Nicobar frequently experience damage due to
earthquakes. Many coastal areas are also exposed to Tsunamis.
4. Hilly areas in India are also exposed to earthquake hazards as these areas could experience
avalanches, change in directions of streams, landslides etc.
Salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes over last 3 decades:
1. Latur earthquake Maharashtra: This led to widespread devastation in the region
2. Chamoli earthquake: This resulted in landslides and also change in stream flows in the areas.
3. Bhuj: This led to extreme loss of life and property due to unplanned construction.
4. Indian Ocean Tsunami: Created by under-water seismic activity, changed biodiversity of
those areas .
5. Kashmir: Caused by severe upthrust of Indian plate against Eurasian plate
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India being a large landmass with various diverse landforms is exposed to such incidents. NDRF
has developed a strong 4R framework for response, rescue, relief and rehabilitation during such
occurings.
Q.9. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering.
Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and
international levels (Answer in 150 words)
Money laundering can be defined as the process of converting black money into white money.
Emerging technologies contribute to money laundering in the following ways:
1. Cryptocurrencies can be used to transfer unregulated money by criminals for illegal activities
2. Technology is used for masking identities and hacking as well. These funds are transferred
through money laundering for payment.
3. Various encryption technologies are used to carry out conversations to facilitate money
exchange illegally as well
Globalization contributes to money laundering in following ways:
1. Global markets are used to rotate illegal funds to make them harder to track
2. It becomes harder for law enforcement agencies due to legal complications that come in cross
border transactions
3. It is easier for criminals to travel and have multiple nationalities in a global world
4. Tax havens like Cayman Island, Panama have emerged as biggest spots for keeping money
Measures at national and international to tackle this menace:
1. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) categorizes countries on basis of their legal framework to
fight money laundering and other financial crimes
2. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 has a legal framework to prevent money
laundering.
3. The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) carries out intelligence work, investigations etc.
4. RBI also has many regulations on international transfer of money from India and vice versa.
5. Various other mechanisms for agencies to coordinate at international level exist such as
Interpol etc.
Money Laundering has emerged as a means to fund terrorism, hide black money, carry out mafia
activities. Hence, the international community needs to have coordinated efforts in order to fight
it.
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Q.10.Keeping in view India’s internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber attacks.
Also discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks. (Answer in 150 words)
Cyber attacks are online hacking efforts that aim at destroying digital and physical infrastructure,
stealing information, altering information etc.
For example: WannaCry ransomware attack.
Impact of cross border cyber attacks on India is as follows:
1. It will disrupt the ongoing daily life of millions – Critical Infrastructure like railways may stop
running, power plants might shut down, telecommunications may be hampered
2. It could lead to misinformation campaign that can create social disharmony and radicalization
of the youth.
3. It could be used to debilitate national security infrastructure, terror attacks and defence
infrastructure.
4. It could be used to steal sensitive information.
Defensive Measures against this:
1. Institutional and technological Measures
a. Setting up of National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC)
b. Setting up of Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) to develop protocols
in such cases
c. National Cyber Coordination center to help coordinate among agencies
2. Economic measures
a. Investment in anti-hacking technologies, national firewalls, strong response etc.
b. Investment in local talent pool development for ethical hacking
3. Legal measures
a. IT Act, 2000 has provisions against cyber threats and attacks
b. CRPC can also be used in such cases to go after the perpetrators.
Q11.Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V- shapes recovery? Give
reasons in support of your answer. A V-shaped recovery is characterized by a sudden, quick and
sustained economic growth after a sharp economic decline. (Answer in 250 words)
Reasons for V shaped recovery in the Indian Economy recently:
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1. India’s GDP grew by almost 20% in the first quarter of 2021-22 in comparison to the first
quarter of 2020-21.
2. The Economic Survey has also projected a strong V shaped recovery
3. India is the only country that has registered two consecutive quarters of growth as well
4. Various factors such as decline of Covid 19, strong vaccination campaign, recovery in
worldwide economies, renewed trade also points towards this.
On the other hand, experts are also hinting at a K shaped recovery as follows:
1. Possibility of new strains of Covid 19 still pose a threat of complete shutdowns
2. Various regions of the country still face Covid threat, especially the economic hubs like
Mumbai and Delhi.
3. Sectors like supply chain, logistics, hospitality are still restricted
4. Digital economy has recovered but manufacturing is still down due to problems in supply
chain
Therefore, while recovery has started, it is still to be seen how the economic growth pans out over
the next few quarters in the Indian economy.
Q.12.“Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.
”Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (Answer in 250 words)
Basic infrastructure facilities include education, health, defence, telecommunications, ports,
airports, railways etc. These are key for growth and development of a country. It enables the
citizens to increase their productivity as well.
Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth in the
following ways:
1. Enhancement of productivity: for instance, good railways infrastructure reduces cost of
transportation and saves time, which leads to cost savings for the companies and enhanced
revenues as well
2. Job creation: construction of infrastructure provides both direct and indirect employment
opportunities
3. Increase of Incomes: infrastructure also enables all types of workers to produce better results.
Farmers can benefit from investments in irrigation, similarly software developers benefit
from investment in fast internet and local manufacturing of hardware
4. Improvement of health and education services as investment in these directly benefits the
type of human capital is created for the country
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5. Improvement in environment: investment in green technologies enables mitigation of
climate change and creation of ecologically sensitive development
Government has taken up many efforts to develop infrastructure in India. Metros are being
constructed in major cities. Road, railways and airport infrastructure has got a huge boost
through the golden quadrilateral program, bullet train construction etc. Additionally, PM Gati
Shakti Master Plan etc are also being taken to expedite the development of infrastructure.
Q.13.What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013 ? How has the Food
Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (Answer in 250 words)
The National Food Security Act, 2013 aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately
two-third of the country’s population.
The salient features of the act are as:
1. Coverage and entitlement: Up to 75% of rural and 50% of the urban population will be covered
under the Act
2. Uniform entitlement of 5 kg ration per person per month.
3. Maternity benefit: Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers (PWLM) are also entitled to
receive maternity benefits of upto Rs. 6000
4. Nutritional support: PWLM and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be
entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under ICDS and Mid day meal program.
5. Women empowerment: Eldest women of the household of age 18 years or above to be
considered as head of the household for issuance of ration cards.
6. Social audits: to enable accountability and transparency in the program.
7. Food security allowance: It is entitled to the beneficiaries in case of non-supply of food grains
or meals.
8. Grievance Redressal: Act calls for dedicated mechanism for grievance redressal at district and
state level.
The Role of NFSA in eliminating hunger and malnutrition is as follows:
1. According to a UN report the total number of undernourished people in India has declined by
almost 60 million in last 2 decades.
2. Large reduction in poverty and hunger has taken place
3. Mid day meal has resulted in decrease of malnutrition among children (UN report: stunting in
children from ~60% in 2012 to 35% in 2019)
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4. This scheme also provides food security to the poor which insulates them from income shocks
as well.
However, challenges of corruption, leakages still plagues the program and hence much needs
to be done to close these pilferages. Government is mulling the use of technology (biometric
systems) to do so.
Q.14.What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies
provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (Answer in 250 words)
Crop diversification can be defined as the addition of new crops to the existing crop or agricultural
production in particular.
For example, sowing horticultural crops or fruits in one season and Kharif crop in another.
The challenges before crop diversification are as follows:
1. Impact of Green Revolution: This led to shift towards large scale monoculture cropping of
wheat and rice at cost of coarse grains
2. Policy of MSP is favoured towards growing of rice and wheat that discourages farmers from
crop diversification
3. Due to heavy dependence on the monsoon India’s farmers chose to cultivate single crops
4. Fragmented land holding: This results in lack of scale in agriculture that reduces profits and
increases burdens on small farming families.
5. Shift from traditional food crops to cash crops: Massive shift from crops like Bajra and jowar
to unsustainable cash crops such as cotton and sugarcane due to profits has reduced crop
diversification
6. Poor investment in agro sciences and training has also reduced the knowledge base (as of new
technologies and agriculture improvements) of farming communities
Emerging Technologies provide opportunities for crop diversification in the following ways:
1. Use of IT to help farmers connect directly with customers (farm to fork model) and also
food processors can help them in getting better rates and also diversify their offerings for
customers.
2. New technologies such as aquaponics can help farmers go for crop diversification in more
profitable crops
3. Kisan Credit cards: help farmers to experiment with crop diversification and also provide
credit at lower rates.
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4. Micro irrigation: PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna has been launched to promote micro irrigation (Per
Drop More Crop), and use of drip irrigation, sprinklers etc.
5. Soil Health Management: This technology can help to assess the soil health and inform farmer
about the benefits of crop diversification over monoculture farming.
Government has launched various agricultural programs such as Micro drip irrigation scheme,
Mission to double farmer’s income by 2022, new crop insurance scheme etc to move into a
direction of crop diversification.
Q.15.What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will
these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (Answer in 250 words)
Applied biotechnology is the field where there is an emphasis on using biotechnology for
applications in the field of industrial design, food, agriculture, environmental, healthcare etc.
For exam: use of stem cell to cure diseases is a case study of applied biotechnology
R&D achievements in this field are:
1. Stem Cell Research
2. Human Genome Project
3. Cancer Therapies
4. CRISPR technology for gene-editing system
Role of these achievements in uplifting poorer sections of society
1. Stem cell research can be used to cure many incurable diseases like cancer, HIV AIDS etc. It can
also be used to grow organs for transplant
2. Biotechnology is also helping increase the income of marginal farmers by increasing crop
yields and making it climate and pest resilient. Gene editing is used for this purpose
3. It is also using genome sequencing to understand genetic defects, cure many diseases and
understand the human body better
4. It is also helping in enhancing the shelf life of food products
5. Biotechnology can also be used to develop various bacteria to kill pollutants in the sea and the
land fills.
Hence, applied biotechnology is a field that provides new promises to solve some of the most
daunting problems faced by humankind. Indian government is also investing in many such
applications through Department of biotechnology
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Q.16.The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura
for the invention of Blue LEDs in 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of
human beings ? (Answer in 250 words)
LEDs are semiconductors that have been built so they emit light when they’re activated. While
green and red LEDs existed before, blue LEDs were still not invented, which prevented the
manufacturing of white LED
The invention of blue LEDs opened floodgates for several applications.
How has Blue LEDs impacted everyday life of human beings:
1. Efficient source of light: Blue LEDs will further enable the replacement of the traditional
incandescent bulb, which is inefficient and an energy guzzler.
a. Blue LEDs are also more efficient
2. Improving quality of life of people: The LED lamp has low power requirement, hence it can be
used efficiently by low power solar systems as well by poorer communities.
3. Durability: LEDs have a greater durability and lasts much longer than traditional bulbs, thereby
saving money and power.
4. LEDs can very easily be dimmed by modulating the input current which is not possible in the
earlier light bulbs.
5. LED are used widely in other applications such as making of mobile phones, TVs and other
electronics.
6. Greenhouse cultivation: This light can also be used for greenhouse-cultivation, thereby
providing another source to address global hunger and food crops.
The Government of India has promoted LEDs across all sections through several schemes like
UJJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) and National Street Light Programme.
Q.17.Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the
commitments made by India in this conference? (Answer in 250 words)
The 26th session of COP26 was held in the UK to finalise the rules and procedures for
implementation of the Paris Agreement.
The aim was to achieve commitment to a net-zero target by a specific year.
Outcomes of COP-26:
1. Financial support: Decision was made to provide $100 billion annual support for developing
countries’ efforts to reduce carbon emissions
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2. Reduction in use of fossil fuels: COP agreed to reduce use of coal power by 2040
3. Promoting electric vehicles and slow phasing out of petrol and diesel-powered vehicles by
2040
4. Afforestation: targets were decided for reduction in deforestation and its reversal over next
few years
5. The Paris Agreement rulebook was completed which kept the targets for limiting global
warming to 1.5 degrees celsius.
India’s commitment at COP-26
1. India announced that its net zero target will be achieved by 2070.
2. India also launched portal ‘E-Amrit’ for electric vehicles for education and awareness about
these
3. India will also fulfill 50% of its energy requirements through renewable energy by 2030.
4. India will reduce 1 billion tonnes of carbon emissions by 2030.
Experts still believe that many targets in COP 26 are not enough to control the rise of earth’s
temperature by 1.5 degrees by the end of the century. Therefore, further higher targets are
needed to be set in upcoming meetings and countries should take their own efforts to adopt
carbon neutral technologies and reduce emissions.
Q.18.Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components
of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (Answer in 250 words)
A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. It is a
natural phenomenon, however it has increased in recent years due to human activities.
Causes of Landslides
1. Tectonic activity: The Indian subcontinent is continuously moving towards the Eurasian plate.
This tectonic activity makes it prone to earthquakes and causes landslides.
2. Cloudbursts: These also lead to heavy downpour of water in a short period of time, which can
cause landslides in the area.
3. Rampant and unchecked development activities like houses, large buildings and construction
of roads in mountainous areas exposes them to the risk of landslides
4. Climate change: Extreme rainfall events, increased melting of glaciers, cloudbursts etc. result
in more water flows over steep slopes. For example: Increased flooding incidents in western
ghats and uttarakhand.
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Effects of Landslides
1. Includes loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources.
2. It can also block rivers and increase the risk of floods.
3. These have devastating effect on farmers’ livelihoods as they can prevent access to land for
years, destroy seed and fertilizer stocks
Important components of the National Landslide Risk Management strategy are as follows:
1. Development of Landslide Monitoring system and Early Warning System to raise alarms
about such incidents well in advance
2. Landslide audit system to scout for areas that are vulnerable to landslides
3. Use of satellite technology to map such areas and provide information to the public
4. IEC and awareness programs about people who live in high risk areas
5. Capacity Building and Training of Stakeholders
6. Implementation of mountain zone regulations & land development policies
7. Early response and rescue teams to address such disasters in effective ways
Q.19.Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the
internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.
External State actors can be defined as those entities which have formal backing of the sovereign
state for carrying out any intended activities.
For example: army, the bureaucracy, intelligence agencies etc.
Non state actors are individuals or organizations that have significant political influence but are
not allied to the country.
For example: NGOs, civil society organizations, extremist outfits, corporates etc.
How are external State and non-state actors responsible for posing challenges to internal security:
1. Use of terrorist outfits by neighbouring countries to destabilize Indian internal security:
Pakistanhas used external state actors like the Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) to operate terror cells
against India in PoK.
2. These outfits are supported by other intelligence groups like the ISI and get political backing,
economic assistance, logistical support, military training or arms supplies as well
• Naxalism:
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◊ Naxalites in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and other states work within India itself to overthrow the
government, thereby posing existential threat to internal security
• Insurgency:
◊ The North-East region of India suffers from efforts by groups such as ULFA, NSCN etc. who
demand different states on basis of ethnic identities
• Counterfeit currency:
◊ Mafia, hand in hand with terrorist groups, carries out operations for production of counterfeit
currency. This has the ability to financially destabilize internal security.
• Communalism:
◊ Certain fringe groups consistently look to destabilize the peace between different religious
communities.
◊ Some outfits also incite people on regionalism lines thus demanding their separate state
◊ Some non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs) have been found to be supported by unknown foreign
funding and these work to destabilize major developmental projects in India.
• Cyber Security:
◊ Non-state actors and foreign operatives (hackers) often hack government websites.
• Drug and human trafficking:

