2 

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
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 
 2008 –
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  
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  
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 2 

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 

 7 

 8 

 9  

 30  

 39  

 52  

 52  

 69  

 77  

 78 

 80  

 83  

 85  

 87  

 89  

 93  
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 

 

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
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



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



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 2001
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 

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
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






 





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    


 





30
 



 


 1
 -
         -
21775
1747  -
          1775

-9-
 2 

200731,8 -
      34    -
3
739
 21  -

20072,6 -

 
 652225 -
 2430 5529  -
  1206      936   
  749      137   
 71
4 -
         
          


      7620     
        
        

-10-
    

 
1000       
2 80
 
          -
 
1100 2400 o


 
      650     o

 161
   700        o


      1300     o


 560 o

40 

 350 600 o



-11-
 2 

          -
3 38
 20
  40       
       

 

 
Multiethnic States
520

250
 1747

 6
 27   42
9   9
3    4
4   2

13
7
-12-
    









 8

 

%3550



 9

 
8099
19
 101
-13-
 2 

 
 -
500

20041420031213
 11200413
  -





 12
 -

54
2004

 13
 -

-14-
    

249

2005918

14



102





15
1992
  -


16


 -

-15-
 2 

25 
17


1846 -

70
19
2010

42  -


20


 
3433

 21

80 -
22




-16-
    




 

 -












  -




-17-
 2 




 23

 -
500




24
150

 -
40

25


714 -
26



-18-
    



27


4 -


 28

 -
3




 29300

 
8 -




-19-
 2 




 

200421.5 -

2004800 -

382438 -
 2005

200540 -
30
200353 -

 -
2006
67003
3192
 

 

 -

-20-
    




 



5,42007
635
11
1932
 332540
34

1747
37



 1775

1873–1839
 
-21-
 2 

 1873

18801878

 

1893


 1947

1919


 

1921
9
 

1929


9

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    





 1929

1933
3519
1973




1965 





 

1973

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 2 




 1978

1978271978



  



 

1979271979
100


 




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    




 

151989
1989
15
70

1988





 

1992 25 1992


 


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 2 




199224


28
 1992

199371993

18

1994

 

1994
1994


 

-26-
    

1995241995




 

19969271996



 1992

1997




 

19981998


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 2 

199888


1996
 

1999
15


 1999

2000

 

200182001

 

2001\92001


 
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    

112001

 

 72001







13731368
 

13 2001
36


25
7
2001
 
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 2 

52001

 12 



18
 37

 
38



1994



1994113



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    









 













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 2 









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






1500
19961026 
40




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     




 -
 1996

15 -

 

 -



200341 -

 10


13



17

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 2 

2007
2006
 







2001






  




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    

42


43













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





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 2 





1994












19988

1998
45

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    


 












 



20019



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 2 



46







7
\13

\747

 






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    

200248
2003



 


1979
1992
 2001



 

 





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 2 





49
1989



50

51

1998



52
2001 11



 
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    

127

53
423
541472




 

81422

 55

 


56



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 2 

57

144414131386





3640

2006

 







2001 
58

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    


2001

12.430
2002\
2004




20051116 
 59




60

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1999



 
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 2 





2430










 



62
  

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    




63


2007

700
9
2007
100
 64








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 2 








65
1998






66





 67200714

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    










2007 16 

2006

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


76




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 2 


69
70














71


650

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    







1993










 




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 2 





1997






2005

72
 





73


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    


 





1996










 74




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 2 


2002








 

 

 


 




 
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     






75
20022001


 

 

 20032002





 20032002

2003

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 2 

1076

50200317
 77









 

2003\


 

 20052004

20052004
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    



 




782003





792003\






 

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 2 

 20072006
2006
804000
2007
2007
81
20062005

25002005900
6002006
1303002006
82005

200628002005800
200230
 13920062005





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    







 









2007


 82

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 2 

 2007

  -












  -






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    



 

  -







 

  -







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 2 


 

  -




10
2007











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    





 



 


 83


2001

 





 

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 2 





 









 








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     




 

 -






 84

 -
 

 -

 

 -



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 2 

  -




 -



 -



 -



 -




200723
 6

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    

21


20
85


 -


 -











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 2 








86


 










87
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    







 

 -


88 2000 








89

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 2 

  -





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
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    


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 
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 

 

