108TPDA04034-B

Steam Quality ᇃؓࠔ፦

୘Ҕᔠෳኳಔ‫ޑ‬ᏹբচ౛ᆶ‫؁‬ᡯ

108TPDA04034-B

Steam Quality Testing - Hints and Tips

General

What is steam quality (EN 285 and HTM)

Who needs to test steam quality
When to test (Frequency)
Where to test steam quality
How to test steam quality
Example of one commercial Steam Quality Test Kit
Accuracy

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Non-condensable Gas Test

 3UHVHQFHRIQRQFRQGHQVDEOHJDVHV
Acceptance Criteria
Pressure/Temperature Comparison

Superheat Test
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Acceptance Criteria
Methodology Problems

Dryness Value Test

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Acceptance Criteria
Causes of Wet Steam - Pure/Clean Steam

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The difference between EN 285 and HTM 2010

• HTM 2010, UK National Health Service guidance document

• Produced in anticipation of EN 285 and seeks to provide guidance

to hospitals to allow their compliance with EN 285 (EU standard)

• EN 285 is a European standard for Sterilization – Steam Sterilizers–

Large Sterilizers, which describes the steam quality tests and is the
definitive reference.

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Who needs to test steam quality?

• Manufacturers and processors of sterile products and medical

devices within Europe and those who supply Europe.

• The requirement is restricted to the porous loads/dry goods/

equipment processes, which impact on the sterility of finished
products.

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When & Testing frequency

The only references to the frequency of steam quality testing are to be

found in HTM 2010, where it is indicated that steam quality should be
tested as part of the annual re-validation exercise for each sterilizer.

Where steam systems are either routinely or irregularly shut down,

large quantities of air will be present in the distribution system on
restarting.

It is recommended that in such circumstances a comprehensive and

validated venting procedure should be applied and testing for non-
condensable gases may be appropriate.

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WhereͲ SteamQualityTestPoints
• Inordertotestthesteamquality,specifictestpointsonthesteamline
arerequired.

• Thelocationofthethreetestpointsonthesteamsupplypipejustprior
tothesterilizer.

• Thistestpointisusuallyinstalledbetweenthesteammainsupply
isolatingvalveandthesterilizer.

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SteamQualityTestPoints(layͲout)

WhilenotstatedineitherHTM2010orEN285,thereisanassumptionthatthe
steamsamplepointwillbelocatedasshowninabove.Thisindicatesthatthesample
pressurewillbe3– 4BarGaugeandthatafterthesamplepointtherewillbea
steamseparatorandreductionstagepriortothesterilizer,whichwillbeoperatingat
2.2BarGauge(134degreesCelsius).

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SteamQualityTestPoints(layͲout,cont.’)

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Other test conditions

• The standard test procedures require the steam quality to be
sampled when steam is first admitted to the sterilizer chamber after
a cycle is started.

• While this provides a reference condition, it may be inadequate to

fully characterizing the steam system which may perform
differently under different flow conditions.

• It is suggested that the steam supplies should be tested under

both low and full flow conditions and particularly for the non-
condensable gas test, include conditions where the feed water
pump switches on and off (where applicable).

• Where aerated water is present, the worst case condition is

invariably when water enters the steam generator.

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Non-Condensable Gas Test

Thepresenceofthesegasescausesproblems

1. Airisaninsulatorhavingresistancetoheattransfersome12,000timesgreaterthan
copper.Eitheralayerorpocketofaircanresultintheheatingprocessbeing
adverselyaffected.
2. Eitheralayerorpocketofairmaycauseaphysicalbarriertosteam/moisture
reachingallpartsoftheload.Thepresenceofmoisturebeingessentialtothe
sterilizationprocessbyallowingthewallsofcellstocoagulate.

OthercausesofnonͲcondensablegases

1. Leakingglandsonsteamgeneratorfeedwaterpumpsallowingairtobe
pumpedintothesteamgeneratoreachtimethefeedwaterpumpoperates.
2. LeakingglandsonsteamvalveswhereaVenturaeffectcancauseairtobedrawninto
steamdistributionsystems.
3. Wheresteamsystemsareeitherroutinelyorirregularlyshutdown,largequantities
ofairwillbepresentinthedistributionsystemonrestarting.Itisrecommendedthat
insuchcircumstancesacomprehensiveventingprocedure shouldbeappliedand
testingfornonͲcondensablegasesmaybeappropriate.

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NonͲCondensableGasesTest
Purpose of the test:
To demonstrate that the attainment of sterilization conditions in all parts of a
sterilizer load (particularly for porous load items) is not impaired by the
presence of non-condensable gases.

Method employed:
The measurement of non-condensable gases is made by cooling a steam
sample with a condenser, using water siphoned from a tank at 200ml per
minute. The minimum requirements are: a one meter head of water and its
temperature below 28oC. A pumped or pressurized water supply is not
required.