◊ Many underground and mafia groups are involved in drug trafficking and human trafficking
along the golden crescent and golden triangle routes.
Measures required to combat these threats are:

1. Various State intelligence agencies such as the IB, the RAW etc. need to have high level of
coordination and communication them to ensure information is exchanged about such
nefarious activities
2. India has set up CERT-In to respond to any cyber attacks by external state actors
3. Awareness among the public about the presence of such threats helps to track suspicious
activities by law enforcement agencies.
Q.20.Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus.
Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism.
Terrorism can be defined as the use of use of force or violence against individuals to threaten them
or the government. It is used to further particular political or social objectives.
Terrorism is a widespread phenomena across various geographies, and exists in various complex
forms.
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Causes of Terrorism:
1. Ideologies: Extreme ideologies sometimes result in hatred towards one section of society by
another, which breeds terrorism.
a. For example: LTTE in Sri Lankaand Irish Republican Army was an ideological terrorist outfit
2. Psychological Perspective: Those who engage in terrorism may do so for purely personal
reasons, based on their own psychological state of mind. For example: the various bombers
who have done it for personal beliefs
3. Political failure: Sometimes when the government fails to redress people’s grievances, they
may resort to violence. For example: African National Congress in South Africa used terrorism
to meet their ends when all other options seemed close.
Linkages and obnoxious nexus of terrorism:
1. Terrorism and organized crime and interrelated and connected. For example: Money from
Punjab’s drug trafficking is used for terrorism.
2. Organized crime uses terror organizations to get access to weapons as well
Measures to be taken to eradicate terrorism are as follows:
1. Effective use of Legislative Measures such as UAPA and PMLA
2. Financial Action Task Force to effectively check cross border terror financing
3. Strengthening Border Management to prevent cross border terrorist activities.
4. Use of diplomacy in cross border crimes
5. Representation at the UN
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PAPER
GENERAL STUDIES
2021 4
Q.1. (a) I dentify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify
their inclusion in the matrix. (Answer in 150 words)
Ethics are standards that govern what is morally right and wrong. These five traits are:
1. Integrity
2. Selflessness
3. Compassion
4. Objectivity
5. Accountability
Their reasons for inclusion in the matrix are as follows:
Ethical trait Reason for inclusion

Integrity • Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral
principles.
• It is a must for elimination of corruption in services
Selflessness • Selflessness means putting the public interest before self-interest
• It also helps to establish leadership in the workforce and also ensures
that confidence is created in the public office
Compassion • Helps the civil servant be aware and empathetic towards weaker
sections
• Helps civil servants become more approachable

