Table of Contents

What is Translation? ............................................ 1

Goals of a good Translation ................................. 1
Why translation is important? ............................. 2
Languages of Translation ..................................... 3
Component of Translation ................................... 3
Methods of Translation ....................................... 4
What is a Translator? ........................................... 5
Requirements of a translator ............................... 5
Role of a Translator .............................................. 5
What do you think Is Translation difficult easy? .. 6
Types of translation ............................................. 6
Points of Views or perspectives of translation 7
External knowledge (outside, users' view) ...... 7
1. Textual Reliability ............................................. 8
Textual reliability is further divided into the
following kinds ................................................ 8
2. Translator's Reliability: ................................. 8
Timeliness........................................................ 9
Cost ................................................................. 9
Trade-offs ........................................................ 9

I
 Internal knowledge (inside or the translator's
view) ................................................................ 9
The main conclusion of this chapter .............. 10
Chapter Two ...................................................... 10
Why people are being stuck to their job' however
their jobs are full of difficulties? ......................... 10
Reliability ....................................................... 10
Involvement in the profession ........................... 11
Ethics ............................................................. 11
2. income .......................................................... 11
There are four main factors that can increase the
income of a translator. ....................................... 12
Speed ............................................................ 12
Translation Memory Software ........................ 12
Project Management................................... 13
Raising the status of the profession ........... 13
Enjoyment .................................................... 13
Chapter Four .................................................... 14
Translator as a learner..................................... 14
Who is smart or intelligent? ....................... 14
Where is the location of intelligence? ....... 14
Musical Intelligence ..................................... 15

II
 Spatial injtelligence ..................................... 15
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence ................... 15
Personal-Emotional Intelligence ................ 15
Logical and Mathematical Intelligence ...... 15
Linguistic Intelligence .................................. 15
The Translator's Memory ................................ 16
Representational and Procedural Memory 16
Procedural Memory: ................................... 16
Intellectual Memory : .................................. 16
Emotional Memory ..................................... 17
Context: ............................................................ 17
Relevance: ........................................................ 17
Lecture Not on Becoming a translator ............... 18
Multiple Encoding: ............................................ 18
Learning style ................................................ 18
context: ......................................................... 18
Field Dependent: ........................................... 19
Input: ............................................................. 20
Processing: .................................................... 21
Contextual Global: ......................................... 21
Sequential Detailed or Linear ........................ 21
Conceptual Or Abstract ..................................... 22

III
 Concrete or Object & Feeling ........................ 22
Response ........................................................... 22
Externally Referenced learners: ..................... 22
Internally Referenced Learners: ..................... 22
Chapter Five ...................................................... 23
The process of Translation ................................. 23
Professor Charles Sander Perce’s Thried........ 24
 Abduction, induction and Deduction. ...... 24
1. Abduction: ............................................. 24
2. Induction: .............................................. 24
3. Deduction: ............................................. 24

IV
 What is Translation?

Translation has countless definitions that I will discuss those ones that are easy
and comprehensible.

 Translation: is the process in which a written communication of

a text in a first language is produced as the written communica-
tion or text in the second language interpreting the same mean-
ing or the conversion of text from one human language to an-
other is called translation.
 Translation: to change the meaning of the words of a language
to another is called translation.
 Translation: is an art by which we can bring information from a lan-
guage to another.
 Translation: is the way of changing of the words from language to an-
other by different functional phrases.
 Translation: translation may be stated as decoding the meaning of the
source text, and re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
 Translation: is the interpreting of the meaning of a text in one lan-
guage, and the production, in another language of an equivalent text that
communication the same message.

Goals of a good Translation

The basic purpose of translation is to reproduce various types of

texts, comprising literary, religious, scientific, philosophical texts etc.
in another language and thus making them available to wider readers,
to a greater number of target audience, and to bring the world closer.
Or we can say the purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of
written text in one language into a written text in another language,
while preserving the meaning, style, effects of the source text. And at
the same time respecting the sentence syntactic (structure), lexical
(vocabulary), and semantic (meaning) values of the target language.

1
A high quality translation should have three goals reliability, fluency,
and appropriateness. Specific requirements of these three goals are as
follow: Reliability means the message in the source text is accurately
transferred into the target text. It includes the following three aspects:
Semantic equivalence: Meaning(s) and message(s) of the source text
are accurately conveyed into the target text.
Technical accuracy: The translation has the functional equivalence of
the source text. Textual completeness: The translation is a complete
text, not omitting anything important and not adding anything unim-
portant. It should be free of spelling or grammatical errors.
A translation should be readable, clear and intelligible in the target
language. Have a natural and easy form of expression in the target
language conform to the grammar and discourse conventions in the
target language. A translation should be stylistically appropriate the
style and manner if writing should be similar to that of the source
text. Translation should be culturally acceptable: the translation
should convey the source text in culturally appropriate expression for
the target population, even though the form of expression may be dif-
ferent.
Have the same communicative effect: the translation should produce
a similar response from the target population as the source text.

Why translation is important?