  -


40002006670
9317
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9594
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 2 

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 

  -











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    


2006

  -



96








  -





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 2 

200215


97




98






 -






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    
















 

  -


1994ISI
2001
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 2 





18
200695



1502006\


99


100






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    







 101

  -








102


 -


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 2 



 
103


104




 -










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    




105
300060
2006

 106

 










 
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 2 





 






107



2006





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    


2007\ 19













2302007


108

 

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 2 









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


 

 -
 

 -

 

 -

 -


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    

 -


 -


 -



 -


 -





110





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 2 










2006

111
112 


 700
2007\9

113



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    



 114













150





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 2 




 
 115

20079
116


 117





 118






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    



 







 

 119



2007
120
20072
121
 2006

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 2 


122

123







8
18







 

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    










12426


 125




11\



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 2 








  -

  -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

 -

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    






 1












 2

6

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 2 










3











19961995
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     

 4








 








 



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 2 


 

 5




1996








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    



CIA Fact Book 20071

200719
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
2
Louis Dupree, Afghanistan,( Princeton University Press, Princeton, New
Jersey , Edition 1980) 344.
3
Afghanistan Information Management Services,
http://www.aims.org.af/services/mapping/geo_codes/geocodes_anatomy/geocod
es_anatomy.html
1993–124
 81993
 115
200719CIA Fact Book 20076
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
 117
8
Britannica Encyclopedia Online,
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-21424/Afghanistan
9
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
http://www.president.gov.af/english/constitution.mspx#State
10
 1512
11
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
http://www.president.gov.af/english/constitution.mspx
 12
 13
1714
 
http://www.nationalassembly.af/index.php?id=228

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15
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
http://www.president.gov.af/english/constitution.mspx
16
17
http://www.president.gov.af/english/cabinet.mspxThe Cabinet,
18
Strength of Afghan National Army reaches 46,000,
http://english.people.com.cn/200704/12/eng20070412_365934.html
19
http://www.president.gov.af/english/np/security.mspx Security,
20
US Department of Stat, Afghanistan National Security Forces,
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/60086.htm
21
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
http://www.president.gov.af/english/constitution.mspx#Rights
22
CIA Fact Book 2007
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
23
United States Inistitue of Pease, Rebuilding Civil Society in Afghanistan:
Fragile Progress and Formidable Obstacles,
http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2007/0710_civil_society_afghanis
tan.html
24
 2007
http://www.thekillidgroup.com/Forum/newwordfiles/Sancharaki_speech.doc
  
http://www.thekillidgroup.com/Forum/webpages/tentativeprogram.html
 25
 26
27
BBC, Country profile: Afghanistan ,media,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162668.stm#med
ia
 28
29
Internet World State, Afghanistan, Internet usage, broadband and
telecommunications reports, http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/af.htm
30
,CIA Fact Book 2007
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
31
CBC, Afghanistan leads world in opium production: UN report,
http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/06/26/drug-report.html

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    

 
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/world_drug_report.html
32
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of Education, Our situation today,
http://www.moe.gov.af/Vision.html
33
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of Higher Education,
http://www.mohe.gov.af/?lang=en&p=history
34
Louis Dupree, Afghanistan, 


 1997
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1162108.stm
35
BBC, Former king of Afghanistan dies,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911260.stm
199636





PDF37
http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/bonn_agreement_2001.html
 38

 1997
39

http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79604E09-356C-4697-8B52-
825F33AF7CAA.htm
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40



 
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=118348406729
4&pagename=Zone-Arabic-News%2FNWALayout
41
ABC, News, Mullah Omar organizing 'council of resistance': reports
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/06/25/887570.htm
42
Wikipedia,Zalmay Khalilzad,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad
43
BBC. Taleban shut down in US,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1163435.stm
44

 
45
BBC, The UK's Bin Laden dossier in full,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1579043.stm
46
CBS NEWS, Armitage Refutes Musharraf's Claim,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/22/terror/main2035633.shtml
47
The White House, Interview of the Vice President by BBC,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/vicepresident/news-
speeches/speeches/vp20011115.html
200248
2001
198949