When the sampled steam is condensed any non-condensable gases present

are released and separated from the cooled condensate into two sight glass
columns. The gas and steam condensate volumes are measured by 'zero-
adjustable' calibrated scales mounted behind the sight glasses. The
temperature of the condensate is maintained above 80oC by controlling the
steam flow through the inlet needle valve while measuring the condensate
temperature from a thermocouple probe on the outlet of the condenser.

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To carry out repeated tests a return to the 'zero scales' position is made by
opening the condensate drain and gas bleed valves. The valves are then
closed when a new sample is required. Volumes up to 14ml gas and 140ml
condensate are possible for each sample.

The non-condensable gas test is considered to be acceptable for sterilization

purposes on clinical sterilizers if the percentage of gas to condensate is less
than 3.5%.

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EN28524.1.2.1
NonͲcondensableGas

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TheNonͲCondensableGasTestmethodobstacle

• InHTM2010/EN285describedmethodrequiresconsiderableskilltoobtain
repeatabletestresults.

• Thewaterusedforthetestsshouldbedegassedbyboilingandallowingtocoolina
closedcontainer.

• Ifthisisnotdone,gaseswillbereleasedfromthewaterinadditiontothatcoming
fromthesteamsupply.Thismayresultinhighvaluesbeingencountered.

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TheNonͲCondensableGasTestmethodobstacle

• Thisisexacerbatedbythespeedatwhichthetestiscarriedout,therate
determiningwhetherhighorlowresultsareobtained.

• Generally,thefasterthetestisconducted,thehigherthetestresult.Inmany
respectsthetestmethodissubjective.

• Thetesthastobecompletedwhenthecoolingwatertemperaturereaches70
degreesCelsius.

• Itwillbeseenthattoproperlytestthesteam,itmaybenecessarytotestunder
differentflowconditions.

• Thetimeinvolvedindrainingandreplacingthecoolingwatermaycausevital
informationtobelostandanincompletepictureformed.

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TheNonͲCondensableGasTestmethodobstacle
• Theseproblemsareavoidedwhenusingacondenser.

• Thissetuppreventsthesteamcomingintocontactwiththecoolingwaterand
avoidsproblemsduetoitsaeration.

• Theonlysourceofgasescanbefromthesteam.Also,thetestscanbecarried
outforanindefinitetime,allowingthesteamsupplytobetestedundera
rangeofflowconditions,inadditiontothereferenceconditionsdescribedin
thetestmethodology.

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SuperheatValueTest
Purposeofthetest:
Todemonstratethattheamountofmoistureinthesteamsupplyissufficienttopreventthe
steamfrombeingsuperheatedasitenterstheexpandedspaceofasterilizerchamber.

Methodemployed:
ThetemperatureismeasuredbyathermoͲcoupleplacedatthecenterofanexpansiontube
placedoverthepitottubeassteampassesthroughitsorifice.

Thetemperatureisconsideredtobeacceptableifitislessthan25o Cabovethatofthe
localtemperatureofboilingwater

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SuperheatValueTest

Background

• Superheatedsteamissteamatatemperatureaboveitsboilingpointforits
pressure.

• Superheatedsteamisaclearcolorlessgasthatwillnotcondenseuntilits
temperaturedropstoitsboilingpoint.

• Untilthisoccursthemoisturenecessaryforsterilizationcannotbeproduced
andthereforepresentsarisktotheprocess.

• Superheatedsteamactsashotairandrequiressustainedhightemperatures
andlongholdtimesbeforesterilizationcanoccur.

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SuperheatValueTest

Reasonofoccurrence

• Whilesuperheatedsteamisnotusuallyintentionallygeneratedinthe
healthcareorpharmaceuticalindustriesitcanbeproducedastheresultof
excessivepressuredrops.

• Ifwereducesteamfromahightoalowpressureitsenergylevelwillremain
thesame.

• Thishighenergylevelwillinitiallyresultinanymoisturepresentinthesteam
tobeevaporated.

• Anyadditionalenergywillthenresultinatemperatureincreaseinthesteam
andthesuperheatphenomenawillbecomeevident.

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SuperheatValueTest

Effects

• Becausethesuperheatwillreduceasheatistransferredtotheload,thisis
generallyatemporaryphenomenaatthestartofthesterilizingperiod.

• Superheatedsteamhasthegreatestadverseimpactwherehightemperature/
shorttimesterilizingcyclesareused.

• Despite,theimpactbeingdurationdependent,goodpracticeindicatesthat
superheatedsteamshouldnotbetolerated.

• EN285indicatesthatpressuredropsshouldnotexceedaratioof2:1.Ifthe
pressuredropsoccursufficientlyfarawayfromthesterilizeritwillbefound
thatanysuperheatgeneratedwilldiminishasitlosesenergytothepipewalls
andanymoisturepresent.