 We do translation in order to aware about other people's opinions or ide-

as.
 To the development of science especially in communication we need to
know about these developments.
 To have better relationship between two cultures, we need to translate
cultures to each other.
 To have political relationship between two countries, we need to do
translation

2
 Languages of Translation

There are two languages in translation

 SL (Source language)
 TL (Target language)

Source language: is a language, which we are going to translate.

Target language: is a language, which we are going to translate in.

The translation may be classified into two major classes.

1. Machine Translation
2. Human Translation

Machine Translation: sometimes referred to by the abbreviation (MT) is the

sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer
software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

Human Translation: a translation, which is performed by a real hu-

man translator, as opposed to translation performed by a machine or a
computer is known as human translator.

Component of Translation

 First: Basic knowledge of grammar.

1. Knowledge of tenses and speech.

2. Position of words in a sentence.
3. Skills for glossaries, vocabularies and idioms.

3
 Second: Knowing the types of translation

1. According to structure: it means translation word by

word.

2. According to the meaning: it means translation as whole.

Methods of Translation

 Word- for- word Translation: here the source language word is trans-
lated into another langrage by their most common meaning, which can
also be out of content at times, especially in idioms and proverbs.
 Literal Translation: Here the source language grammatical construc-
tions are translated to their nearest target language. However, the lexical
words are translated singly, out of context.
 Faithful Translation: here the translation interprets the exact contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the grammatical struc-
tures of the target langrage.
 Semantic Translation: semantic translation refers to the type of transla-
tion, which takes into account the aesthetic value of the source language
text.
 Adaptation: adaption refers to that type of translation, which is used
mainly for plays and poems. The text is rewritten considering the source
language cultures, which are converted to the target language culture
where the characters, themes, plot, are usually preserved.
 Free Translation: this method of translation produces the translated text
without the style , form or content of the original text.
 Idiomatic Translation: it translates the message of the original text, but
tends to distort the original meaning at time by preferring colloquialism
and idioms.
 Communicative Translation: the method displays the exact contextual
meaning of the original text in a manner where both content and lan-
guage are easily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers.

4
 What is a Translator?

A translator converts text or documents from one language into another. A

person who does the translator job is called translator. In the popular mind, a
translator is someone who has a good knowledge of the both languages he/she
translate from, and the language he/she translates into.

Requirements of a translator

Translators needs a variety of skills and traits to be successful in their art we

assume that a good translator will by definition be bilingual but not necessarily
true in the opposite case. A bilingual person needs certain others skills ane per-
sonality traits to be a good translator. Certain requirements to be a good transla-
tor are as follow

 A translator must be fluent in two languages and cultures

 A translator must have a good general education besides prerequisite
language skills.
 A translator also has to cultivate knowledge of the areas he works in.
 A translator must have excellent computer skills. He must be willing to
learn new technology.
 A translator must have good business skills, which includes negotiation,
pricing, marketing and time management.
 A translator must get along well with others.
 A translator should have a deep interest to the language he works with.
 And most important of all , a translator must know his or her limitations
in all of the areas mentioned above.

Role of a Translator

The role of a translation is not only to translate from one language to

another, it is also the responsibilities of the translator to make his text
move across the barriers behind which cultures have evolved specific
linguistic ways of thinking and seeing, of encoding and protecting
their cultures. In most countries there are professional associations
for translators. These associations are formed to give advice on con-
tracts and other matters to embrace different kinds of translators be-
longing to different region etc. professional translators are language

5
professionals, while doing translation jobs, a translator has to assume
various roles. It is said that translators take the role of competent
writer, a diplomat, a linguist and an educated amateur while doing
his job.

 A competent writer: Like writers, the translator have to work

long hours on a subject, which interests few people and in a
language that few people around them know.
 A diplomat: Like diplomats, they have to be sensitive to the
social, cultural differences, which exist in their language. They
must be capable of addressing these issues when translating.
 A linguist: like linguist, translator have to handle new devel-
opments in their language, have to get into the intricacies of
their text, they have to be capable of discerning subtleties and
nuances in their language, researching terminologies and col-
loquilisms.
 An educated amateur: And like educated amateurs, translators
have to know the basics and some of the details about the sub-
jects they deal with.

What do you think Is Translation difficult easy?

The complexity of translation is related to the text. When the text is

easy, translation easy, or when the text is difficult, translation is diffi-
cult.

Types of translation

 Paper Translation
 Voice Translation (interpretation)
 Media Translation

6
 Points of Views or perspectives of translation

Every service is for its users. The people who use that service have
their own points of views and it is must for a translator to know that
what his clients want and what they need.

Translation can perceived from two points of views.

1. Translation can perceived from two points of views

2. From inside which is called internal point of view or internal
knowledge.

External knowledge (outside, users' view)

External knowledge is talks from outside of process. To see whether, it is mean-

ingful, understandable and useful or not. A piece of translation text is a piece of
paper for a noun-translator, but it is an activity for a translator.

Translator is a verity concept for people. Translation is a similar and easy text
for those who use translation.Here users don't think about those difficult and
pressure of work that a professional translator considers in the process of trans-
lation. In short, user deal with the below three aspects or expectations that s/he
gives it for a translator.