50
 
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2002-09/08/article40.shtml

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    

51
BBC, Taleban in Texas for talks on gas pipeline,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/west_asia/37021.stm
52
 
http://www.paymanemeli.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1062
53
Amy Belasco, The Cost if Iraq , Afghanistan and other Global War on Terror
Operations Since 9/11,
www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf
54
CNN, US and Coalition Causalities,
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/oef.casualties
55
Assessing ISAF: A Baseline Study of NATO's Role in Afghanistan March
2007 . British American Security Information Council
www.basicint.org/europe/NATO/afghanistan.pdf
56
US Info, NATO Ministers Discuss Importance of Afghan Mission
http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-
english&y=2006&m=September&x=20060921190934AJatiA0.4740106
57
Afghanistan's Instability and the return of Taliban, spring/summer 2006
SENLIS Afghanistan, Chapter 1, Page 16
www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/014_publication/documents/5y_ch
apter_01 -
58
BBC, Anti-Taleban leader calls for support,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/south_asia/1262599.stm
59
, The EU's relations with AfghanistanEuropean Commission
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/afghanistan/intro/index.htm
60

61
UN, Security Council Committee
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/index.shtml
62
Dawn, Pakistan must not be blamed for Taliban: Musharraf
http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/02/welcome.htm
2006563
 
1164

 
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 2 

Pakistan- Afghanistan relation in the post-9/11 era- Frederic Grare- Carnegie

Endowment for International Peace. October 2006
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=18740
&prog=zgp&proj=zsa
765
1998

 1997
50066
4.5

http://arabic.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/23/ara20020123_50425.html
67
Guardian, Ahmadinejad's first Afghan visit ruffles US feathers
http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,2148530,00.html
68
The International Herald Tribune, Russia, China, Iran issue veiled warning to
U.S. to stay away from Central Asia
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/17/europe/EU-GEN-Kyrgyzstan-
Security-Summit.php
69
The Consulate General of The People's Republic of China in Canada,
http://www.chinaembassycanada.org/eng/xwdt/t37313.htm
70
The Washington Times, Inside the Ring, Bill Gertz,
http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20070615/NATION04/106150051&Se
archID=73286849671526
71
BBC, Indian hijack drama over
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/584729.stm
72
The Boston Globe, US closes air base in Uzbekistan amid uprising dispute,
http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/11/22/us_closes_air_b
ase_in_uzbekistan_amid_uprising_dispute/
73
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Turkmenistan Still Interested In Trans-
Afghan Pipeline: http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/07/D6B3A41D-
E5CF-42FB-BCDF-E4CBDA0F1F06.html
74
BBC, Key Afghan players: Who's who
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3706370.stm
75
BBC, Taleban set for Kandahar surrender
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1695336.stm
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    

76
CNN, Taliban form 'resistance force'
http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/central/06/24/afghan.taliban/index.
html
77
Mohammad Fayez Farahat, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic
Studies,
http://www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/EGYP15.HTM
78
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Afghanistan: A Chronology Of Suicide
Attacks Since 2001,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/01/9ac36a59-d683-4189-a2b9-
94fe5fbf32ad.html
 79
http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archive?ArchiveId=92899
80
Human Rights Watch, World Report 2007, Afghanistan,
http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/afghan14863.htm
81
Assessing ISAF: A Baseline Study of NATO's Role in Afghanistan March
2007 . British American Security Information Council
www.basicint.org/europe/NATO/afghanistan.pdf
82
CNN, NATO chief warns Afghans may switch allegiance to Taliban
http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/afghan.taliban/index.html
83
Afghanistan's Instability and the return of Taliban, spring/summer 2006
SENLIS Afghanistan, Chapter 1, Page 53
www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/014_publication/documents/5y_ch
apter_01 -
84
Afghanistan's Instability and the return of Taliban, spring/summer 2006
SENLIS Afghanistan, Chapter 1, Page 59-61
www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/014_publication/documents/5y_ch
apter_01 -
85
Emal Pashtunyar, Taliban Get Ransom Via 3rd Country, The Korea Times,
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/09/205_9433.html
86
 2003
BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5211604.stm
87
Human Rights Watch,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/afghanistan0407/3.htm#_Toc163022670
 88
http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/386BF1EE-CF71-4E6D-A794-
FCA45414FC09.htm

