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Calculus1 Eng w1
Calculus1 Eng w1
Intervals
a {x ∈ R a ≤
[a, b] = b x ≤ b}
Notice that the endpoin
FIGURE 1 indicated by the round br
Here the endpoints of the interval are included. This is indicated
val from a by
to bthe
is the set
Open interval (a, b)
square brackets [ ] and by the solid dots in Figure.
▲ Table 1 lists the nine possible types This does not mean that
of intervals. When these intervals are
MAT 1001 Calculus I set of all numbers that
3 / 79 a
Intervals
(a, ∞) = {x ∈ R x > a}
This does not mean that ∞ (“infinity”) is a number. The notation (a, ∞)
stands for the set of all numbers that are greater than a, so the symbol ∞
simply indicates that the interval extends indefinitely far in the positive
direction.
Inequalities
Example 2
Solve the inequality x2 − 5x + 6 ≤ 0
Solution.
First we factor the left side:
(x − 2)(x − 3) ≤ 0
Solution (cont.)
On each of these intervals we determine the signs of the factors.
x 2 3
(x − 2) − 0 + +
(x − 3) − − 0 +
(x − 2)(x − 3) + − +
{x ∈ R 2 ≤ x ≤ 3} = [2, 3]
Notice that we have included the endpoints 2 and 3 because we are looking for values of
such x that the product is either negative or zero.
Example 3
Solve x3 + 3x2 > 4x.
Solution.
First we take all nonzero terms to one side of the inequality sign and factor
the resulting expression:
Solution (cont.)
On each of these intervals we determine the signs of the factors.
x −4 0 1
x − − 0 + +
(x − 1) − − − 0 +
(x + 4) − 0 + + +
x(x − 1)(x + 4) − + − +
100
50
5 10 15 20 25 30 t (seconds)
FIGURE 1 _50
ion during
arthquake Calif. Dept. of Mines and Geology
Each of these examples describes a rule whereby, given a number (r, t, w, or t),
another
Figure 1: number
Vertical( Aground
, P, C, oracceleration
a) is assigned.during
In eachthe
case we say thatearthquake
Northridge the second num-
ber is a function of the first number.
MAT 1001 Calculus I 14 / 79
Four Ways to Represent a Function
Function
Definition 4
A function f is a rule that assigns to each element in a set A exactly one
element, called f (x), in a set B.
We usually consider functions for which the sets A and B are sets of real
numbers.
The set A is called the domain of the function.
y { x, ƒ}
0 1 2 x x
FIGURE 4 FIG
ƒ
range y ⫽ ƒ(x)
x x 0 x
domain
FIGURE 5
0 1 x
SOLUTION
The graph of a function f is shown in Figure.
(a) We see from Figure 6 that the point 共1, 3兲 lies on the graph of f , so the value of
f a) is f 共1兲
at 1Find the苷values of f (1)
3. (In other andthe
words, point on the graph that lies above x 苷 1 is
f (5).
three units above the x-axis.)
b) What are the domain and range of f ?
When x 苷 5, the graph lies about 0.7 unit below the x-axis, so we estimate that
f 共5兲 ⬇ ⫺0.7.
(b) We see that f 共x兲 is defined when 0 艋 x 艋 7, so the domain of f is the closed
MAT 1001 Calculus I 20 / 79
Function
Solution.
a) We see from Figure that the point (1, 3) lies on the graph of f , so the
value of f at 1 is f (1) = 3. (In other words, the point on the graph
that lies above x = 1 is 3 units above the x-axis.)
When x = 5, the graph lies about 0.7 unit below the x−axis, so we
estimate that f (5) ≈ −0.7.
Representations of Functions
Representations of Functions
• verbally (by a description in words)
• numerically (by a table of values)
• visually (by a graph)
• algebraically (by an explicit formula)
Example 6
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a volume of 10 m3 .
The length of its base is twice its width. Material for the base costs 10 TL
per square meter; material for the sides costs 6 TL per square meter.
Express the cost of materials as a function of the width of the base.
Solution.
height. w
2w
FIGURE 16
Solution (cont.)
The area of the base is (2w)w = 2w2 ⇒ the cost, in TL, of the material
for the base is 10(2w2 ).
Two of the sides have area wh and the other two have area 2wh, so the
cost of the material for the sides is 6[2(wh) + 2(2wh)].
The total cost is therefore
Solution (cont.)
To express C as a function of w alone, we need to eliminate h and we do
so by using the fact that the volume is 10 m3 . Thus
w(2w)h = 10
which gives
10 5
h= 2
= 2.
2w w
Substituting this into the expression for C, we have
2 5 180
C = 20w + 36w 2
= 20w2 + .
w w
(a, b) (a, b)
(a, b) (a, b)
0 0 a a x x 0 0 a x a x
E 17
How do we draw
so the part of the gra
1
cide with the line y 苷
f 共x兲 苷 x 2, so the par
1 x coincide with the gra
graph in Figure l9. T
FIGURE 19 graph; the open dot i
Example 8
Consider the cost C(w) of mailing a first-class letter with weight w. In
effect, this is a piecewise defined function because, from the table of
values, we have the following.