Objectivity • Helps become impartial and not have personal bias
• Fairness and unbiasedness is key for good administration
Accountability • Civil servant must be answerable for their decisions
• It makes the administration public centric
(b) I dentify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe
the /ways and means to prevent non-ethical behaviour in the pubic servants.
Answer:
The 10 essential values needed to be an effective public servant are as follows:
1. Integrity
2. Leadership
3. Empathy
4. Selflessness
5. Objectivity
6. Openness
7. Responsiveness
8. Honesty
9. Accountability
10. Courage
Ways and means to prevent non-ethical behaviour in public servants are as follows:
1. Effective implementation of various Right to Services laws, citizen charters etc. makes them more
accountable
2. Rigorous training and skill development over the course of the civil servant will help them in this
regard as well.
3. Strict laws and rules are required to deter unethical behaviour and hold it accountable on a fast
track basis
4. Good system to punish the bad apples while rewarding the high performing and ethical officers
breeds healthy competition and honest behaviour.
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The essential values and further reforms in the system both empower the public servants and make
them more accountable to the general public.
Q.2. (a) I mpact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making is a
debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable example. (Answer in 150 words)
Digital technology acts as a key source for rational decision making today.
However, digital technologies may not act as reliable source of input for rational decision making
as shown below:
1. In many situations, it is important to get the real pulse of the situation by meeting the people
and understanding their problems on the ground itself.
a. While digital technologies might assist in such cases, human interaction and human touch
is more effective.
b. For instance, in the case of a dowry burn victim, no digital technology can replace a
compassionate visit by an officer, delivery of relief and assurance of quick action against
the perpetrators.
2. Digital technologies may not capture all data required for making rational decisions. For
example: Exclusion errors in many government schemes lead to this.
3. Digital technologies may also manipulate the people. For example: use of social media during
election campaigns.
Hence, it is clear that digital technology has limitations to how it can help human decision making
and how it is adverse in many administrative situations.
(b) Besides domain knowledge, a public official needs innovativeness and creativity of a high
order as well, while resolving ethical dilemmas. Discuss with suitable examples.
Innovativeness and creativity are a must for resolving ethical dilemmas because domain
knowledge has many limitations.
1. Ethical dilemmas are dynamic in nature. They can present situations never seen before.
Therefore, only experience and ability to think out of the box is needed in such situations. For
example: many civil servants have used CSR funding creatively to upgrade district schools and
hospitals.
2. Innovativeness helps when there are minimal sources available to carry out a project or task.
For example: many Indian entrepreneurs often started with jugaad solutions that became big
products later on.
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3. Sometimes, domain knowledge also helps in creating new solutions through creative
application of mind. For example: DM’s with MBBS degrees creatively solved health problems
through administrative methods in many districts during Covid 19.
Therefore, while domain knowledge enables excellence in a certain field, creativity is also an
important quality of a leader helping in solving ethical dilemmas.
Q.3. What does each of the following quotations mean to you?
(a) “ Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that
persevere will see the light, sooner or later.-Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words)
Perseverance is the key to success. Any project, work or undertaking requires a person to work
hard through multiple iterations in order to find the right output.
This can be seen in the life of many successful individuals.
JK Rowling, the author of Harry Potter books, had written multiple books and faced poverty in her
early years. However, years of hardwork and a spirit to continue writing and pursuing what she
loved eventually led to creation of a master piece.
However, perseverance also requires discipline and continuously learning from one’s own
mistakes. Only then can perseverance result in seeing the light at the end of the tunnel.
Just like a spider tries to climb a wall but falls hundreds of times before it eventually finds success,
we need to put work through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding.
(b) “ We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within
ourselves.” – Dalai Lama (Answer in 150 words)
These words of the Dalai Lama highlight the importance of self-awareness.
We often complain about the chaos we are surrounded by. We often discuss with our friends how
there is so much violence, disorder, lawlessness and injustice in the world. This often makes us
angry and lose the belief that change is possible in the world.
However, this reactionary approach does not actually help us solve the problem. We must
first take the journey of understanding our own emotions, our own shortcomings and our own
strengths.
Mahatma Gandhi worked his entire life to obtain peace in the world. However, before that he
had also truly succeeded in attaining inner peace through spirituality and deep understanding of
himself.
Only self-awareness and calmness within can help us to bring calmness in the world outside us.
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(c) L ife doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the
sooner we learn that, it is better for us all.” -Erik Erikson word (Answer in 150 word)
Interdependence is the law of nature. Every organism and living being is dependent on each other
from basic physiological needs such as nutrition to higher needs such as self-actualization.
Interdependence in human life comes from our family bonds, friends, dependence on society for
approval and recognition, dependence on our colleagues for growth and learning in a professional
setting and so on.
These networks help us meet our social needs, motivational needs and eventually also help us
realize the true nature of our existence and achieve self-awareness.
For instance, many of us depend on other persons with greater knowledge of Yoga to guide us
learn yoga. Similarly, we also depend on other to learn spirituality, get approval from others,
help others - which fulfills us.
Q.4. (a) A
ttitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human
being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant?
Attitude can be defined as a way of thinking or feeling about something. A positive attitude is
considered to be an essential characteristic of a civil servant. This can be build in the following
ways:
1. Always thinking of the person who is possibly in a worse situation than yourself helps to
break ego and become more compassionate towards others and appreciate the privilege we
already have.
2. Practicing compassion in daily life through being grateful for what we have can help build a
suitable attitude as well.
3. A never give up attitude where challenges and adversity in public life must be faced with a
positive approach.
4. Problem solving approach: public service requires constant solving of the public’s problems,
administrative problems and coming up with creative solutions.
5. Not falling for political pressures and practicing non-partisanship is a must.
6. Learning from the life stories of great leaders such as Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Nehru can
help in building the required disposition of a public servant.
(b) I n case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same
without compromising the ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically
examine. (Answer in 150 words)
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Arjuna faced a crisis of conscience in Mahabharata when he faced his own uncles and brothers as
enemies in a war.
His inner voice was questioning his choice to fight this battle against his own loved ones. This inner
voice that guides us about what is ethical or unethical is known as conscience.
Emotional intelligence helps us in guiding and making decisions in such situations.
1. Emotional intelligence helps in understanding of the situation, the context and the long-term
outcomes of our actions.
2. Emotional intelligence also helps us to put our ego behind and consult the most important
stakeholders in a situation.
3. EI can help in reconciling divergent values that might be conflicting.
4. EI also helps to persuade other parties involved and ask the right questions without offending
anyone. For example: a DM might be required to persuade many different religious bodies to
maintain peace during any communal riots in the district. For this, he must employ EI to talk
to various parties and bring them to a mutual consensus.
However, EI is also required to be complemented with diplomacy, knowledge of laws, rules,
regulations, other social and moral values to come up with suitable solutions in situations with
crisis of conscience.
Q.5. (a) “ Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution
or human right violation.” Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension
being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society.
Non-refoulment is a principle that forbids a country from returning refugees to a country where
they may face persecution. However, countries claiming to be democratic with open society
often refuse to accept refugees and send them back raising following ethical questions:
1. Dilemma of national interest vs. global responsibility: Countries deny refuge citing
limited resources, security threats, primary responsibility towards their citizen. However,
responsibility as a member of global community is often violated. Nations justify their actions
on utilitarian perspective (protecting their citizen) while neglecting deontological aspect
(duty to protect) in dealing with refugees.
2. Human rights are inalienable rights to life, liberty and opportunity to realize one’s potential.
Turning back the refugees deny them their basic human rights.
3. Turning back those in need goes against the Categorical imperative of Kant as it cannot be
made into a universal principle. Some countries are accused of using migrants as a tool of
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foreign policy as witnessed during 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis. This amounts
to using people as means and not as end in themselves. Such actions do not pass the test of
Gandhiji’s Talisman (action keeping in mind the interest of weakest).
4. Most of the refugees suffer without any fault of their own. They become victim of violence due
to ‘accidents of birth’ being born in particular country (Syria, Afghanistan), into a persecuted
community (Ahmadiyas, Rohningyas) etc. Denying them opportunity to escape violence and
persecution goes against all ethical principle.
5. Historical responsibility: Western world is responsible for many refugee crisis. For example:
colonial exploitation and policies (Sykes-Picot Agreement), armed humanitarian intervention
leading to civil wars (Middle East), climate refugee etc. They should take historical
responsibility for their actions.
6. Standard of ethics in society: Dehumanizing refugee and refusal to recognize their suffering
set wrong example for future and lead to decline in values like care, empathy, compassion in
the society.
Democratic liberal countries/societies with resources and capacities should accept refugees and
allow them to exercise their basic human right of life and pursuit of happiness.
(b) S hould impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make
a successful civil servant? Discuss with illustrations. (Answer in 150 words)
Answer:
Impartiality means acting without any bias towards anyone.
Non-partisanship is a quality of being politically neutral.
These two virtues are considered as foundational values for a civil servant. These are indispensable
because:
Impartiality:
1. A civil servant is required to account for the merits of the case and situation in front of him and
then make appropriate decisions on a daily basis. If he is clouded by bias or subjectivity, then
he may do injustice.
a. For example, an impartial officer may favour a recruitment for some selected persons and
meritorious candidates might suffer due to this.
2. It ensures an amicable and effective relationship between civil servant and the society/
citizens. For example, an impartial DM will command respect of the people, and thus will
gain their cooperation in various conflict management situations only if he is unbiased and
impartial.
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Non-partisanship:
1. A civil servant is required to work by the principles of the Constitution and not that of the
political party in power. For example, a DM and SP must act with highest non-partisanship
during elections to ensure this constitutional principle is held in the highest regard
2. This quality also ensures there is a good relationship between the civil servants and the
political leadership and continuity is maintained even after a change in governments.
These indispensable qualities also enable the civil servant to function efficiently and effectively
and create an atmosphere for good governance.
Q.6. (a) A
n independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every
sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and
ethical conduct. Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)
Social audit can be defined as the process of evaluation of performance of public services. It is
conducted by the service provider and public, especially the beneficiaries.
For example: MGNREGA was the first Act to make social audit by Gram Sabha mandatory for its
works.
Social audit is must to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct for the following
reasons:
1. Social audit involves the beneficiaries of the program which enables direct feedback loop
about the services provided to them
2. It looks into the actual impact of public services delivered and also enables officials to give
feedback for improvement of these services
3. It makes the entire process of governance participatory in nature
4. Jansunwai is also held in social audits which enables greater accountability of officers and
executing branches
5. Judicial reforms are need of the hour as case pendency is all time high. Social audits of judicial
process can help in checking this problem
6. Judiciary will also be able to get constructive criticism through such audits as to what problems
general public faces when approaching the courts
While social audit is an effective tool to combat corruption and provide feedback for public
services, lack of awareness remains as a major hurdle in its implementation.
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(b) “ Integrity is a value that empowers the human being.” Justify with suitable illustration.
Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
It is characterized by a high ethical system and values of uprightness, honesty and sincerity. It
empowers the human being in the following ways:
1. Professional integrity empowers a person by creating a positive image and creating authority
which the people around her respect and follow. For example, Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as
the railway minister for a train accident. This showed his utmost ownership and high integrity
2. Integrity empowers the human being as it provides inner strength which can help him withhold
political pressure in civil services. For example, T.N Seshan was questioned by everyone for his
reforms in electoral practices. However, his integrity helped him to establish him as an icon of
transparency and efficiency.
3. Integrity enables a person to create a movement around him, which gets support for mass
changes. For example: Mahatma Gandhi’s integral approach towards personal and political
life was instrumental in establishing his leadership
Hence, integrity can truly empower by building a good value system, providing both internal and
external support systems and helping a person resolve conflicts internally as well as in the society.
Case Studies:
Q.7. Sunil is a young civil servant and has a reputation for his competence, integrity, dedication
and relentless pursuit of difficult and onerous jobs. Considering his profile, he was picked
up by his bosses to handle a very challenging and sensitive assignment. He was posted in a
tribal dominated district notorious for illegal sand mining. Excavating sand from river belt and
transporting through trucks and selling them in black market was rampant. This illegal sand
mining mafia was operating with the support of local functionaries and tribal musclemen who
in turn were bribing selected poor tribals and had kept the tribals under fear and intimidation.
Sunil being a sharp and energetic officer immediately grasped the ground realities and the
modus operandi followed by the mafia through their devious and dubious mechanism. On
making inquiries, he gathered that some of their own office employees are in hand and glove
with them and have developed close unholy nexus. Sunil initiated stringent action against them
and started conducting raids on their illegal operations of movement of trucks filled with sand.
The mafia got rattled as not many officers in the past had taken such steps against the mafia.
Some of the office employees who were allegedly close to mafia informed them that the officer
is determined to clean up the mafia’s illegal sand mining operations in that the district and may
cause them irreparable damage.
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The mafia turned hostile and launched counter-offensive. The tribal musclemen and mafia
started threatening him with dire consequences. His family (wife and old mother) were stalked
and were under virtual surveillance and thus causing mental torture, agony and stress to all
of them. The matter assumed serious proportions when a muscleman came to his office and
threatened him to stop raids, etc., otherwise, his fate will not be different than some of his
predecessors (ten years back one officer was killed by the mafia).
Identify the different options available to Sunil in attending to this situation. Critically evaluate
each of the options listed by you. Which of the above, do you think, would be the most
appropriate for Sunil to adopt and why? (Answer in 250 words)
a. The different options available to Sunil in this case are:
Option 1: Sunil can continue his actions against the Mafia, local functionaries, his corrupt
subordinates. He can further apply for police protection. At the same time, he should inform
his superiors about the whole situation.
Option 2: Sunil can stop taking any action/measure, and can continue his tenure in his office.
Option 3: Sunil can request his superiors for his transfer from the district, describing the whole
situation to them.
b. The above options can have the following consequences:
Option 1
Merits Demerits
1.
It will reinforce the rule of law in the 1.
Sunil’s family might face the reaction
tribal district. from the local mafia.
2.
It will aid in checking corruption in the 2.
Police personnel might be hand
public offices. in glove with the mafia, which will
complicate matters.
3.
Police protection will ensure security
for Sunil, his mother and his wife. 3.
Sunil will face continued resistance
from his subordinates.
4.
It will also free the tribals from the fear
and intimidation of the sand mafias 4.
It might affect the mental condition of
and win public confidence. Sunil
6.
Higher funds from mining
revenue could be used to take up
developmental processes for tribal
people.
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Option 2
Merits Demerits
1. It will stop the aggression of the mafias 1. It will result in loss of public confidence.
towards Sunil.
2. Tribals will continue to suffer
2. Sunil will be able to complete his
3. It will compromise the law and order
tenure.
situation in the district.
4. Mental frustration for Sunil
Option 3
Merits Demerits
He and his family will be relieved Same as above
c. First option is the most suitable option. Following are the reasons:
1. It will create a positive image of the government and win people’s confidence and help in
governance of an otherwise neglected area where tribals were suffering from alienation
from their own resources.
2. Rule of law will prevail
3. Ethical and moral ground of Sunil as an officer will be maintained
4. Sunil will fulfill his moral and professional duties
5. Help Sunil in the long term to take bold decisions in administration
6. Action against indiscipline of corrupt officials and the mafia.
Q.8. You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle – class towns. Principal has
recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also feelers that
the management may promote you as Principal. In the meantime, during annual examination
the flying squad came from the university caught two students red-handed involving in unfair
means. A senior lecturer of the college was personally helping these student in this act. This
senior lecturer also happens to be close to the management. One of the students was son
of a local politician who was responsible in getting college affiliated to the present reputed
university. The second student was son of a local businessman who has donated maximum
funds for running of the college. You immediately informed the management regarding this
unfortunate incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with flying squad at any
cost. They further said that such incident will not only tarnish the image of the college but
also the politician and businessman are very important personalities for the functioning of
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the college. You were also given hint that your further promotion to Principal depends on your
capability in resolving this issue with flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimated by
your administrative officer that certain members of the student union are protesting outside
the college gate against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident and
demanding strict action against defaulters.
1. Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.
2.
Critically examine the options available with you as Vice Principal. What option will you
adopt and why? (Answer in 250 words)
a. The ethical issues involved in the above case are as follows:
1. Professional Integrity under question: The senior lecturer has compromised his
professional integrity by not taking action. However, the situation is also a test of my own
integrity, as it creates a conflict between my duties and personal interest.
2. Test of moral strength: It is a possible lucrative opportunity to become the principal of
the college by burying this matter but, on the other hand it is also the duty to report the
culprits as they have done an immoral act.
3. Unbiasedness: The exam must be the same for everyone and if someone has cheated and
got away with it, it is unfair.
4. Professional ethics are also tested in this situation
b. The options available to me as a vice-principal are as follows:
1. Not take any action against the cheating students.
Merits Demerits
1. Save the reputation of the college for 1. I will compromise my professional
right now integrity
2. The college will continue to gain political 2. Tarnish the credibility of the college in
and financial patronage from the the longer term.
politician and the businessman.
3. Set a bad precedent for the future.
3. I will get promotion as principal
4. It will further aggravate student
protests.
2. Let the flying squad take strict action against the senior lecturer, and the two students as
per the rules:
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Merits Demerits
1. It will enhance the image of the college 1. Financial loss to the college
2. It will enhance the sanctity of the 2. My chances of promotion will be
education in eyes of the students reduced.
3. It will increase people’s trust in the
college and the education system
4. It will set a right precedent for the future.
5. It will ensure a stoppage of corruption
by teachers.
6. It will settle the protests by other
students.
3. Convince the flying squad not to take any action. Punishing the boys and the lecturer after
conducting an internal enquiry separately and confidentially.
Merits Demerits
1. It will save the reputation of the college 1. It will further aggravate the protests.
in the short term and also ensure its
2. It will compromise the sanctity of the
patrons stay.
fair processes.
2. It will potentially save the career of the
3. Perpetrators might get away in internal
two students and the lecturer.
inquiry through political pressure
3. It will create a middle way for both the
parties
I will choose the second option. It is the correct course of action because:
1. This is uphold the integrity of the profession and also fulfill my professional duty
2. It will set the right example for the students of the College
3. It will also ensure that other lecturers are not involved in such incidents in the future and
focus on teaching rather than such involvements
4. This option will pacify the protests by other students.
5. This option will uphold the credibility of the college as a fair and impartial institution.
Q.9. An elevated corridor is being constructed to reduce traffic congestion in the capital of a
particular state. You have been selected as project manager of this prestigious project on your
professional competence and experience. The deadline is to complete the project in next two
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years by 20 June, 2021, since this project is to be inaugurated by the Chief Minister before
the elections are announced in the second week of July 2021. While carrying out the surprise
inspection by inspecting team, a minor crack was noticed in one of the piers of the elevated
corridor possibly due to poor material used. You immediately informed the chief engineer and
stopped further work. It was assessed by you that minimum three piers of the elevated corridor
have to be demolished and reconstructed. But this process will delay the project minimum by
four to six months. But the chief engineer overruled the observation of inspecting team on the
ground that it was a minor crack which will not in any way impact the strength and durability
of the bridge. He ordered you to overlook the observation of inspecting team and continue
working with same speed and tempo. He informed you that the minister does not want any
delay as he wants the Chief Minister to inaugurate the elevated corridor before the elections
are declared. Also informed you that the contractor is far relative of the minister and he wants
him to finish the project. He also gave you hint that your further promotion as additional chief
engineer is under consideration with the ministry. However, you strongly felt that the minor
crack in the pier of the elevated corridor will adversely affect the health and life of the bridge
and therefore it will be very dangerous not to repair the elevated corridor.
1. Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a project manager?
2. What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by the project manager?
3. What are the professional challenges likely to be faced by the project manager and his
response to overcome such challenges?
4. What can be the consequences of overlooking the observation raised by the inspecting
team? (Answer in 250 words)
a. Options available to meas me as the project manager are as follows:
1. Continue with the work as per the orders of the superiors
2. Conduct more surveys, record them, document them and bring them to the notice of the
Senior engineer once again and if not responded to by them, then to other Senior officers,
political leadership or the CM himself.
3. Request my transfer from the project
b. Ethical dilemma faced by the project manager is as follows:
Personal interest vs public interest: Going ahead with the project will ensure a promotion.
However, it could possibly put the lives of many citizens in danger.
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c. Professional challenges likely to be faced by the manager are as follows:
1. Pressure from superiors and political leaders
2. Loss of career progression and promotion
3. Loss of public lives due to inability to raise the matter to the right people
4. Probable legal action on the manager in case he doesn’t raise the matter to the right
authorities.
Response:
1.
The manager must prepare a detailed survey and report of the cracks, take some other
engineers on the site in confidence and approach higher officials in the department and
record his report officially.
2.
Further, he should request time from these officials and if needed, higher political leaders to
explain and bring this to light.
3.
He should also notify the contractors and third parties involved in testing and supplying
materials of the cracks and require reports for the reasons of the same.
4.
He should also try to come up with an alternative plan of repairs to reduce delay time so that
the project can also be completed.
5. However, he should not budge as potential loss of public lives is involved.
d. The consequences of overlooking the observations of the inspecting team could be:
1. Collapse of the elevated corridor and loss of many lives.
2. Loss of public funds and further inconvenience caused to the public.
3. Loss of professional integrity of the manager
4. Loss of the reputation of the department and even the political bosses.
5.
Possible repetition of same mistakes in other projects where contractors and engineers
overlook such cracks.
Q.10.The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries. As
on May 8th, 2020, in India 56342 positive cases of corona had been reported. India with a
population of more than 1.35 billion had difficulty in controlling the transmission of coronavirus
among its population. Multiple strategies became necessary to handle this outbreak. The
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India raised awareness about this outbreak and to
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take all necessary actions to control the spread of COVID-19. Indian Government implemented
a 55-day lockdown throughout the country to reduce the transmission of the virus. Schools and
colleges had shifted to alternative mode of teaching- learning-evaluation and certification.
Online mode became popular during these days. India was not prepared for sudden onslaught
of such a crisis due to limited infrastructure in terms of human resource, money and other
facilities needed for taking care of this situation. This disease did not spare anybody irrespective
of caste, creed, religion on the one hand and have and have not’ on the other. Deficiencies
in hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, ambulances, hospital staff and crematorium were the
most crucial aspects You are a hospital administrator in a public hospital at the time when
coronavirus had attacked large number of people and patients were pouring into hospital day
in and day out.
1. What are your criteria and justification for putting your clinical and non-clinical staff to
attend to the patients knowing fully well that it is a highly infectious disease and resources
and infrastructure are limited?
2. If yours is a private hospital, whether your justification and decision would remain same as
that of a public hospital? (Answer in 250 words)
a. Criteria for putting clinical and non-clinical staff to attend the patients:
1. The staff should not be comorbid or have age or disease vulnerability.
2.
Clinical staff that are not comorbid must be at the front lines of patient duty. Try to give
them the best equipment available and well-spaced duties to allow rest.
3.
Non clinical staff can be given duties to procure oxygen, keep stock of medicine, cleanliness,
managing and counseling patients and so on.
4.
Create charts of such duties and have daily meetings to motivate staff.
Justification principles:
1.
Kant’s duty principle: As a public servant, I have duty towards the government, and also the
public. Dutifulness requires me to allocate resources for handling patients’ needs.
2. Utilitarianism: Larger public interest will be served when patients are treated.
3.
Common good: I have responsibilities towards my staff for their welfare, but common good
lies in controlling pandemic as well.
b.
As administrator of a private hospital, my commitment to public health would remain the
same. I would take following more measures:
1.
There could be more load in public hospitals. Therefore, ensure that the processes and
systems are well set and there is strong monitoring.
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2. I would try to stay on the front lines so that the staff is motivated as well.
3. I would ensure the safety of the staff with sufficient protection equipment and
vaccination.
4.
There could be a shortage of medicines and essentials. For this, I would request the
patients who could pay to do so, while also get help from private donors and individuals
for public health system when needed.
Q.11.A Reputed food product company based in India developed a food product for international
market and started exporting the same after getting necessary approvals. The company
announced this achievement and also indicated that soon the product will be made available
for the domestic consumers with almost same quality and health benefits. Accordingly, the
company got its product approved by the domestic competent authority and launched the
product in Indian market. The company could increase its market share over a period of time
and earned substantial profit both domestically and internationally. However, the random
sample test conducted by inspecting team found the product being sold domestically in
variance with the approval obtained from the competent authority. On further investigation,
it was also discovered that the food company was not only selling products which were not
meeting the health standard of the country but also selling the rejected export products in the
domestic market. This episode adversely affected the reputation and profitability of the food
company.
1. What action do you visualize should be taken by the competent authority against the food
company for violating the laid down domestic food standard and selling rejected export
products in the domestic market?
2. What course of action is available with the food company to resolve the crisis and bring back
its lost reputation?
3. Examine the ethical dilemma involved in the case. (Answer in 250 words)
a. Following actions can be taken against the company by competent authorities:
1. Cancel the license and certifications of the company to sell the products domestically.
2. Recall the product and destroy it as it is unsuitable for public consumption and use.
3. Impose a heavy monetary fine as per the government rules
4.
Conduct civil and criminal proceedings under the rules and laws against the management
and persons involved.
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5.
Launch a study to understand any adverse impact on public health and report such cases
if any.
b. The company can take following course of action to resolve the crisis and regain its reputation:
1. Issue a public apology and try to communicate to the public corrective actions in the matter
2.
Conduct a thorough audit through independent agencies as to the cause of such oversight and
fix the responsibility on persons involved in this. File police case wherever necessary.
3. Conduct a review of the company’s systems, processes in place
4. Conduct intense training of the employees to avoid such occurrences in the future
5. Review the quality control program of the company
c. The ethical dilemma in the case are as follows:

There is a conflict between the public interest and profitability of the company. The company
has chosen to neglect public interest for profits.

There is also a dilemma of business interest of a few over common good for the many here.

On the other hand, if the government takes strict action against such defaulters, companies
may view the government as anti-business. However, the government must also emphasize
that while it may proportionally punish the companies breaking the standards, it also supports
good businesses.
Q.12.Pawan is working as an officer in the State Government for the last ten years. As a part of routine
transfer, he was posted to another department. He joined a new office along with five other
colleagues. The head of the office was a senior officer conversant with the functioning of the
office. As a part of general inquiry, Pawan gathered that his senior officer carries the reputation
of being a difficult and insensitive person having his own disturbed family life. Initially, all
seemed to go well. However, after some time Pawan felt that the senior officer was belittling
him and at times unreasonable. Whatever suggestions given or views expressed by Pawan
in the meetings were summarily rejected and the senior officer would express displeasure in
the presence of others. It became a pattern of boss’s style of functioning to show him in bad
light highlighting his shortcomings and humiliating publically. It became apparent that though
there are no serious work-related problems/shortcomings, the senior officer was always on
one pretext or the other and would scold and shout at him. The continuous harassment and
public criticism of Pawan resulted in loss of confidence, self-esteem and equanimity. Pawan
realized that his relations with his senior officer are becoming more toxic and due to this, he felt
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perpetually tensed, anxious and stressed. His mind was occupied with negativity and caused
him mental torture, anguish and agony. Eventually, it badly affected his personal and family
life. He was no longer joyous, happy and content even at home. Rather without any reason he
would loose his temper with his wife and other family members. The family environment was
no longer pleasant and congenial. His wife who was always supportive to him also became a
victim of his negativity and hostile behaviour. Due to harassment and humiliation suffering by
him in the office, comfort and happiness virtually vanished from his life. Thus it damaged his
physical and mental health.
A. What are the options available with Pawan to cope with the situation?
B. What approach Pawan should adopt for bringing peace, tranquility and congenial
environment in the office and home?
C. As an outsider, what are your Suggestions for both boss and subordinate to overcome this
situation and for improving the work performance, mental and emotional hygiene?
D. In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for officers at various levels
in the government offices? (Answer in 250 words)
Answer:
This case is that of poor work culture, abuse of authority, and lack of emotional intelligence of the boss.
a. Following options are available with Pawan to cope up with the situation:
1. Pawan can resign from the current position
2. He can take leave from office to cool off
3. He can seek transfer to another department
4. He can completely ignore his senior at work and continue to work as usual\
5.
He can introspect about the causes of the boss’ behaviour and approach him respectfully to
try to find a solution to the ongoing problem.
b. Pawan should deeply think about the situation and go to the root causes of his boss’ attitude
towards him. He should also take steps to improve his behaviour at home. This can be done
through:
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Office Home
1. Introspect his own actions at work: 1. Discuss the matter with his wife
a. Was there a problem caused to his explaining the issue he is facing in office.
senior due to any of his own actions? 2. Try to minimize the interference
b. Was the senior also behaving in of professional problems in family
the same manner with other newly life through active meditation and
transferred colleagues? counseling.
2. Try to have an open conversation with his 3. Get support from other family members.
senior to bring forward his concerns of
mental pressure he has been under and
also get feedback from the senior about
his professional conduct and work.
– It is possible that senior will open up to
Pawan and matters will be resolved.
3. If this doesn’t work, Pawan can bring it to
the knowledge of his senior’s boss and
lodge a departmental complaint.
c. As an outsider, my suggestion to the boss and subordinates are as follows:
Boss Subordinates
1. Must be respectful of his subordinates. 1. Be highly professional and
communicative.
2. Must develop emotional intelligence and
regardless of any adverse situations must 2. Show utmost respect to the senior and
not shout or use foul language with the talk with him about the challenges faced.
staff.
3. Do not let work related tensions spill into
3. Try to develop emotional intelligence your personal life – communicate more
and emerge as a leader and a role model. with family members.
4. Give constructive criticism to the
employees in their work and not belittle
them.
d. I would suggest following type of training to the officers in government offices:
1. Sensitivity training for all employees
2. Development of emotional intelligence
3. Communication techniques at the workplace
4. Role playing training
5. Relaxation training, meditation and mental well being
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40 SOLVED
PAPER
QUESTIONS by
Manuj Jindal 2
40 Solved Questions by Manuj Jindal – in time-bound manner
This chapter with solved questions focuses on Content. Here I have provided the examples of various
solved questions from my actual, time-bound, hand written answers in mock tests. This will give you a
good idea about the quality and the level of the content you can expect from yourself to get 110–130
in any GS paper.
Q.1. Would the creation of an institution by itself eliminate corruption in government institutions?
Is external institutional mechanism a substitute for integral vigilance? How can internal
vigilance be strengthened?
Answer
Institutions are organizations that comprise a set of clearly defined mechanisms, processes,
procedures, and policies for regulatory functions. These include institutions such as RBI, SEBI, FSSAI,
TERI, etc. Judicial institutions include courts of law and other institutions include the police and so on.
Institutions by themselves cannot eliminate corruption.
• They require autonomous and credible leadership and clear agenda to eliminate corruption.
• For instance, despite a strong set of powers, CBI has been termed as a ‘caged parrot’ by the
Supreme Court because it is unable to operate independently.
Similarly, the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) lacks investigative infrastructure due to which the
institution of CVC is unable to control corruption.
External institutional mechanism to substitute for internal vigilance:
Institutions such as the Lokpal have been envisaged as an external mechanism to check corruption by:
1. Addressing grievances of citizens against corrupt political leaders and officials.
2. Ushering accountability and transparency.
3. Giving strength to other mechanisms such as RTI.