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 2 

89

http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/story/2007/07/070702_k-ram-
taliban-court.shtml
200790


 
http://www.freedomszone.com/archives/2007/07/help_shut_down_the_talibans_
we.php
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http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79604E09-356C-4697-8B52-
825F33AF7CAA.htm
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Afghanistan's Instability and the return of Taliban, spring/summer 2006
SENLIS Afghanistan, Chapter 1, Page 69
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International Committee of the Red Cross, Afghanistan: three decades of war
and no end in sight,
http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/afghanistan-briefing-120607
‫ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬Human Rights Watch,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/afghanistan0407/5.htm#_Toc163022674
94
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Afghanistan: NATO Focuses On
Reducing Civilian Casualties,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/06/8bbf601a-04d0-4973-aaec-
5cc8463355ff.html

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/world_news/newsid_6258000/6258316.stm
96
Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Slow Progress on Security and Rights,
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/01/29/afghan15223.htm
97
BBC, Aid failings 'hit Afghan progress'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6764345.stm
98
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Afghanistan: Minister Says Kabul Should
Control Aid Flows,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/04/e9f69a51-ef6a-484f-bfe6-
beaa817e5b7d.html
99
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Afghanistan/Pakistan: 'Inseparable Twins'
In Need Of Separation,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/eb699008-7c75-4447-bab1-
7f6ecb83a9b2.html
100
Islamonline.net, Pakistan Urges Taliban Dialogue,
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&pagename=Zone-English-News/NWELayout
101
United States Institute of Peace, Resolving the Pakistan- Afghanistan
Stalemate,
http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr176.html
102
ABC News, Taliban says no to peace talks with Kabul,
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2006/10/28/1775908.htm
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http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8774374B-EE6F-4D97-80D3-
DD46D5AC59E1.htm
104
FOX News Network, Gates: Taliban Getting Weapons From Iran,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,281862,00.html
105
MSNBC, Taliban's heroin profits get military's attention,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18787919/
106
UNODC, Taliban makes Afghanistan global drug centre: UN
http://www.unodc.org/india/26_june_2007_ians03.html
107
Paddy Ashdown, We are failing in Afghanistan, Guardian,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/comment/story/0,,2129593,00.html
108
BBC, Karzai angry over West's tactics,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6233082.stm
109
NATO Press Point,
http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2007/s070130b.html
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United States Institute of Peace, The Situation in Afghanistan: A Re-
evaluation Needed
http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2007/0419_koenigs_afghanistan.ht
ml
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http://www.paymanemeli.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1858
111
BBC, Meeting Pakistan's Taleban chief,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4927914.stm
112
The International Herald Tribune, Taliban attacks triple in eastern
Afghanistan since Pakistan peace deal, US official says,
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/27/asia/AS_GEN_Afghan_Taliban_Atta
cks.php
113
BBC, Musharraf in anti-Taleban pledge,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6942716.stm
114
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Afghan, Pakistani Forces Clash For
Second Day,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/937f4455-4c20-4dc2-9bf6-
a04ec6a59dcb.html
115
Chris Sands, Interview With Ex-Taliban Foreign Minister , Islamonline.net,
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1175008800131
&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout
116
Sayed Salahuddin, Afghanistan's Karzai urges Taliban talks after scare,
Reuters,
http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-29427920070909
117
Haroun Mir, Taliban talk offer bodes well, Reuters, Asia Times Online,
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/II14Df02.html
118
BBC, Taleban leader 'rejects amnesty'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4533051.stm
119
CBC News, NATO should talk to Taliban because military victory
impossible: report,
http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/03/01/nato-negotiations.html
120
Richard Norton-Taylor, UK mission in Afghanistan to last decades, says
ambassador, The Guardian,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,2107881,00.html
121
People's Daily Online, Australian troops to stay in Afghanistan for years:
FM,
http://english.people.com.cn/200707/02/eng20070702_389393.html
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Ahto Lobjakas, Afghanistan: ISAF Expands And Prepares For Long-Term
Stay, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty,
http://www.rferl.org/features/features_Article.aspx?m=02&y=2006&id=238FC
3E5-BA61-4015-B1BC-599C2581108F
123
CCN, Karzai wants long-term security ties with U.S.,
http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/04/13/afghanistan.rumsfeld/index.h
tml
124
Howard Cincotta, Afghanistan Strategic Challenge for NATO, Pentagon
Chief Says, USINFO,
http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-
english&y=2007&m=February&x=20070211182538attocnich0.2341577
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Rahimullah Yusufzai, Germany's Afghan dilemma, The News,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=63309

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