C
0.39, if 0 < w ≤ 1 1
0.63, if 1 < w ≤ 2
C(w) =
0.87, if 2 < w ≤ 3
..
.
0 1 2 3 4 5 w
FIGURE 22
Absolute Values
For example,
|3| = 3 | − 3| = 3 |0| = 0
√ √
| 2 − 1| = 2 − 1 |3 − π| = π − 3
In general, we have
|a| = a if a ≥ 0
|a| = −a if a < 0.
√
Recall that the symbol √ means “the positive square root of”.
Therefore, the equation a2 = a is not always
√ true. It is true only when
a ≥ 0. If a < 0, then −a > 0, so we have a2 = −a. Then we have the
equation √
a2 = |a|
which is true for all values of a.
Example 9
Solve |3x + 2| ≥ 4.
Solution.
By Properties 4 and 6 of absolute values, |3x + 2| ≥ 4 is equivalent to
3x + 2 ≥ 4 or 3x + 2 ≤ −4
Symmetric Function
Definition 10
If a function f satisfies f (−x) = f (x) for every number x in its domain,
then is f called an even function.
Definition 11
If f satisfies f (−x) = −f (x) for every number x in its domain, then f is
called an odd function.
For example, the function f (x) = x3 is odd because
y The graph
already hav
through 18
_x 0
ƒ
x x
EXAMPLE 11
neither eve
(a) f 共x兲 苷
SOLUTION
FIGURE 24 (a)
MAT 1001 An odd functionCalculus I 38 / 79
Function Symmetric Function
Example 12
Determine whether each of the following functions is even, odd or neither
even nor odd.
(a) f (x) = x5 + x (b) g(x) = 1 − x4 (c) h(x) = 2x − x2
Solution.
(a) f (−x) = (−x)5 + (−x) = (−1)5 x5 + (−x)
= −x5 − x = −(x5 + x)
= −f (x)
Therefore, f is an odd function.
(b) g(−x) = 1 − (−x)4 = 1 − x4 = g(x). So g is even.
(c) h(−x) = 2(−x) − (−x)2 = −2x − x2 . Since h(−x) 6= h(x) and
h(−x) 6= −h(x), we conclude that h is neither even nor odd.
The graphs of the functions in Example 11 are shown in Figure 25. Notice that the
graph of h is(cont.)
Solution symmetric neither about the y-axis nor about the origin.
y y y
1
1 f g 1 h
1
_1 1 x x 1 x
_1
The graph shown in Figure 26 rises from A to B, falls from B to C, and rises again
from C to D. The function f is said to be increasing on the interval 关a, b兴, decreasing
on 关b, c兴, and
MAT increasing
1001 again on 关c, d兴. Calculus
NoticeI that if x and x are any two numbers
40 / 79
Mathematical Models
Mathematical Models
Test Solve
Real-world Mathematical
predictions Interpret conclusions
Linear Models
y = f (x) = mx + b
NS A
AND MODELS
characteristic feature of linear functions is that they grow at a
constant
MODELS rate.
For instance,A characteristic
Figure shows feature
a graphof linear
of thefunctions is that fthey
linear function (x) grow
= 3x at
− a2 consta
and instance, Figure
a table of sample 2 shows a graph of the linear function f 共x兲
by 0.1, ⫺
苷 3x 2 an
A characteristic featurevalues. Notice
of linear that is
functions whenever
that theyxgrow
increases
at a constant the
rate. F
sample values. Notice that whenever x increases by 0.1, the value of f 共x兲 i
instance,
value ofFigure 2 shows
increases a graph
by 0.3. So fof
(x)theincreases
linear function f 共x兲 as
three times 苷 3xfast⫺as2 x.
and a table
0.3. So f 共x兲 increases three times as fast as x. Thus, the slope of the graph y
sample
Thus,values. Notice
the slope thatgraph
of the whenevery = x3x − 2, namely
increases by 0.1,
3,the
canvalue of f 共x兲 increases
be interpreted as
namely 3, can be interpreted as the rate of change of y with respect to x.
0.3.the f 共x兲ofincreases
Sorate change three timesrespect
of y with tox.x.Thus, the slope of the graph y 苷 3x ⫺
as fast as
namely 3, can be interpreted y as the rate of change of y with respect to x.
x f 共x兲 苷 3x ⫺ 2
y
y=3x-2
x 共x兲 苷 3x ⫺ 2
f1.0 1.0
1.1 1.3
y=3x-2 1.0 1.0
1.2 1.6
1.1 1.3
1.3 1.9
0 x 1.2 1.6
1.4 2.2
1.3 1.9
0 _2 x 1.5 2.5
1.4 2.2
_2 1.5 2.5
GURE 2
MAT 1001 Calculus I 44 / 79
Mathematical Models Linear Models
Example 13
(a) As dry air moves upward, it expands and cools. If the ground
temperature is 20◦ C and the temperature at a height of 1 km is
10◦ C, express the temperature T (in ◦ C) as a function of the height
h (in kilometers), assuming that a linear model is appropriate.