However, they must be supported by internal vigilance. This is because
1. Internal vigilance is like self-regulation—the best form of regulation.
2. Internal vigilance is more effective in addressing lacunae in the internal processes.
As recommended by the Paris plan on effective institutions, internal vigilance can be strengthened by:
1. Setting up an enforcing agency to work internally.
2. Providing judicial backing and power to internal vigilance.
3. Providing investigative powers to internal vigilance institutions.
Q.2. Over-regulation will stifle the voluntary sector, but no regulation poses a threat to democracy
itself. In the light of this statement, analyse the provisions of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,
2013, which necessitate it for senior management personnel working with NGOs to disclose
their assets and liabilities if the NGOs receive foreign donations and funds from the Union
Government.
Answer
NGOs play a central role in the Indian democracy. Some key public legislations such as RTI and Lokpal
are a result of NGO work.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 addresses NGO senior management as public officials and puts
them in the same category as government officials.
Additionally, the Act also requires NGO personnel to disclose all assets and liabilities.
This poses following problems:
1. Invasion of right to privacy with right to life (Article 21) of a private citizen.
2. Possible harassment by vested interest for ownership of even hereditary assets or high salary.
3. Exit from profession by capable management from NGOs to the private sector in lieu of such
intervening legal provisions.
• Over-regulation leading to problems akin to those that were caused by the License Raj in
the pre-liberalization era.
Positive aspects of Lokpal provisions:
1. Monitoring of foreign funding and influence on public policy and NGO action by the government.
• Ford Foundation has been accused of disturbing development efforts in many countries
such NGOs could be monitor rise in national interest.
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2. Checking corruption and money laundering and instances of black money used through NGOs.
• A large section of laundered funds are sent/received through NGOs.
Therefore, it seems necessary from serious crisis of foreign funding and corruption that the provisions
of the Lokpal Act are necessary for the overall benefit of the society.
Q.3. Universities are meant for education and not for politics, and hence student politics should
either be strictly regulated or banned. Critically examine.
Answer
University is a sacred space, where the principles of objectivity, knowledge, curiosity, and civic duty
are inculcated.
Indian universities have active political bodies such as All India Student Association (AISU) and ABVP.
Positives:
1. Historical tradition of having politically active student bodies from the days of national freedom
struggle.
• Many universities such as Calcutta University and others were the hotbed of economic,
social, and political critics of the British Empire.
2. Political activity includes a sense of citizen participation and consensus in decision-making.
3. It is a training ground for future leaders.
4. It is a forum for students to voice their grievances.
5. It ensures that students are well-informed and active about national, regional, and international
issues.
Negative impacts:
1. Interference of national political parties may hamper the functioning and autonomy of
university administration.
2. Focus shifts from academics to politics, thereby not fulfilling the role of college education.
3. Emotionally charged politics leads to violence and loss of property and polarization on the
campus.
4. The student body gets divided on the basis of caste, religion, language, regional affiliations, etc.
It appears from analysis that political activities should be limited in university due to these adverse
effects.
The experiences of JNU and Jadavpur University have shown that political interest can deviate student
bodies.
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Q.4. Traditionally, efforts to address the issue of accountability have focused on improving and/
or strengthening the ‘supply side’ of the democratic government social audit and bringing
attention to improving the ‘demand side’ of democratic governance. Elucidate.
Answer
Supply-side mechanism
Supply side of governance refers to provisions such a citizen charters, RTI, and grievance redressal
mechanisms to address citizens’ problems and enhance public service delivery.
This has a limited impact on governance as:
1. Lack of awareness about the supply-side mechanism leads to their underutilization by citizens.
• For example, citizen charters are barely available to citizens.
2. Lack of clarity leads to major loopholes and delays, and the one-sided approach does not fulfil
the government’s goals.
Demand-side mechanism
Demand-side mechanism refers to provisions such as social audit and citizen report card (CRC).
• These are more effective (in reference to citizen charters) as they:
1. Lead to greater awareness among citizens.
2. Enable consensus-driven and citizen-centric government.
3. Allow for more responsibility and accountability of local government officials.
4. These are two-way mechanisms, thereby ensuring conversations between those who govern
and those who are governed.
Examples
• Social audit in Andhra Pradesh has greatly enhanced the quality of food grains available under
the Food Security Act.
• Citizen report card by Bangalore action task force (BATF) has improved municipal work there.
Therefore demand-side mechanism must be implemented to increase democratic governance.
Q.5. While there are many successful stories about the benefits of SHGs, many are concerned
about the future of the SHG movement in India. Are SHGs heading towards the right direction
of women empowerment? Explain with a suitable illustration.
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Answer
SHGs (self-help groups) have greatly transformed the lives of millions of households by empowering
women. As on date, there over 8 crore individuals availing its benefits, and over 17,000 crore rupees
have been mobilized through the SHG bank-linking programme as well (E-Shakti programme).
Are they heading in right direction?
Benefits:
1. Financial inclusion has been enabled by SHGs by bringing crores of households within its net.
2. Women empowerment by providing them livelihood options.
• Additionally, women are empowered as they can share information, discuss problems, and
create consensus-driven solutions for the community.
Example:
1. Kudumbashree in Kerala has enabled land ownership for millions of women in SHGs.
2. Myrada in Karnataka has provided financial literacy for women in SHGs.
Problems:
1. Hidden default rates in SHG loans can lead to financial distress for women.
2. Forced appropriation of funds or fund misuse by the male head of the family can lead to
domestic violence problems.
3. Excessive growth in SHGs can lead to financial improprieties by some ill-intentioned individuals.
4. SHGs’ high interest rate can create inordinate financial burden.
These challenges in the growth and future of SHGs can be addressed by greater community
participation and consensus-driven solutions for SHGs.
Q.6. What safeguards are required to protect honest officers from harassment? Are the provisions
of taking prior sanction of the government before registration of cases necessary? How can it
be ensured that this does not become a shield for corrupt officers?
Answer
Honest officials have often faced the wrath of vested interests in public office. For instance, Mrs Durga
Shakti Nagpal, an honest IAS officer from UP, faced political vendetta in public office while discharging
her duties.
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Safeguards required:
1. Fixed 2–3 year term in office for all public officials as recommended by the ARC report.
2. Written and video-recorded evidence for all meetings with political leaders.
3. Clear protocol policy and rules for execution of tenders, projects, and programmes, so as to
minimize political interference.
Existing provision—Prior government permission
1. The Constitution has provided various safeguards. However, they have both positive and
negative outcomes, as follows.
Negative
1. Cases are not filed against corrupt officers due to political support.
• Current officials misuse power in the shadow and protection of such shielding laws.
Positives
1. Honest officials can really discharge their duties without political threats.
2. The actions of the officials are guided by public interest and non-populism.
Ensuring that it does not become a shield:
1. It is recommended by the 2nd ARC report that an independent ombudsman such as Lokpal can
be given powers to freely and fairly investigate officials.
2. Granting greater investigative power to the Vigilance Commission will also result in internal
vigilance.
Q.7. How is media as a pressure group different from an interest group? Discuss the role of media
including social media as a pressure group in influencing public policy.
Answer
Media is regarded as the ‘fourth pillar’ of our democracy. This is due to the media’s ability to report
without bias, start public debates, keep a check on the Executive’s as well as the Legislative’s over-
reaching powers and work as an agent of change.
Media is different from interest groups
1. It does not have to represent the vested interest of a particular group or class of people.
2. It functions as an information source for the public.
3. Pressure groups such as FICCI, CII, and other trade unions focus on a few individuals’ particular
interests, but media represents a larger community and has greater national interest in mind.
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Similarities
1. Both can duly influence public opinion.
2. Both can lead to a considerable change in public policy.
3. Both are also driven by a narrow interest if they are owned by a small group.
E.g., some media channels are owned by business groups and functions for their own interest.
Role of social media and media in influencing public policy:
1. Social media can reach out electronically to people.
• For example, Change.org can be used directly by citizens for launching petitions to elected
leaders.
2. Social media can also greatly impact public opinion and perception as it is run by the public itself.
3. Media debates and prime time shows can evoke emotions and inform people about their rights.
4. It can demand greater transparency, accountability and consensus-driven decision-making by
the government.
Q.8. Should the civil society work as a watchdog—holding institutions to account and promoting
transparency and accountability, or should it work shoulder to shoulder with the government
in the process of governance and development. Analyse.
Answer
Civil society refers to various civic organizations such as NGOs and media that represent matters of
public Interest.
Role as a watchdog
1. The civil society as a watchdog has led to the passing of transformational acts such as the RTI and
Lokpal.
• Without such Acts, the governance standards would have been low and citizens would be
underserved with information and justice.
2. As a watchdog, it can also ensure that the executive branch does not misuse power and
arbitrariness in governance is removed.
3. It also enables a critical analysis of our various institutional functioning.
For instance, the Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR) has exposed money power and crime by
reporting on these metrics in the Parliament.
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Role: Shoulder-to-Shoulder
1. Measures such a social audit and citizen report card cannot be fulfilled without the cooperation
of civil society.
2. Many government schemes are also effectively implemented by the civil society (NGOs).
For example, Akshay Patra provides mid-day meals in many schools.
3. The civil society also enables the government to get critical feedback from all stakeholders.
Hence, if both the approaches are used together, they can enhance governance and enable NGOs etc.
(civil society) to work as the third arm of the government.
Q.9. RTI has enabled people to participate in the process of development, which has resulted in
the reduction of corruption and the establishment of an open and participatory government
system. Critically examine.
Answer
RTI was ushered in 2005, and in the last decade or so, it has enabled millions to access government
files, challenge government undertakings, and win critical cases with the help of information.
The RTI has promoted greater transparency by allowing citizens to access information pertinent to
public service in a timely manner.
It has promoted awareness among the citizens.
It has helped policy makers to take the ‘Rights Based Approach’ to policy making. This has led to key
changes in the government such as ushering in the Lokpal, release of millions of rupees delayed by the
bureaucracy in compensation to farmers, exposure of corruption scams such as 2G, 3G, coal scam,
and Vyapam scam.
Deficiencies:
1. Murders of activists and whistleblowers such as Satyendra Nath in the NHAI Case has led to the
citizens fearing to using the RTI.
• Over 200 murders reported since 2005. 80 plus in Uttar Pradesh alone as per the NCRB.
2. Public officials often delay RTI due to low fine.
3. Ignoring of RTI by political parties despite Chief Information Commissioner’s order.
• This has led to the undermining of RTI’s power and efficacy.
Way forward
1. Provide witness-protection-type of security to RTI activists.
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2. Close loopholes of the RTI by bringing in legislative changes.
3. Bringing political parties under CIC’s RTI and enhancing CIC’s power to punish in case of
disregard of its order.
Q.10. Is social media destructive for the democracy or is it essential for the democratic government?
In the light of this statement, analyse the recent trends.
Answer
Social media has brought millions of people to the forefront by giving them a voice in our democratic
governance.
It has worked both as an enabler and disabler (disruption).
Essential → Enabler
1. Twitter has become a mouthpiece of citizens for good governance.
For example, the various problems faced by train passengers can be reported through the
Railways’ Twitter account, which leads to results within hours.
2. Facebook, Twitter, etc. are also channels of self-reporting by citizen reporters.
• They post photos and videos coercing the authorities to take instant action.
3. They are also instruments of mass and digital movements, where opinion, demand, and action
are immediately mobilized. They also enhance transparency and accountability through ‘social
documentation’.
Disrupting → Disabler
1. Violence and mass exodus can be triggered by false reports and social media.
For example, the Northeastern citizens left Bangalore in March on the false report of attack on
them.
2. Social media can be used by terrorism to hire/influence youth and radicalize them, thereby
weakening democracy. A case in point is ISIS recruiting online on Facebook.
3. Can lead to poorly thought conclusions and hysteria and false reports, thereby threatening the
right to privacy under Article 21.
Hence, social media is a two-edged sword and its use must be judicious.
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Q.11. The citizens’ charter, which promises a morally time-bound delivery of services, will be
ineffective as long as it is not made legally bound. Examine.
Answer
The citizens’ charter promises a certain level of standards, quality, timelines, and delivery of public
services. They also outline the grievance redressal mechanism.
For example, the income tax department has an elaborate and enforceable citizens’ charter.
Pros of legally binding charters:
1. Citizen will be able to seek full delivery of services they are entitled to.
2. Public officers will be required to deliver service or face legal consequences.
3. Legal accountability will ensure relief for older citizens, women, SC/ ST and other marginalized
sections.
For example: legally enforceable character in Sweden and Finland have greatly enhanced
efficiency and effectiveness in public office.
Cons:
1. Undue legal burden on the Judiciary even in small grievance cases.
• Already courts are burdened with over 25 lakh pending cases.
2. Public officials will face greater challenges in carrying out their duties due to legal repercussions.
• Creativity may be hampered in public policy.
3. Legal cost, thereby taking such services out of the reach for the poorest citizens.
Solution and way forward
1. Create an internal ombudsman in each government office to address grievance and corruption
cases.
• Self-regulation is the best form of regulation as recommended by the 2nd ARC report.
2. Create public hearing and social audits as essential features.
• E.g., NREGA has still not been fully equipped with a social audit in many states despite this
provision.
Q.12. Is a career-based bureaucracy, with public servants ascending up the ladder with time, the
best solution for achieving outcomes in governance? Or is a position-based bureaucracy with
each key office open to choice and competition with guaranteed tenure a better option? How
can such a competition and choice be fostered/institutionalized.
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Answer
Competition and choice are integral features of a dynamic, effective, and efficient civil service.
Career-based promotions on age basis create following problems:
1. Civil servants become incentivized to protect their own interests rather than think creatively
about the public’s problems and solutions.
2. The influence of political leadership could become imminent in such a system.
3. Demotivation of capable officers due to age, and not merit, as a factor.
4. Most competent officers are not able to apply for choice postings due to lack of meritocracy,
thereby reducing competition.
• Competition for best post on the basis of merit, performance, and expertise must be
considered.
Advantages of position-based competitive bureaucracy:
1. Experts will be placed in desired positions
E.g.: A financial expert in a finance office could be more efficient and effective.
2. Will promote career planning and continuing education among civil servants.
3. Will reduce political interference and vested interest.
Institutionalization of such systems:
1. Allow merit-based lateral entry.
2. Enable cross-cadre appointments on the basis of merit and appointments.
3. Provide security of tenure.
4. Eliminate age-based promotions.
5. Put age limit on certain posts so that age-appropriate officers are selected for certain posts.
Q.13. In a democracy, which role will be considered the most appropriate for civil services:
regulating public affairs or playing a direct role in the development and transformation of
society? Substantiate your view.
Answer