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AcceptanceCriteria

• Whensteamisreducedfromlinepressuretoatmosphericusingthepitot
andexpansiontubeshown,thetemperaturemeasuredshouldnotexceed
25oCaboveboilingtemperaturefortheatmosphericpressureatthetest
point(typicallythemeasuredvalueshouldnotexceed125o C).

• Itisstressedthatthelimitdescribesthemaximumtemperatureandthatno
minimumvalueappliestothistest.

• Theassumptionmadebythestandards,butnotspecified,isthatifthislimit
isnotreached,whenthesteamexpandsintothechamberitsconditionwill
besatisfactory.

• Inthisrespect,thetestispredictiveanditsworthisdependentuponthe
specificconfigurationofthesterilizerwithrespecttothepressuredrops
involvedafterthetestpointandanyfurtherconditioningthatmayoccur
fromsteamseparatorsetc.

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MethodologyProblems

• Thetemperaturesensorshouldbesufficientlysmalltonotrepresentalarge
heatsinkwhichwilldissipateanysuperheat.

• Abarethermocoupleisbestinthisrespect.

• Thethermocoupleshouldbemovedacrossthesteamjetissuingfromthe
pitottubeuntilthehighesttemperatureisreached.

• Thevalueachievedwilldependonthedrynessofthesteamandthesizeof
thepressuredropinvolved.

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EN28524.2.2.2
Superheat

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DrynessValueTest

PurposeoftheSteamDrynessValueTest:

• Toensurethatanacceptableamountofmoistureispresentin
thesteamsupply.
• Toolittlemoisturewerepresent,superheatingofthesteam
mayoccur.
• Toomuchmoisture,theloadmaynotbeabletobedriedby
completionofthecycle.

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Methodemployed:
Heatbalanceusingastainlesssteelvacuumflask.

• Theprincipalisthattheflaskisprimedwithaknownmassofwaterat
aknowntemperature. Steamiscondensedintheflaskthusraising
thewatertemperature.
• Thefinalmassandtemperatureofthewaterarethenmeasuredand
placedintoacalculation.
• Ifthefinalwatertemperaturewaslowerorthefinalmasswas
greater,thesteamwouldbe'wetter'(havingalowervalue).

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Acceptcriteria

• Whilstthemethodisnotregardedasatrulyaccurate
measurementofmoistureinthesteam,itcanbeusedto
demonstrateacceptabledrynessforsterilizationpurposes.
• Adrynessvalueof1.0isequivalenttoDrySaturatedSteam.
• Forsterilizationpurposes,a0.95isconsideredtobeacceptable.

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EN28524.3.1.2
DrynessValue

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Me: kgˣ initial mass (flask)

Ms: kgˣ initial mass (flask + water)

Ts : oCˣ initial water temperature (water)

Mf: kgˣ final mass (flask + water + condensate)

Tf : oCˣ final water temperature (flask)

Ta : oCˣ average steam temperature (to sterilizer)

L : Ta (KJkg-1) latent heat of dry saturated steam at temperature Ta

The energy is required to change phases of a substance.
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Ts : oC炻 initial water temperature (flask)

Tf : oC炻 final water temperature (flask)
Ta : oC炻 average steam temperature (to sterilizer)
Me: kg炻 initial mass (flask)
Ms: kg炻 initial mass (flask + water)
Mf: kg炻 final mass (flask + water + condensate)
L : Ta (KJkg-1) latent heat of dry saturated steam at temperature Ta

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134 oC
3bar/134oC

100 oC

85 oC

25 oC
25 oC

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EN28524.4.1
SteamSampling

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ExampleofSteamQuality
Records

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Evaporated

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BowieDicktestpack

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NonͲcondensable
Gas(commercial)

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Superheat
(commercial)

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DrynessValue
(commercial)

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SteamSampling
(commercial)

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Really FINISHED !

ᖴᖴಡ᠋

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108TPDA04034-B
Pressure/TemperatureComparison
Itisoftenbelievedthatasimplepressure/temperaturecomparisonusing
steamtableswillallowthepresenceofnonͲcondensablegasestobe
discovered.If1%ofairbyvolumeweretobepresentinthesteamsupply,a
valuemanytimesinexcessofthe3.5%limit(0.00206%byvolume),using
DaltonsLaw,itwillbeseenfromthetablebelowthattheresulting
temperaturedepressionwillonlybe0.33degreesCelsius.Giventhe
differencesinresponsetimesandcalibrationerrorsbetweenpressureand
temperatureinstruments,itwillbeseenthatsuchacomparisonwillonly
detectverylargeandwhollyunacceptablelevelsofgases(between1and
10%).