(b) Draw the graph of the function in part (a). What does the slope
represent?
(c) What is the temperature at a height of 2.5 km?
Solution.
(a) Because we are assuming that T is a linear function of h, we can write
T = mh + b
20 = m · 0 + b = b
10 = m · 1 + 20
T = −10h + 20.
T = −10(2.5) + 20 = −5◦ C.
If there is no ph
an empirical mode
MAT 1001 Calculus I “fits” the data47in
/ 79th
Mathematical Models Polynomials
Polynomials
Definition 14
A function P is called a polynomial if
2 2 2 2
0 10 x1 x 1 1x x
Figure 2: y = x2 + x + 1 y = −2x2 + 3x + 1
(a) y=≈+x+1
(a) y=≈+x+1 (b) y=_2≈+3x+1
(b) y=_2≈+3x+1
ynomial
A polynomial
ofMATdegree
1001 of 3
degree
is of the
3 isform
of the form
Calculus I 50 / 79
Mathematical Models Polynomials
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Power Functions
Definition 15
A function of the form
f (x) = xa
where a is a constant, is called a power function.
y=x#y=x#
y=x# y=x$y=x$
y=x$ y=x%y=xy
y y y y y y y y y
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 10 x 1 x1 x 0 0 10 x 1 x1 x 0 0 10 x 1 x
(a) ƒ=œ„
x (b) ƒ=#œx„
MAT 1001 Calculus I 55 / 79
.] For other even values
Mathematical Models of n, the graph of Power Functions
√
The graph of y = n x for n odd
(1, 1)
(n > 3) is similar to that of y =
0 x √3
x.
(b) ƒ=#œx„
1
Let a = −1. The graph of the reciprocal function f (x) = x−1 =
x
32 ■ CHAPTER 1 1
FUNCTIONS AND MODE
is shown in Figure. Its graph has the equation y = or xy = 1, and
x
is a hyperbola with the coordinate axes as its asymptotes.
y (iii)
The
y=∆
grap
1 axe
T
0 1 x
whi
prop
Rational Functions
Definition 16
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:
P (x)
f (x) =
Q(x)
y A ratio
20
0 2 x where
Q共x兲 苷
domain
FIGURE 16
MAT 1001 Calculus I 59 / 79
Mathematical Models Algebraic Functions
Algebraic Functions
Definition 17
A function is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using
algebraic operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and taking roots) starting with polynomials.
Transformations of Functions
y=ƒ+c
y=f(x+c) c y =ƒ y=f(x-c)
c c
0 c x
y=ƒ-c
Suppose c > 1.
y
y=cƒ
(c>1)
y=f(_x)
y=ƒ
y= 1c ƒ
x 0 x
y=_ƒ
Example 18
√ √
Given√the graph of y = x, use transformations
√ to graph y = x − 2,
√ √
y = x − 2, y = − x, y = 2 x and y = −x
Solution.
√
The graph of the square root function y = x is:
0
4 x
-2
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
Solution (cont.)
√
in the figure we sketch y = x − 2 by shifting 2 units downward:
0
4 x
-2
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
0 x
2
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
0 x
2
Solution (cont.)
√
y= x − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right:
2
0 x
2
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x−axis:
0
x
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x−axis:
0
x
Solution (cont.)
√
y = − x by reflecting about the x−axis:
a
0
x
a
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
0
x
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
0
x
Solution (cont.)
√
y = 2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2:
2a
a
0
x
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y−axis:
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y−axis:
Solution (cont.)
√
y= −x by reflecting about the y−axis:
a a
Example 19
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
Example 19
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
Example 19
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 10.
Solution.
y Completing the square, we write
the equation of the graph as
y = x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3)2 + 1
Example 20
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
Example 20
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
Example 20
Sketch the graph of the function y = |x2 − 1|.
Solution.
y
Algebra of Functions
Algebra of Functions
Let f and g be functions with domains A and B.
Then the functions f + g, f − g, f g, and f /g are defined as follows:
Example 21
√ √
If f (x) = x and g(x) = 4 − x2 , find the functions f + g, f − g, f g,
and f /g.
Solution.
√
The domain of f (x) = x is [0, ∞).
√
The domain of g(x) = 4 − x2 consists of all numbers x such that
4 − x2 ≥ 0, that is, x2 ≤ 4.
Taking square roots of both sides, we get |x| ≤ 2, or −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, so the
domain of g is the interval [−2, 2].
The intersection of the domains of f and g is
Solution (cont.)
Thus, according to the definitions, we have
√ p
(f + g)(x) = x + 4 − x2 0≤x≤2
√ p
(f − g)(x) = x − 4 − x2 0≤x≤2
√ p p
(f g)(x) = x 4 − x2 = 4x − x3 0≤x≤2
√ r
f x x
(x) = √ = 0≤x<2
g 4−x 2 4 − x2