MODULE 6: RAINFALL-INDUCED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

LANDSLIDES

- Mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope to gravity.

- Driving force is greater than the resisting force.
- Natural process that occurs in steep slopes.
- Movement may range from very slow to rapid. Areas both near and far.
- Steep slope, dense population, and denuded ground
- Frequent rain makes the soil weak.

LANDSLIDES TRIGGERS

- Natural triggers
- Intense rainfall
- Weathering of rocks
- Ground vibrations created during earthquakes
- Volcanic activity
- Man-made triggers

SINKHOLES

- Depression or holes on the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface layer of the
soil.
- Occurs when soil foundation is made of soft minerals and rocks. (limestone, salt beds, acidic
rocks)

PROJECT NOAH

(NATIONWIDE OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HAZARDS)

- Department of science and technology’s (DOST) response to Benigno S. Aquino III responsive
disaster prevention and mitigation system.
- The project will harness technologies and management services for disaster risk reduction
activities offered by the DOST through PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, and the DOST-Advanced Science and
technology Institute (ASTI).

DYNASLOPE PROJECT

- Early warning system for deep-seated and catastrophic landslides though landslide sensor
technology and community participation in the Philippines.
- “DEWS-L” and “DRMS”, Dynaslope Project began in UP. Implemented by the PHIVOLCS in 50
sites.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN CASE OF A LANDSLIDE

1. LANDSLIDE PREPAREDNESS
- Awareness and preparedness are the most effective prevention and mitigation measures against
possible threats of landslide in the community.

2. HAZARD MAPPING
- Highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular hazard
- Created for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding, and tsunamis.
- Help prevent serious damage and deaths.

3. PUBLIC INFORMATION
- Having knowledge in determining the hazard prone area with the use of application.
- LGU must be responsible in disseminating infos for everyone.
 4. ENGINEERING INTERVENTION MEADERS OR SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES.
- Structural measures are any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of
hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology to achieve hazard resistance
and resilience in structures or systems
- Non-structural measures are measures not involving physical construction which use knowledge,
practice or agreement to reduce disaster risks and impacts, in particular through policies and
laws, public awareness raising, training and education.

MODULE 7: HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

- Dangers associated with the natural processes or phenomena involved in the transfer of water
and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere.
- Energy and water release from one area to another cause impacts that may be challenging to
communities living within the vicinity of the occurrence.

HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. TYPHOON
- tropical cyclone with the maximum wind of 34 knots or higher. A tropical cyclone with the
maximum wind of less than 34 knots is called a tropical depression.
- an extremely large, powerful, and destructive storm that occurs especially in the region of the
Philippines or the China Sea

2. THUNDERSTORM
- rain-bearing cloud that also produces lightning.
- All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning.

3. FLASH FLOODS
- can be caused by a number of things, but is most often due to extremely heavy rainfall from
thunderstorms. Flash Floods can occur due to Dam or Levee Breaks, and/or Mudslides (Debris
Flow)
- he intensity of the rainfall, the location and distribution of the rainfall, the land use and
topography, vegetation types and growth/density, soil type, and soil water-content all determine
just how quickly the Flash Flooding may occur, and influence where it may occur.

4. STORM SURGE
- abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm, measured as the height of the water above the
normal predicted astronomical tide.
- The surge is caused primarily by a storm's winds pushing water onshore

5. TORNADO
- A violently rotating column of air touching the ground, usually attached to the base of a
thunderstorm.
- Tornadoes are nature"s most violent storms.
- Spawned from powerful thunderstorms, tornadoes can cause fatalities and devastate a
neighborhood in seconds. Winds of a tornado may reach 300 miles per hour.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN CASE OF A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD

- DOPPLER RADAR, also called weather surveillance radar and Doppler weather radar, is a type of
radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, and estimate its type

- The location of the 32 stations from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Serviced Station (PAGASA) and the topography of the Philippines (shading; m). The colors of the
circles indicate the climate types based on Villafuerte et al.
 MODULE 8: FIRE HAZARD

FIRE

- process of rapid oxidation of any material resulting in burning.

- Oxidation means that oxygen molecules interact with different substances in the environment,
making it unstable and thus creating a reaction.
- When burning happens heat, light, and other reaction products are released.

FIRE TRIANGLE

- Fire triangle is a model that shows the three essential components that when present together
can start a fire and sustain it. Fuel, heat and oxygen.
o Fuel - fire needs a fuel source or combustible material in order to burn.
o Heat - this is needed to start and continue the combustion process.
- Combustion happens when flammable vapor mix with air (oxygen) and is ignited by a spark or
flame.
- In essence, when the ignition temperature (heat) of the fuel (any material) is reached,
combustion reaction happens.
o Oxygen - reacts with flammable vapors given off by fuels, and the reaction releases the
heat.

Causes of Fire

Natural :

Lightning

Volcanic activities

Man-made:

1. Electrical wirings

2. Unattended ignition sources

3. Cigarettes

4. Chemicals at home

5. Gasoline leaks from vehicles

6. Gas tank

The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) is an agency of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) responsible for implementing national policies related to Firefighting and fire
prevention as well as implementation of the Philippine Fire Code (PD 1185)

FIRST DEGREE BURN

- First-degree (superficial) burns

- First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful,
dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example.
- Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.

SECOND DEGREE BURN

- Second-degree -(partial thickness) burns

- Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site
appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
THIRD DEGREE BURN

- Third-degree (full thickness) burns

- Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the
underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no
sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN FIRE HAZARD

1. INSPECTION PROCESS
2. REQUIRED PAPERS/ PERMITS
3. FIRE SAFETY MEASURES