Thetheoryofsteamflowingthroughapipeindicatesthatany
gasespresentwillbeadjacenttothepipewall.Withinthiswill
bealayerofcondensateandfurthercondensatewillbepresent
onthebottomofthepipe.

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Dryness Value Test

Wet steam is undesirable as it has less energy than dry steam and
more importantly can cause wet loads. The packaging used for sterile
products prevents reinfection when dry, but its bacterial retentive
properties will be adversely affected by the presence of moisture. Wet
loads can be considered to be unsterile.

The amount of moisture present in steam is measured by the dryness

fraction, which is directly proportional to the amount of latent heat
present. The dryness fraction describes how dry steam is with a value
of 1 representing steam that is 100 dry and therefore free of entrained
moisture. Steam with a dryness fraction of 0.99 consists of 99% steam
and 1% water. Similarly, steam with a dryness fraction of 0.95 consists
of 95% steam and 5% water.

If we measure the latent heat present in steam that has a dryness

fraction of 0.99 we will find that it possesses 99% of the full quotient of
latent heat. By establishing the amount of latent heat present in steam
we can determine its dryness fraction.

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Calorimetry
We measure the latent heat in steam by condensing a sample in a
known volume of water having a known starting temperature. The
increase in mass of the water represents the amount of steam utilized to
heat the water to its new, higher temperature. From this simple exercise
we can calculate the amount of energy in the steam.

If we also measure the temperature of the steam supply we can

determine from steam tables the latent heat that would be present if the
steam was 100% dry. By comparing the two values we establish the
dryness fraction of the steam sample. Because the steam is sampled
only from the center of the pipe and does not take into account moisture
on the pipe wall or condensate at the bottom of the pipe, the test is
deemed to be an approximation rather than an absolute value. For this
reason, instead of using the term dryness fraction, the test method uses
the term Dryness Value, and this term is always used when describing
test results for steam for sterilization.

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The calculation provided by HTM 2010 takes account of the heat loss from the
test kit by the use of a constant that is dependent on the test equipment used.
When using the SQ1 Portable Steam Quality Test Kit this constant has been
modified to take account of the stainless steel vacuum flask and dip tube
construction. This variation is detailed in the calculation in the manual and in the
Excel calculation provided on floppy disk. EN285 does not specify the
construction of the test equipment that should be used or provide any information
on how the constant is calculated.

Acceptance Criteria
The dryness value of the steam should be equal to or greater than 0.9 for porous
loads or 0.95 where metal loads are processed. Invariably this means the latter
limit is applicable. In any event, in plant steam terms, steam containing 5% of
moisture would be seen to be of poor quality and a dryness value of 0.99 would
be more commonly seen to be acceptable.

Methodology Problems
Out of specification results are often caused by the test method not being strictly
followed. Where the test point is not as indicated problems can easily result.
Similarly, modifications to the test points by the installation of valves and/or
additional pipe fittings etc. can result in additional heat losses being encountered
which are not taken into account by the calculation.
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108TPDA04034-B

Thestartandendtemperatureswithintheflaskshouldbeestablishedbyagitating
theflaskandwateruntilaconstantvalueisreached.Thetestshouldbecompleted
whenthewatertemperaturereaches80oC.Ifthetemperatureishotteror
localizedboilingoccurs,energywillbelostintheformofsteamventingfromthe
flaskandmisleadingresultsobtained.Toavoidthistheflaskshouldbeconstantly,
butgentlyagitatedduringthecourseofthetest,andpreferablythetestcompleted
beforeratherthanafterthe80oClimitisreached.Itwillbefoundthattheeffects
ofagitationfollowingthetestwilltendtoresultinanincreasedtemperaturerather
thanalowering.Theuseofasheathedtemperaturesensingproberesultsina
relativelyslowresponsetimeforsmallchangesintemperatureandtimemustbe
allowedforthesensortostabilize.

Ifthetestiscarriedouttooslowly,theheatlossestendtoincreaseandhavea
greaterimpactastimeprogresses.Thepurposeofthepitottubeissimplyto
provideacontrolledflowofsteamintothevacuumflak.Itisourexperiencethat
theuseofapitottubeonesizelargerthanthatspecifiedbythestandardtest
methodwillprovideasuitablyfasttesttoavoidsuchproblems.Providedthatthe
waterintheflaskisnotallowedtoboilandheattobelostfromthesystemas
steam/vapour,thesizeofthepitottubeisimmaterial.Whenweconductthetest,
weaimtocompleteitwithin10minutes.
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Greatcareshouldbetakenwithmassmeasurementsandweighingequipment
mustdiscriminateto0.1g.Waterdropletsonsurfacesoftheflaskthatisnot
subjecttotheheatingeffectsofthesteamcanaffecttheresultsifpresentin
sufficientquantities.Inbetweentestsitisrecommendedthattheflaskisdried
internallyandexternallyandthatfreshwaterisaddedinsuchafashionthatitis
notsplashedontheoutersurfaceoftheflask.Whenagitatingtheflask,care
shouldbetakentopreventanylossofwaterwhichwillaffecttheoutcomeofthe
test.