Civil services have been referred to as the ‘steel frame of Indian government’ since British time. Today
it plays role not only of steel frame but also of a dynamic institution that can facilitate development.
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Regulating public affairs:
1. Regulation can be left to autonomous institutions such as RBI, SEBI, FSSAI, TERI, and judicial
institutions.
2. Regulation of public affairs by civil servants can be limited to extreme situations, such as public
order by police; the rest can be enforced by institutions meant for such functions.
3. Regulation by civil servants opens possibility of corruption, inspection raj, and hindrance in
public affairs.
Role in development:
1. Civil servants can act as facilitators of social and economic change.
• This can be achieved by their constructive participation in executing government
programmes. Educating society about its rights and building transparency and
accountability in systems.
For example:
Civil services can enhance ‘functionaries’ of panchayat raj institutions by devolving funds and functions
to them, instead of blocking such efforts.
Q.14. Discuss the current challenges for managing the e-governance projects in India that are not
doing well or falling short of expectations. What steps have been taken by the government in
recent times to overcome them?
Answer
E-governance has the potential to transform India into a knowledge economy and improve the
delivery of services to public.
Challenges:
1. Digital divide:
• As revealed by World Networking Report released by World Economic Forum, India is
highly prone to being left out from digital economy and society due to e-illiteracy.
2. Lack of e-government software in vernacular languages leaves out both officials and citizens.
• For instance, the Centre’s eNAM platform has been criticized for lacking the local language
translation feature.
3. Interoperability:
Due to excessive number of software and e-platforms, convergence of programmes not
achieved.
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E.g.: NREGA and Skill India are finding difficult to converge due to interpretation issues.
4. Lack of connectivity:
Broadband highways have not been rolled out even in 40% of villages yet, rendering
e-governance impossible.
Steps to overcome issues
1. Translation of software in local languages has been envisaged as a ‘mission mode’ scheme
under Digital India.
2. Digital India is creating single-window websites for various cross-connected platforms with
help of National Informatics Centre.
3. Mission mode laying of broadband under ‘Bharat Net’ programme.
4. Launch of ‘unified payment interface’ should facilitate payment, and Aadhaar’s legislative
backing should enhance JAM Yojana as well, which will provide a boost to e-governance.
Q.15. There is a need to strike a balance between the rights of women, the unborn foetus, and the
legitimate interest of the state to prevent selective sex determination. In the light of this
statement analyse the Supreme Court of India’s recent landmark decision to allow a 24-year-
old rape survivor to terminate a 24-week pregnancy.
Answer
The right of foetus conceived due to rape raises myriad of ethical, legal, and rights-based questions.
For foetus
Ethical questions:
1. Abortion leads to loss of life of an unborn foetus, which is morally wrong
• If sex of foetus is known, it is even more perverse on part of a person to abort it.
Legal questions:
• Sex-based determination and abortion are simply illegal under the PCPNDT Act.
Rights-based questions:
• The foetus has right to life under Article 21, as it is a living creature.
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For mother:
Ethical questions:
• The Mother’s mental state may be very fragile in case of a rape and conception thereafter.
• She may not feel fit to raise the child.
Legal questions:
• The mother cannot abort due to laws in place against such abortion.
• However, she also has a legal right due to crime committed against her.
Rights-based questions:
• Mother may not be able to lead a dignified life as envisaged under Article 21.
This presents a deep challenge. In the landmark decision, the Court sided with mother in light of
extreme mental trauma, physical pain, and threat to her life posed due to medical reasons.
In such cases, various opinions—medical, ethical, constitutional, and even based on international
experience—have been recounted to favour mother’s right due to imminent threat to her mental
and physical being.
Q.16. It is very difficult to define public purpose in the case of land acquisition. What do you
understand by ‘public purpose’ and how can it be misused to promote the State’s interest
instead of public interest? Explain.
Answer
‘Public purpose’ refers to any cause that leads to direct benefits to all sections of the society.
For Instance: Hospitals, education, institutions, housing for the poor, women’s centres, etc. are causes
of public benefits.
Steps by State
1. States have routinely acquired land in the name of public purpose and passed it on to builders
for housing and commercial use.
• Such cases have been filed against DLF Corporation in Haryana and many others.
• Right to property not respected in spirit of law.
2. Commoditization of land has taken place due to such acts.
3. Tribal resources have been procured and allotted to mining companies.
• Rehabilitation and resettlement not done as per provisions
• Forest Rights Act routinely flouted in the name of public purpose.
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Consequences
1. Alienation of farmers, tribals, and marginalized sections.
2. Greater inequality in society.
3. Poor outcome for the public:
• ‘Public plunder’ instead of ‘public purpose’.
4. Violation of environmental laws in cases such as POSCO and Art of Living exhibition/festival on
Yamuna banks.
Way forward
1. Public purpose be strictly defined by a community of all stakeholders.
2. Limit such purpose to very few cases only.
• Case-by-case approach by communities consisting of all sections of society.
3. Use of PPP mechanism to provide public service instead of outright acquisition of land for public
purpose, etc.
Q.17. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 seeks to make it a legal
obligation for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens. It also permits
state governments to establish old age homes in every district. Give your reactions to the
statement.
Answer
India comprises over 85 million old age persons (over 60 years of age) and the number will reach 300
million by 2030.
This will make India home to largest population of old age persons.
Clearly their interest and welfare are highly relevant.
Problems that led to this Act:
1. Dignity: Old people were often dislodged from their homes by their children, leading to
homelessness and loss of dignity.
2. Livelihood: Due to high informalization of our employment sector, many old people lack society
security, pension, etc.
3. Food security: Old age has specific dietary needs and the ill treatment by children threatens
their food security.
4. Medical care: Intensive care is a necessity in this phase of life and the Act must ensure such
provision as well.
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5. Homes: State have been provided funds to establish old-age homes to ensure the elderly are
taken care of in case of homelessness.
International obligation
India has also signed the Madrid Agreement for a barrier-free society. This requires provision for old
population as well.
This Act only legalizes what is otherwise a moral and ethical duty of the society. Old-age persons are
a repository of knowledge, experience, joy, and support. They must be treated with utmost respect,
as envisaged by the Act.
Q.18. Discuss the need for statutory status to IIMs. In your view how should a balance be ensured
by the law between autonomy and accountability?
Answer
IIMs have played a critical role in management and financial education in the country. A new IIM Act
is envisaged to given them statutory status.
Needs and benefits:
1. Enable IIMS to grant internationally equivalent degrees in management instead of a diploma as
per present practice.
2. Enable IIMs to increase fees and enhance financial resources for better infrastructure.
3. Provide full autonomy on course structure, hiring, and tenure of professors.
4. Enable IIMs to partner with foreign institutions on equal footing.
Autonomy and accountability:
1. An independent board of directors can ensure accountability of the IIM administration.
2. Annual reports to the government can be presented in the Parliament.
3. Fees can be made market-driven, but special provision for scholarship to marginalized sections,
SC/STs, and women can be created to maintain autonomy as well as accountability.
4. Accreditation, inspections, and other such measures can be carried out by an independent body
and international organization to ensure accountability.
Steps
In committee discussions, the government has already consulted with all IIMs and the Ministry of
Human Resource Development on the changes.
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Q.19. The MCI has not served its purpose with regard to the regulation of the medical practice in the
country, highlighting the problems. Discuss the scope for a new regulatory regime.
Answer:
Medical Council of India (MCI) is an autonomous organization that oversees accreditation of medical
schools (colleges), pattern of various medical exams, and licensing of medical professionals.
Problems:
1. Rampant corruption has been reported in MCI with respect to accreditation of colleges.
2. MCI has been unable to increase number of doctors in India, leading to acute shortage in the
profession.
• WHO has reported that India has about 35–40% shortage of doctors in private and public
hospitals.
3. MCI has been unable to enhance the quality of doctors and many licenses have been awarded
to undertrained professionals as well.
4. MCI has not addressed the problems of shortage of medical colleges and rather awarded
licenses to politically connected families/individuals instead of professionals.
• This has led to widespread commodification of degrees and the ethics of the profession
have been compromised.
NEW REGULATORY REGIME:
A new parliamentary committee has recommended scrapping of MCI and rethinking governance in
the medical field.
1. Establish a national health authority to oversee and regulate medical (doctor) licenses.
2. Establish a separate body to regulate university/medical college licenses.
• This will bifurcate the two functions and enhance credibility.
3. Create a national policy governing medical standard and ethics.
Q.20. The very practice of setting-up of the Pay Commission every 10 years is flawed. It will never
satisfy all the sectors in its jurisdiction. Therefore, the practice should be discontinued and
every government sector should be allowed to have its own Pay Commission. Critically
examine.
Answer
The Pay Commission is set up to undertake salary review of government employees. It accounts for
inflation, quality of life, private sector salary, etc. to review such emoluments of employees.
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Problems with 10-year system:
1. The time phase is too long, as inflation and other development factors change rapidly, year after
year
• Shortened time frame of 2–3 years needed, as done in UK and US.
2. Tends to favour Group A employees over Group B, C, D, etc. and hence the gains of Pay
Commission are uneven.
3. Too centralized and does not meet varying needs of different government departments and
sectors.
Recommendation and way forward
1. Provide internal pay commissions to each department
• Base pay hikes on performance review done by departmental seniors.
2. Frequency of pay hikes to be left to departments and hikes to come from own departmental
budgets.
• This will lead to move productive and efficient performance by departments themselves.
3. Focus on Group C, D employees, as they are least paid.
• Greatest hikes should start from bottom and then move upward.
4. Gender budgeting in such pay hikes as well.
• Such policy will enhance the effectiveness of Pay Commission and rationalize its output/
outlay as well.
Q.21. The rights-based approach is giving rise to a new trend in Indian constitutional governance,
that is, the DPSPs are getting preference over Fundamental Rights. Identify such trends and
analyse their pros and cons.
Answer:
The rights-based approach refers to fulfilling various economic, social, and political ends of a society
by viewing them as inalienable and inseparable ‘rights’ and not just as obligations.
For instance, as provided by DPSP earlier, educational rights for 6 to 14 year old children were not
fundamental in nature. The passage of the RTE Act has made this a fundamental right, which is
justiciable.
Similarly, DPSPs such as legal aid for the poor, nutrition for all sections of the society, child rights, and
so on are also viewed more and more to be fundamental rather than just as directive objectives to be
fulfilled by the state.
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This could even lead to a compromise of rights by the government. For instance, Aadhaar identification
to deliver various services could compromise on citizens’ basic right to privacy, as established in the R.
Rajagopal Case by the Supreme Court.
The need of the hour is for the state to be able to view fundamental rights as complementary to the
directive principles that have to be fulfilled and protected side by side.
Q.22. After establishment of the NITI Aayog, the role and significance of the Inter-State Council
seem to have eroded further. In the light of this statement, discuss the relevance of the Inter-
State Council and inter-state coordination.
Answer:
The Inter-State Council has been envisaged in the Constitution of India itself. The founding fathers
believe that such a body will enable the achievement of cooperative federalism and enhance centre-
state relations.
Relevance of Inter-State Council
First, this is a high-powered body constituted by the prime minister, cabinet minister, and chief
minister. Any important issue affecting national integration and state welfare can be discussed by it.
Second, it can be a platform for the states to amicably discuss problems such as river water disputes,
interstate trade, and common economic and social principles.
Third, as envisaged by Pandit Nehru, the Inter-State Council is a forum for discussion, communication,
and deliberation among the states’ heads and the Central Government.
The NITI Aayog has overtaken this role, as it also comprises the chief ministers and prime minister
in the governing council. In this situation, the role of the Inter-State Council should be made clear
and its mandate be reinforced as envisioned by the Constitution as recommended by the Sarkaria
Commission as well.
Q.23. There is the contention that the NHRC is more than an extension of the government, rather
than an independent overseeing agency, and hence the label of being a ‘toothless tiger’ is not
justifiable. Critically examine.
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has been established to address human rights
violations in India and fulfil its mandate for the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) as well.
Problems due to Lack of Independence of NHRC
First, it has not been accorded constitutional status and hence it can be used to fulfil only practical
ends.
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Second, the NHRC lacks the ability to investigate cases of human rights violations independently due
to lack of staff and expertise in the field. This results in influence over its investigations by external
agencies such as the CBI.
Third, the NHRC’s recommendations are not binding on the government. This undermines its ability
to address human rights.
Independence can be ensured by:
1. Its members should be nominated by a larger panel.
2. Only a retired Chief Justice of India should be able to head the NHRC, thereby increasing its
stature and independence.
3. Working with NGOs would help the NHRC by keeping executives from influencing its working.
Way Forward
Therefore, reforms are needed to further enhance the effectiveness of the NHRC by giving it more
investigative powers and making it totally free from executive control.
Q.24. There are two contrary views regarding ‘sedition’ law in Section 124-A of the Indian Penal
Code. One section wants its scope to be expanded and another section wants its scope
to be restricted or even for it to be abolished, so that the freedom of speech does not get
obstructed. Critically analyse their views.
Answer:
Section 124 of the Indian Penal Code has a long and muddled history. It was used by the British during
the freedom struggle to charge Gandhiji and Bal Gangadhar Tilak of seditious activities. Even today, it
opens up a gamut of issues:
1. Section 124 can be used by the government to hassle the critics of government policy. This is
against the Freedom of Speech under Article 19.
2. It can also be an instrument of self-censorship, thereby muffling citizens’ voices.
3. It can be used to serve political vested interests and as a tool in inter-party politics.
4. Fundamentally, it has no place in a modern liberal democracy of India, as it is regressive in itself
and morally deviant.
The need of Section 124A
1. As opined by the Supreme Court in the Kedarnath Case, Section 124 is constitutional only if any
speech, writing, or form of expression attempts to incite violence or bring down the government
by force. This is reasonable, as India is still an evolving democracy with regional, communal, and
ethnic problems.
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2. Also, at the same time, the apex court has said that government criticism cannot be termed as
sedition regardless of how harsh it is.
3. Problems such as cross-border terrorism, national security, and communalism are so prevalent
and growing that this section may be able to serve its purpose.
Way Forward
The onus lies on the government of the day to not use Section 124 to meet political ends, but address
only grave constitutional issues with this powerful section.
Q.25. Traditionally, sports have been seen as a public-spirited nonprofit sector, but due to
fierce competition and commercialization, the sector is facing governance and regulatory
challenges in recent times at both the national and international levels. In the light of this
statement, suggest a suitable model for the governance of sports.
Answer:
Sports have been an integral part of human history, which is evident from the long tradition of the
Olympics. In India, the guru-shishya tradition also originated in the background of sports.
However, this noble field is facing many national- and international-level problems, as shown in the
following table:
Table: Problems being faced by the field of sports at the national and international levels.
National level International level