Thetemperatureofthesteamsupplyshouldbeloggedinorderthatitsaverage
temperaturemaybecalculatedforthedurationofthetest.Whilethepressureof
thesteamsupplywouldnotbeexpectedtofluctuatebymorethan10%(EN285)
anyfluctuationsnotrecordedwillcausemisleadingresultstobegenerated.

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Causes of Wet Steam - Plant Steam

Wetsteammaybecausedbyexcessivepressuredropsontheboilerduetohighdemands.
Asthepressuredrops,thesizeofsteambubblesincreaseinturnincreasingthevolumeof
waterintheboilerandcausingittobeclosertothesteamoutlet.Theincreasedsizeof
thesteambubblesresultsinamoreaggressiveboilingaction,whichcausesmore/larger
dropletsofwatertoleavethewatersurfaceandenterthesteamspaceandthusbe
carriedoverintothesteam.Steamatalowpressureoccupiesmorespacethansteamata
highpressureandafurtheraffectofapressurereductionistoincreasethevelocityofthe
steamleavingtheboiler.Thiscanreachsuchavelocitythatitwilltakesomeoftheboiler
waterwiththesteam. Certaincontaminantsintheboilerwatercancauseafrothtoform
onthewatersurface,againallowingmoisturetoenterthesteamsupply.

Onceinthedistributionsystem,thequalityofsteamislikelytodeteriorateastheresultof
heatlossescausingfurthercondensation.Tominimizesuchdeterioration,thesteam
distributionsystemshouldbewellinsulatedandbeprovidedwithawelldesignedand
installedcondensateremovalsystem(steamtrapsandseparators).Pipeworkshould
alwayshaveafalltowardssteamtraps.Acommonproblemthatcauseswetsteamis
wherepipeworkissagging.Thisallowspocketsofwatertoaccumulateuntiltheyare
sufficientlylargetooccludethesteampipe,causingtheincreasedsteamvelocitytocarry
themtothepointsofuseindiscreteslugs.

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Causes of Wet Steam - Pure/Clean Steam

Pyrogen free steam produced by a clean/pure steam generator should
be dry saturated (dryness value of 1). That is to say it should be dry
and at its saturation temperature (boiling point for its given pressure).
Pure steam generators are normally fitted with a pressure sustain valve
which prevents excessive pressure drops and therefore the potential to
carry over water with the steam. This valve will prevent pressure drops
at the generator by maintaining the generators internal pressure at the
expense of the distribution system. As with plant steam its quality can
only deteriorate within the steam distribution system as described
above, where the same design requirements apply to insulation and
condensate removal.

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ߚᏉ่਻ᡏᔠෳ 108TPDA04034-B

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108TPDA04034-B
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12.Ѻ໒ᔠෳሺ΢Ꮙ่Н௨‫ܫ‬ሚаϷ਻ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬ሚǶ

13.ႣӃ‫ݙ‬НԿᔠෳሺ‫ޑ‬հࠅНኲǴᢀჸຎืНՏ‫ډ‬ȹ0”‫ࡋڅ‬ਔଶЗ຾НǴ٠ౣ
ࣁፓ᏾‫߄ࡋڅ‬ȹ0”ᆶనय़ሸѳǶ

14.ஒྕࡋीϷόឌᒳࢎӼး‫ܭ‬ᔠෳሺୁᜐǶ

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15.ஒྕࡋ௖ଞA(‫ٿ‬ᆄࣣࣁකᓐ‫׎‬Ԅ)ϩձකΕᔠෳሺѰୁකϾϷྕࡋीT1ᒡΕϾǶ

16.аख़Κ‫ٮ‬๏հࠅНਔǴஒ຾НሚֹӄѺ໒Ǵаଞ฿ᔅ੅຾ՉհࠅНኲ‫ݙ‬НǶஒଞ
฿΢आՅอᆅௗ‫ ܭ‬ᆅୁǴЋ୏Կ‫ݙ‬৔ᆅϣНࢬΕࣁЗǴஒհࠅ௨НᏤΕ௨Нఏ
Ǵ٠ᆢ࡭200~500ml/minϐࢬೲǶ

17.Ѻ໒ᆅၡϐᇃؓ‫ٮ‬ᔈሚǴࣁᗉխН ਏᔈǴᄌᄌѺ໒ᇃؓሚǶ

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18. ӕਔᄌᄌѺ໒ᔠෳሺ΢ᇃؓज़‫ڋ‬ሚǴ௨ନᔠෳሺϣϐ‫਻ޜ‬Ƕ