1. Corruption in major bodies such as the 1. Corruption and commercialization of
Sports Authority of India and the Athletics bodies such as the FIFA and the Olympic
Federation of India is not unknown. Federation.
2. Lack of a standard national sports policy. 2. Lack of a global framework guiding the
national programme.
3. Lack of institutional coordination in India 3. Lack of consensus among nations.
between the Centre and the states.
Suitable government models:
1. Creation of a national sports policy that defines the vision, mission, and the institutional
structure of Indian sports.
2. Sports charter that incorporates transparency and accountability.
3. Three-tier bodies at the Centre and the states in the district should promote sports at the grass-
roots level.
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4. Appointment of leading sportspersons as advisors and members. For example, Haryana has
done this and benefitted immensely in the governance of sports.
Similarly, the recognition of a body at the international level needs to be freed from commercial
interference by corporates. National appointees should be considered for the governance of FIFA,
Olympic Association, and so on.
Q.26. Is India emergency free? Enumerate the major factors responsible for the internal emergency
in 1975 and critically analyse how today’s factors differ from those back then, which can make
India emergency free?
Answer:
Articles 352 and 360 underline the conditions for the declaration of a national emergency. The
44th Constitutional Amendment has made various changes, which make it very difficult to declare
emergency today. These are:
1. A written cabinet note is required instead of just verbal communication by the prime minister
to the president.
2. Approval by both houses in session within a specified time limit.
3. Declaration to revoke the emergency can be passed even by the Lok Sabha itself.
Factors that make emergency possible
1. It must be noted that national emergency is also a means to address an immediate threat on the
nation through war or armed rebellion.
2. Due to our hostile and unpredictable neighbours, rising regional problems, and cross-border
terrorism, an emergency cannot be outrightly ruled out. Hence, an emergency is harder to
declare, but the chance still exists.
Factors that led to the Declaration of National Emergency in 1975
1. India had already seen two major wars in 1962 and 1971, which had hampered national
integration and security.
2. India had a fast-growing government influence with nationalization, and further reduction of
the private sphere in the economy.
3. The Indian government was still dominated by one party at the centre, but multiple regional
parties had emerged, which contributed to political tussle not seen before.
4. The emergency provisions themselves were not put to test and had a few loopholes.
Today many of these issues have been resolved after the 44th Amendment, liberalization, and a
vibrant democratic dialogue in the country. Hence emergency is harder to impose.
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Q.27. While the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism helps in relieving the pressure
of the Judiciary, it can also be seen as an abdication of the state’s responsibility to provide a
modern and efficient judicial system. Critically examine.
Answer:
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to institutions that are established to carry out mediation,
arbitration, and conciliation among people to resolve disputes outside the court.
Examples: Gram Nyayalaya, Traditional Lok Adalat, and so on.
Benefits
1. Eases the burden on the Judiciary by taking care of the mundane cases. As per NALSA, over 25
lakh cases are pending in Indian courts and ADR can play a critical role in clearing these.
2. Resolves disputes using the principal of natural justice and common sense at village and district
levels.
3. Offers a cheap and quick means of justice dispensation.
4. Provides advice based on historical and traditional knowledge at the village level and in
panchayats, thereby making justice more accessible to people.
Drawbacks → Possibly an abdication of state responsibility?
1. The directive principle of state policy (DPSP) envisages the objective of providing swift and
quality justice. ADR is such a system outside the judicial system.
2. ADR promotes informalization of the justice system, which is against the principle of judicial
responsibility.
3. ADR runs parallel to the integrated judicial system envisioned by our founding fathers. Hence it
is against ethical and constitutional principles.
4. In many cases, ADR does not bring justice but gets roadblocked by the societal idea of patriarchy,
women’s relegated position in society, and caste differentiation.
Hence, ADR presents an effective solution but also has some fundamental flaws.
Way Forward
A more comprehensive institutional structure for ADR under the integrated judicial system can be a
solution to the above-mentioned problems.
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Q.28. The object of anti-defection law was to bring down political defection and not freedom of
speech. However, its effects are seen more on curtailing freedom of speech rather than
defection. Discuss the causative factors for such unintended consequences. In your view,
what steps should be taken for its effectiveness?
Answer
Anti-defection law was incorporated under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution to counter the
problem of legislators switching parties for wrong or politically vested interests. This problem had
become extremely grave and a blot on the Indian democratic parliamentary system. However, the
anti-defection law has also encountered some problems:
1. Legislators are not able to express their dissent on party policies that are not principally sound.
2. Legislators often find it difficult to raise their concerns when they feel that party policy is
adversely affecting their constituency.
3. Freedom of speech and expression is effectively shunted in favour of the will of party supremos.
4. The very spirit of debate and discussion is thwarted.
Step to remedy these problems and the way forward:
1. Anti-defection law could be amended to allow debates and discussion without consequences
for a legislator.
2. Its provisions could be limited to measure voting in no-confidence motions for critical aspects
only and not for every legislation.
3. The merger of parties may be allowed only in a defined situation.
4. The role of the Speaker as neutral observer and authority can be strengthened by creating a
non-partisan committee headed by the Speaker in case of adjudicating the anti-defection case.
Q.29. In order to be truly independent and effective, the CAG must be free from both governmental
control and should have adequate power. In the light of this statement, analyse the need for
bringing changes in the appointment of CAG and amendment of the Audit Act that governs
the working of the CAG.
Answer
CAG is appointed directly by the President of India. No specific qualifications have been prescribed for
this appointment.
Changes needed to ensure the relevance of CAG
1. An appointment committee that evaluates the merits of candidates could make the process
more holistic.
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2. A set of required qualifications as part of the procedure of selection will greatly increase the
credibility and independence of the CAG.
3. With the advent of ever-expanding audit duties in the states as well as at the Centre, the CAG
must also adhere to a strict ethical guidelines framework to enable greater effectiveness.
4. The Audit Act could be amended to make audit reports open to judicial and public review to
ensure greater accountability.
Dr Ambedkar envisaged CAG as the most important constitutional office. Constant changes to meet
dynamic economic, social, and constitutional needs are required to keep the CAG relevant.
Q.30. The deadly nexus between unaccounted money and politics has led ‘money power’ to not
only distort free and fair elections but also diminish India’s democratic credibility. Discuss the
repercussion of this system of government on the people.
Answer
Money power has emerged as a serious challenge that is undermining the democratic election process.
1. The ability of a rich person to just ‘buy’ votes seriously violates the principle of free and fair
elections envisaged by the Constitution.
2. Political parties are funded under a much opaque process, which harms their public mandate.
• Political leaders are prone to becoming champions of the interests of corporates and rich
people rather than those of the common people.
3. The rule of law, a critical pillar of democratic credibility, is affected negatively by money power.
4. Merit and not money should determine political leadership in a democracy. Election of
individuals wielding money power leads to the promotion of the policy of nepotism and kinship,
disregarding the real needs of the masses. Our Constitution envisages a welfare society but
neo-capitalism has crept in to aggravate the problem of inequality through money power.
Way forward
1. The Election Commission has a recommended a new section under the Representation of
People Act, 1951 to effectively counter money power.
2. Political parties can voluntarily come under the ambit of RTI to help address the transparency
and accountability issue.
There are over 50% Members of Parliament today with assets over INR 1 crore. Their interest must be
aligned with the people’s interests to ensure healthy democracy in India. Hence, appropriate action
by themselves on this issue could raise the confidence of the common people in politics and help us
navigate through this issue.
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Q.31. In recent times, the relevance of the upper chamber of the Parliament has been debated as
a deliberative house, on the one hand, and a federal house that protects the interest of the
states, on the other. Give your view on the role of the upper chamber.
Answer
The upper chamber of the Parliament of India, or the Rajya Sabha (RS), has a central role to play in our
democracy and the Indian federal structure.
Role in democracy
1. The RS acts as a second chamber for the review of major decisions to ensure that thoughtful,
well-discussed, and effective laws are made.
2. The RS ensures that the Lok Sabha’s hasty and populist decisions are avoided.
Federal role
1. The RS enables the states to raise concerns about national legislations that could affect their
interests. For example, the Land Acquisition Act, 2013 and GST Act, 2016 failed to ensure that
the interest of states is not affected adversely.
2. The RS represents the concerns of the states at the centre to address their grievances.
Drawbacks
1. Small states are under-represented; for instance, the northeastern states face problems in
voicing their concerns due to low representation.
2. Political interests lead to the RS acting as a roadblock instead of as a reviewing chamber for
major legislation.
3. The RS has become a house of ‘disruption’ instead of house of ‘dissent’.
Way forward
The Rajya Sabha has immense potential to be used effectively to achieve national interest. Smaller
states should be allowed greater voice and the members should be held accountable for the outcomes
of their actions as well. This will lead to more effective functioning of the RS.
Q.32. To deter the use of PILs to defame or acquire fame, a petitioner’s locus standi, their direct
stake in the case, should be clear. They should also be liable to punishment if the charge
levelled is proved incorrect. Comment.
Answer
The public interest litigation (PIL) has emerged as a powerful tool for the public to bring their grievances
to court and seek respite. However, it has also been used as ‘publicity’ interest litigation to further
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personal interests. For example, the PIL to seek planes and SUV cars for a judge in the UP district court
was an attempt to gain publicity.
Fine on frivolous PILs
PILs that have no public character should be rejected outright. Fines that discourage such PILs in the
future could also be considered. This will save the court’s time and maintain the integrity of purpose
of PILs.
Petitioner’s own interest and stake to be made clear
• The Supreme Court is free to reject PILs not filed by at least one of the affected parties in the case.
♦♦ Such rejection can be done at the committee level even before the PIL is brought to the bench.
♦♦ This would save time and resources for the courts.
• Finally, the public must itself be wary of PILs on their behalf. Bogus PILs without the participation
of the actual affected party should be condemned; their cultural disapproval could lead to a
decline in such cases.
Q.33. Opinion polls tend to prejudice the minds of the voters, thus, affecting free and fair elections.
Their validity has also been questioned. Since free and fair elections are at the core of a
healthy democracy, such polls should be banned. Critically comment.
Answer
Opinion polls are carried out before and after polls to predict the voting behaviour of the public.
Benefits
1. They help political parties and candidates to gain a feel of the people’s moods and make changes
in their strategy accordingly.
2. People can raise major public concerns through polls to pressurize the political party to act on
the public grievances.
Drawbacks
1. They could have undue influence on people’s perception of voting trends, and the parties could
misuse this to drive votes in their favour through unfair means.
2. They commercialize and commodify the process of elections, instead of making it a public
event. Media channels use them to drive viewership instead of opinion.
3. They shift focus from the manifesto to unnecessary things.
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Way forward
1. The Election Commission has already banned opinion polls for a certain period of time during
the elections to decrease their adverse impact.
2. A comprehensive media policy and guidelines are the need of the hour in this respect.
3. Self-regulation should be seriously practised by media, not to misuse opinion polls.
Q.34. Simultaneous holding of elections for the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies is desirable but
not feasible. Critically examine.
Answer
Simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies took place from the first election in
1952 until 1967. The rise of regional coalitions led to the falling of various governments during their
midterms, leading to changes in the calendar of Indian elections.
Challenge posed by the trend
1. Elections are going on year after year, leading to discontinuance in policy-making and
implementation.
2. Heavy spending on elections year after year adversely affects this process. Money power in
elections is becoming more pronounced due to this.
3. State resources such as teachers, vehicles, officials, etc are devoted time and again to elections,
which affects daily public functions such as schools, government and private offices, and the
economy.
4. There is a greater chance of communal violence and crime; their frequency may increase as
well.
5. The political leadership focuses on elections rather than on welfare policies and matters of
national and regional importance.
6. The staggered election cycle also breeds nepotism, favouritism, and the practice of extending
favours.
Feasibility and Way Forward
A parliamentary committee, a Law Commission report, and the Election Commission have all
recommended that the election cycles be matched. However, this is not practical unless regional
governments agree.
• A possible solution suggested by the Election Commission is midterm election.
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A solution is needed to solve the several problems created by the staggered election cycle. The above-
mentioned recommendation can be studied further to bring a consensual change to the Indian
election calendar.
Q.35. Discuss the pros and cons of the need for a national court of appeal. Is it a suitable strategy to
reduce the burden on the apex court and enhance the speed and quality of judgment? Justify
your view.
Answer
A national court of appeal has been envisaged as a court where all appeals from high courts can be
heard, except matters of constitutional importance.
Such a court of appeal could be established across different regions, and thereby mundane cases of
civil nature that do not have constitutional and national repercussions can be heard here instead of
taking up the Supreme Court’s time.
Pros:
1. Reduces burden on the apex court.
2. Faster disposal of regular cases at the appeal court itself.
3. Helps in achieving the goal of natural and social justice envisioned by the Directive Principles of
State Policy.
4. This is a line with international practices such as in USA and UK, where apex courts only hear
constitutional matters.
Cons:
1. It is against the spirit of integrated judiciary envisaged by the Constitution.
2. Will lead to possible conflicts between the apex court and the court of appeal if the procedures
and jurisdiction are not clearly defined.
3. Difficult to implement, as it will need wide consensus in the Parliament, and among states and
judicial levels.
Strategy and way forward:
The Union Government has already discussed such a court even though the apex court itself did not
view such an appeals court favourably. Hence, an agreement is needed among all stakeholders to
study this alternative.
To achieve swift justice and solve the problem of ‘justice delayed is justice denied’, the solution to this
problem should be worked out carefully.
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Q.36. The onus on the regulatory bodies for the pharmaceutical sector is to ensure a healthy supply
of quality drugs at affordable prices to the Indian masses. In the light of this statement,
discuss the deficiencies and limitations of the current regulatory regime and suggest suitable
remedies.
Answer
The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers houses the Department of Pharmaceuticals, which overlooks
the regulation of the pharmaceutical sector in India.
Deficiencies
1. Arbitrary regulation has resulted in mispricing and non-availability of critical drugs.
2. The absence of a national medicine policy and procedure framework has led to haphazard
policymaking in the sector.
3. Lack of resources and trained professionals, as well as the nexus of officials with industry
interest are also concerns.
Strengths
1. A consistent policy to make affordability the most critical aspect of the decisions has helped the
public in general.
2. The National Drug Pricing Authority has published strict guidelines for fixing prices and
formulation of drugs.
Way forward:
1. Creating a separate ministry for the pharmaceutical sector.
2. A national policy recommended by the Parliamentary Committee on Drugs is needed.
Q.37. The talk of a Uniform Civil Code has nothing to do with gender justice. It is for the ‘integrity of
the nation’ that uniformity in law is required. Critically examine.
Answer
The Uniform Civil Code has been long debated but still remains a missing piece in India’s democratic
system. It is envisaged under Article 44 of the DPSP but faces stiff legal and societal challenges.
Moreover, it encapsulates a ‘national character’ because it:
1. Fulfils the ‘Right to Equality’ guaranteed to every citizen by Articles 14 and 15, regardless of
ethnicity, race, sex, caste, and so on, and ensures the dignity of individuals.
2. Fulfils the dream of having a consistent rule of law in the society. This is a foundation of the
nation.
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3. Ends discrimination and achieves the principle of brotherhood and fraternity as envisaged by
the Preamble.
On the other hand, the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) also poses challenges for the society, as follows:
1. In a diverse and varied country like India, it will be difficult to enforce.
2. It may even lead to popular dissent and violence thereby threatening integrity.
Therefore, UCC is the need of the hour, as it ensures the dignity and integrity of individuals, which leads
to national integration. A societal consensus must be achieved on it before legal provisions are passed
for its implementation.
Q.39. What is the underlying rationale behind a governor’s discretionary powers? How is the
governor’s office meant to act as a bulwark against abuse of power by an elected state
government? Explain with suitable examples.
Answer
The governor has been envisioned as a critical link between the Centre and the state in the Indian
federal system. This position has been accorded numerous powers such as nominating the leader of
the majority party, chief minister, government tribal advisory council under the 5th Schedule; holding
state legislative for president’s assent; or even recommending presidential rule in a state.
Need of such widespread powers
1. To ensure that the constitutional machinery in the states remains intact and state governments
do not misuse their wide powers.
2. To ensure that the state legislation does not impinge over the Centre’s powers, and therefore
the governor can send state legislation for the president’s assent.
3. The governor is a means of communication and interchange of ideas between the states and
the Centre, and not necessarily a roadblock in the state executive. For example,
• Various state legislations on tax that violate the principle of free interstate trade stated by
the Constitution have been reserved by governors for president’s assent.
♦♦ Without these provisions, such legislation could have violated the principle of
cooperative federalism.
4. To ensure that the state executive works in the interest of tribal and indigenous people, as
envisaged in the Forest Rights Act and other central legislations.
Hence, the role of governor is critical in upholding Article 1 of the Indian Constitution, i.e., India is a
‘union’ of States.
245