19.྽Ꮙ่НவᏉ่௨‫ܫ‬ᆅࢬрਔǴፓ᏾ᢀෳืНՏଯࡋᘜ႟(౽୏‫)݈ࡋڅ‬Ƕ

20.ፓ᏾ᇃؓࢬໆज़‫ڋ‬ሚǴаᆢ࡭Ꮙ่Нϩᚆ௨‫ܫ‬αྕࡋϟ‫ܭ‬80oCto90oCǶ

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21.Ѹाਔख़ཥᘜ႟ᢀෳืНՏǶ
22.ዴᇡྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣృ‫ࡕޜ‬Ǵ௴୏΋ྐ๵ຼයǴаዴᇡᇃؓ໒‫ۈ‬຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬Ƕ

23.྽ᇃؓ໒‫ۈ‬຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣਔǴፎ ᜢഈᏉ่Н௨‫ܫ‬ሚ‫਻ک‬ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬ሚǶ

24.ӧຎืНՏၲ‫ډ‬നଯНՏ߻Ǵࡌ᝼ԏ໣100mlᏉ่НǴ଺ࣁीᆉ኱ྗǶ

25.ճҔග‫߄ޑٮ‬਱ٰीᆉߚᏉ่਻ᡏ‫ޑ‬К‫ٯ‬Ƕ

26.ऩाख़ፄኬҁԏ໣Ǻ
• Ѻ໒Ꮙ่Н௨‫ܫ‬ሚஒНՏ௨‫ࣁࡋڅډܫ‬႟
• Ѻ໒਻ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬ሚ
• ख़ፄ‫؁‬ᡯ 19‫ ډ‬25
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27.ֹԋ‫܌‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬ኬҁԏ໣ϷᔠෳၸำǴϩᚆᇃؓᆶհࠅН‫ٮ‬ᔈྍǴ٠ዴᇡᆅၡᆶε਻
ᓸΚคᓸৡǶ

28.ࡑᔠෳሺհࠅࡕǴϩᚆհࠅНྍǴ٠‫ڕܨ‬ᆅጕǵຉᓐǵྕࡋ௖ଞጕᆶྕࡋीǶ.

29.‫܌‬Ԗ೛ഢଛҹѸ໪௨‫ֹܫ‬ӄǵଳᔿࡕးΕ࠾α༟ጤ೓ύǴӆးΕ೛ഢጃϣǶ(ዴ
ᇡᔠෳሺհࠅНኲϣֹӄ௨‫)ܫ‬

30.ीᆉϷ਱኱ྗࣁߚᏉ่਻ᡏК‫ٯ‬όຬၸ3.5%Ƕ

31.ஒ౜൑ࡠൺচ‫ރ‬Ƕ

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EN28524.2.2.2
Superheat

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 108TPDA04034-B

Superheat
(commercial)

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ᇃؓၸ዗ᔠෳ

1. ஒᇃؓ‫ٮ‬ᔈᆅၡᆶ‫س‬಍ᐱҥϩᚆрٰǴ٠ዴᇡᆅၡᓸΚᆶε਻ᓸΚ࣬ӕǶ

2. ஒLࠠόឌᒳᆅϐҜԎᆅՏ࿼ϷྕࡋीՏ࿼࠾α౽ନǶ

3. ᒧ᏷፾྽ᆅ৩‫ޑ‬ҜԎᆅǴᆶ౜൑ᆅၡНѳӼး‫ܭ‬LՉόឌᒳᆅ៻‫ف‬ೀǶ

(EN285:2006+A2:2009standard:1.0mm.)
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4.ஒྕࡋགᔈ௖ଞѳՉӼး‫ܭ‬ᇃؓᆅၡǶ

5.ஒ3mm‫ޔ‬৩ϐྕࡋ௖ଞBකΕྕࡋ௖ଞՏ࿼Ǵፓ᏾௖ଞ٬҃ᆄՏ‫ܭ‬ᇃؓᆅၡύѧ Ǵ
‫ۓڰ‬٠ዴᇡคࢻᅅ฻௃‫ݩ‬Ƕ.

6.ஒྕࡋ௖ଞCකΕᘉεᆅύѧՏ࿼Ǵ҃ᆄՏ‫ܭ‬ᘉεᆅύѧ (ӵΠკ)Ƕ

7.ஒᘉεᆅකΕҜԎᆅ‫׀‬ᆄǶ

8.ೱௗྕࡋ௖ଞBකΕྕࡋी΢ T2Տ࿼Ǵ߄Ң‫ٮ‬ᔈᇃؓྕࡋǶ
9.ೱௗྕࡋ௖ଞCකΕྕࡋी΢ T1Տ࿼Ǵ߄ҢᘉкᆅྕࡋǶ

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10.ࡠൺᇃؓ‫ٮ‬๏Ƕ

11.௴୏ྕࡋीT1ኧॶᡉҢ‫ܭ‬ᑻჿ΢БǴT2Տ‫ܭ‬ΠБǶ

12.ዴᇡྕࡋीໆෳTࠠ௖ଞǶ

13.ዴᇡྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣృ‫ࡕޜ‬Ǵ௴୏΋ྐ๵ຼයǴዴᇡᇃؓ໒‫ۈ‬຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬Ƕ

14.྽ᇃؓ໒‫ۈ‬຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣਔǴ इᒵᇃؓ‫ٮ‬๏ᆶᘉкᆅ‫ٿޑ‬ೀྕࡋ᠐ኧǴࡪΠྕ
ࡋी΢HOLDᗖǶ

15.ஒྕࡋᒡΕExcelीᆉᔞਢǴаीᆉၸ዗ྕࡋǶ

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16. ᔠෳϐၸ዗ྕࡋаόຬၸ25oCࣁӝ਱ϐᔠෳǶ

17. ӧኬҁԏ໣ᆶᔠෳຼයֹԋǴஒᇃؓ‫ٮ‬๏ྍϪᘐǴዴᇡ‫ٮ‬ᔈᆄᆶε਻໔คᓸΚৡ
౦Ƕ

18. வҜԎᆅೀ౽ନᘉкᆅϷྕࡋ௖ଞǴ‫ݙ‬ཀଯྕਔ‫ঁޑ‬ΓٛៈǶ

19. ౽ନᇃؓᆅၡ΢ަྕࡋ௖ଞǵҜԎᆅǴ‫ݙ‬ཀଯྕϐΓ‫ي‬ٛៈǶ

20. ஒᆅၡ‫س‬಍ࡠൺচ‫ރ‬Ƕ

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EN28524.3.1.2
DrynessValue

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DrynessValue
(commercial)

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ଳᔿॶᔠෳ

1.ஒᇃؓ‫ٮ‬ᔈᆅၡᆶ‫س‬಍ᐱҥϩᚆрٰǴ٠ዴᇡᆅၡᓸΚᆶε਻ᓸΚ࣬ӕǶ

2.ஒLࠠόឌᒳᆅϐҜԎᆅՏ࿼ϷྕࡋीՏ࿼࠾α౽ନǶ

3.ᒧ᏷፾྽ᆅ৩‫ޑ‬ҜԎᆅǴᆶ౜൑ᆅၡНѳӼး‫ܭ‬LՉόឌᒳᆅ៻‫ف‬ೀǶ

(EN2852006+A1:2009upto2,3and6Barrespectively)

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4.ஒྕࡋ௖ଞӼး‫ܭ‬ᇃؓ‫س‬಍ᆅၡǶ

5.ஒ3mmྕࡋ௖ଞBӼး‫ܭ‬ᆅၡ΢Ǵፓ᏾௖ଞߏࡋаዴߥ௖ଞ‫ܭ‬ᇃؓᆅ҅ύՏ࿼Ƕ

6.ೱௗྕࡋ௖ଞD‫ࡋྕܭ‬ीT1Տ࿼Ǵໆෳό㚉ᒳ౟ϣྕࡋǹྕࡋ௖ଞB‫ࡋྕܭ‬ी
T2Տ࿼Ǵໆෳ൑ϣᇃؓྕࡋǶ

7.ϺѳӼ࿼‫ܭ‬ଳᔿฯ፦߄य़Ǵፓ᏾ዴᇡНѳࡕǴ໒௴ႝྍǶෳໆख़ໆਔǴӃዴᇡᑻ
ჿᛙ‫ۓ‬ᡉҢȹ0”Ƕ

8.ዴ‫ۓ‬ᐎҜᆅςೱௗ‫ܭ‬όឌᒳ౟ၨଯ‫ޑ‬ಒᆅǶ

9.ஒᐎҜ༞ᆶᐎҜᆅԿ‫ܭ‬όឌᒳ౟΢Ƕ

10.ໆෳ٠૶ᒵόឌᒳ౟Ϸᆅख़ໆ(Me)Ƕ
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11.ෳໆֹԋࡕ౽໒ᒳ౟Ƕ

12.Ѻ໒౟ᇂǴ٠уΕ650ml+/Ͳ 50mlଳృϐհНǴНྕऊ27oCаΠǶаໆ݆ёऊౣ
ள‫ډ‬၀৒ໆϐНǶ

13.ᇂ΢ᐎҜᇂ٠ዴᇡ౟ᡏѦ೽ϐଳᔿǶ

14.ख़ཥᆀхࡴᒳ౟ǵ౟ᇂǵНϐᕴख़ Ǵ٠૶ᒵ‫ځ‬ख़ໆ (Ms)Ƕ

15.ӧᐎҜᆅߏࡋೱௗҜԎᆅጄൎϣǴஒᒳ݆Ѧ௠‫ܭ‬ᆅၡ΢Ǵஒᒳ౟Ӽ࿼‫ܭ‬ᒳ݆ϣǶ

16.ஒྕࡋ௖ଞDೱௗ‫ࡋྕܭ‬ीϐT1Տ࿼Ǵќ΋ᆄ࿶җᒳ౟ϐ௨਻ᆅుΕ౟ϣऊ
240mmǴᇸ༾འਗ٠ዴᇡ౟‫ߕي‬у‫ނ‬ϐᛙ‫ڰ‬Ƕ

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17.௴୏ྕࡋीႝྍǴᔠຎT1ᆶT2ϩձᡉҢ‫ܭ‬ᑻჿ΢Ƕ

18.ӕਔዴᇡྕࡋ௖ଞᅿᜪࣁtype’T’Ƕ

19.ዴᇡྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣృ‫ࡕޜ‬Ǵ௴୏΋ྐ๵ຼයǴዴᇡᇃؓ໒‫ۈ‬຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬Ƕ

20.ӧᔠෳၸำዴᇡคଳᔿ‫܈‬዗ྍቹៜǶ

21.྽ᇃؓ຾Εྐ๵‫ܬ‬ᑭϣǴइᒵ௴‫ۈ‬ό㚉ᒳ౟ྕࡋ Ts(ྕࡋी΢T1ኧॶ )ǹ٠ҥ

ջஒೱௗᒳ౟ϐᐎҜᆅќ΋ᆄᆶҜԎᆅೱௗǶҗ‫ܭ‬ᇃؓྕࡋཱུଯǴፎ‫ݙ‬ཀԾ‫ي‬Ӽ
ӄ٠٬Ҕ႖዗Ћ঺Ƕ

22.ӧྕࡋी΢ǴೱុࡪΟԛMx/MnࡪᗖǴаߡ໒‫૶ۈ‬ᒵѳ֡‫ٮ‬ᔈᇃؓྕࡋ Ta(ྕ
ࡋी΢T2ኧॶ)ǴόሡाԵቾT1ѳ֡ॶǶ
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23. ྽ᒳ౟ྕࡋၲ‫ډ‬80oCਔǴᇸਗᒳ౟ՠᗉխҺՖనᡏᘢрǴइᒵനಖᒳ౟ྕࡋ Tf
(ྕࡋी΢T1ኧॶ)Ƕᏹբਔ‫ݙ‬ཀԾ‫ي‬ӼӄǶ

24. ᇸࡪMx/Mnࡪᗖ΋ ԛǴइᒵ‫ٮ‬ᔈᇃؓϐѳ֡ྕࡋTa(Ԝ‫ࡋྕڅ‬ी΢T2ѳ֡ኧ

ॶ)Ƕ25.ஒόឌᒳ౟‫ڗ‬ΠǴዴᇡคҺՖ౟ϣనᡏࢬѨǶ

26. ஒᒳ౟ಔϷϣ೽ӵྋన࿼‫ܭ‬Ϻѳ΢٠૶ᒵനಖख़ໆ MfǶ

27. ीᆉрଳᔿϐ࣬ᜢॶǶ

28. ऩሡख़ፄ᠐‫ڗ‬Ǵᜢഈྕࡋीࡕӆख़ཥ௴୏Ǵॹ‫ޜ‬౟ϣН٠ዴᇡϣ೽ֹӄଳᔿǴ฻
ࡑᒳ౟ಔհࠅ‫ྕ࠻ډ‬Ƕ

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29.ӝ਱‫ޑ‬ଳᔿॶ᠐ኧచҹǺ
a)ߚߎឦࡑྐ๵‫ނ‬ϐଳᔿ᠐ኧόλ‫ܭ‬0.9ǹߎឦ‫ނ‬όλ‫ܭ‬0.95Ƕ
b)ӧၸ዗ᔠෳਔ‫ٮ‬ᔈᇃؓ‫ࡋྕޑ‬ᡂϯӧ3oCጄൎϣǶ

30.྽ኬҁԏ໣ᆶᔠෳຼයֹԋࡕǴஒᇃؓ‫ٮ‬๏ྍϪᘐǴዴᇡ‫ٮ‬ᔈᆄᆶε਻໔คᓸ
Κৡ౦Ƕ

31.٬Ҕ႖዗Ћ঺ஒྕࡋ௖ଞǵҜԎᆅவᇃؓ‫ٮ‬ᔈᆅၡ‫س‬಍ύ౽ନǴፎ‫ݙ‬ཀᏹբΓ
঩Ծ‫ي‬ӼӄٛៈǶ

32.ஒ౜൑ᆅၡࡠൺ٠вಒᔠࢗዴᇡǶ

33.ஒᒳ౟ృ‫ޜ‬ǴዴჴଳᔿࡕးጃǶ

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