Q.40. GST: Is it truly a threat to fiscal federalism in India or ushers in a new era in the fiscal relations
of the Union and states? Critically analyse.
Answer
GST has been ushered in by the 101st Constitutional Amendment, which opens a new chapter in the
economic and federal structure of India.
Threat to federalism
1. Takes away the power of the states to tax their residents, thereby violating a critical federal
feature of the Constitution.
• Even Dr Ambedkar himself vehemently defended the states’ right to tax, as it enables them
to fulfil regional development requirements.
2. Reduces the states’ ability to raise more funds for regional development schemes and in events
such as disasters.
3. The GST Council provided veto power to the centre on GST issues, thereby threatening federal
balance.
Benefits of GST outweigh federal concerns
1. GST actually enhances federalism by increasing the amount of taxes that will accrue to states.
• This will enable the state to address local and regional problems with greater funds.
2. Fulfils the vision of free interstate commerce envisaged in the Constitution of India.
3. Creates one single national market, reduces the tax burden on citizens, and makes India more
competitive.
• Will enhance ease of doing business and schemes such as Make in India and others
Hence, the benefits of GST are so wide and massive that its problems are outweighed. Going forward,
the states and Centre should coordinate in the efforts of the GST Council to truly make GST a successful
economic reform.
246

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IAS Manuj Jindal

( AIR 53, UPSC CSE 2017 )

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All inquires should be made to : info@anujjindal.in

Title : Acing The Art of Answer Writing

Author : IAS Manuj Jindal

Editor : Prakhar Jindal

Cover design : Vibhor Mudgil

First edition : 2022, Second edition : 2022 ( Revised edition )

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Get access to the most

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Comprehensive coverage of how to handle answer writing for all

Complete solved papers (PYQs of 2021) and mock answers with

Plenty of examples with diagrams & maps included in the book to

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x. Important! Read this first.  vii

1. Things you need to do before starting answer writing............................................................ 1

2. How, when, and where? To start doing answer writing practice…......................................... 4

3. What makes for a good answer................................................................................................. 6

4. Understanding the Question ... and answering difficult questions in UPSC....................... 14

5. Type of questions asked by UPSC.......................................................................................... 18

6. Indicative words like Explain, Discuss, Enumerate etc......................................................... 28

7. Time Management and Speed Management ......................................................................... 31

9. How to write an Introduction................................................................................................... 52

10. How to Write ‘Body’ of the Answer.......................................................................................... 56

11. How to Write Conclusion of the Answer................................................................................. 63

12. Should you answer all the questions?.................................................................................... 72

13. Feedback and checking – self-evaluation framework......................................................... 104

14. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 106

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General Studies 2018 Paper 2 ..................................................................................................... 119

General Studies 2021 Paper 1...................................................................................................... 141

General Studies 2021 Paper 2...................................................................................................... 169

General Studies 2021 Paper 3...................................................................................................... 187

General Studies 2021 Paper 4...................................................................................................... 205

40 Solved Questions by Manuj Jindal ......................................................................................... 225

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3. Static content (“the Concepts and the Fundamentals”) is king:

4. Practice, practice, practice:

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5. Test series papers and old question papers:

6. Average is greater than Amazing in UPSC answer writing:

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Don’t listen to people who say – “start from day one”.

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Where to write these answers?

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Content, Content, Content!

The question arises, what is good content?

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Capital Budget Revenue Budget

Not all questions in UPSC are created equal!

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3. Your answer must be to the point

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Western Ghats causes Himalayan region causes

4. Your answer must be informative and analytical NOT speculative

x. Important! Read this first. vii