1. Reliability
2. Timelines
3. Cost

 Reliability: (equivalence, accuracy, or fidelity) user need to relay on

the translation. It should convey the information as the original one.
The user needs their translator to translate the document in a way that
the translated document should meet their expectations. Furthermore,
it is also important for the users to relay on translator to deliver relia-
ble translation to them. There are two types of reliability, which are
textual reliability, and translator's reliability.

7
 1. Textual Reliability

Textual reliability means accuracy, equivalence or fidelity of text. It means that

the user needs his or her translator to translate the required document accurate-
ly as the original. In addition a translator that meets the user's demand and ex-
pectation will be considered a good translation however it might not be con-
sidered for others in the same concept because the expectation are different.

Textual reliability is further divided into the following kinds

 Literalism : it is a word by word translation, so the translator find the

exact words for his or her translation. If the translator cannot find the
exact, s/he tries to find another as close word as it is possible.

 Foreignism: this type of translation barely reveals that it is not the orig-
inal. When it is read by readers.

 Fluency: type of translation reveals the same like original when you
read this type of translated text, you cannot differentiate whether it is
original or it is translation.

 Summary : in this type of translation, this translator takes the main

points to make a summary translation.

 Commentary: in this type of translation translator explains the hidden

complexity of the original one, or he clarifies all those points, which are
unstated or half stated.
 Summary- commentary: in this kind of translation, the translators de-
scribe the important passages and summarize the unimportant passage.

2. Translator's Reliability:

Not only textual reliability is the important case for the user but translator but
translator's reliability is also one of the crucial points for the user. The user ex-
pects his to be a well talented, well-versed, well lettered, well prominent and

8
well professional in the field of translation to achieve the entire user's expecta-
tion beside this he or she should not add something or remove something.

Timeliness
it is also one of the biggest and highest consideration of the user. The
user wants his or her translation to be translated on time, if he is not
punctual person he may lose his clients.

Cost

It is equally important for user. He wants if he or she translate the

text without money or by the least of amount. About cost a translator
and his user both must be very attentive, so being a user you need
your translator to translate in a lower cost. It means inexpensive or
cheap.

Trade-offs

The balance between reliability, timeliness and cost is making these

tradeoffs, which are affecting each other so strongly. In conclusion, it
is possible to be said that there are three expectations of all users who
want others to translate their documents for. They want their transla-
tion to be reliable, on time and cheap, but these should be a balance
among the mentioned three expectation of the user, and this balance
is called trade-offs. If one of the above mentioned three points is
missed, the remaining two are going to be suffered. For example, if
there is the shortness of time for the translator, then, the reliability of
text is going to be challenged.

Internal knowledge (inside or the translator's view)

Internal knowledge talks about a translation form inside of process. It

talks about its problem and solution, which must be solved by a translator.

9
As we have mentioned before that translation for the user is a simple text,
but translation for the translator himself is an activity that he or she should
perform in a professional and logical way.

The main conclusion of this chapter

As the chapter deals with external knowledge and internal knowledge, so the
focal point is to know about the perspective of translation. External
knowledge refers to the user's view' here for the user translation means a
simple text not anything else. Internal knowledge refers to the translator's
view, so here translation is a professional task that a translatior should do.

Chapter Two

Why people are being stuck to their job' however their jobs are full of
difficulties?

Because of three points, which are professional pride, income and enjoy-
ment, people are being very stuck to their professions.

1. Professional pride (reliability, involvement to the profession and ethics):

The things which keep us stuck in profession, is professional pride. The which
comes to our profession of translation as the good effects of professional
pride, are reliability, involvement and ethics. Or in another way any one who is
going to be very involved is called professional pride. For example backing
bread is a very difficult job especially in the summer hot season, but there are
still people who do this job because of their professional pride.

Reliability

If we perform with (equivalence , accuracy , or fidelity) people will trust more

strongly on us and it is a pride for us.

10
 Involvement in the profession

It is a matter of little or no concern to translation users, but of great im-

portance to translators, what translator associations or unions we
belong to, what translator conferences we go to, what courses we take in the
field, how we network with other translators in our region and language
pair(s).These "involvements" sometimes help translators translate better,
which is important for users and thus for the pride. Involvement in the transla-
tion profession may even give us the intellectual tools and professional cour-
age to stand up to unreasonable demands, to educate clients and
employers rather than submit meekly and seethe inwardly. Involvement in the
profession helps us realize that translation users need us as much as we need
them: they have the money we need; we have the skills they need. And we will
sell those skills to them, not abjectly, submissively, and wholly on their terms,
but from a position of professional confidence and strength.

Ethics
Translator is a human that feeling and emotion is also going along with his task
which makes some rules and ethics and always people are priding on their ethics
whether that is good or bad but good ethics have good effects and bad have bad
effects in our social and professional life. Or the above two points are repeated
topics but ethics mean that a translator can not bring changes or adds meaning with-
out the user's permission. In short ethically it is not acceptable to implement
your own belief or personal touch in the translation without user's per-
mission.

2. income
Professionals do their work because they enjoy it, because they take pride in it
and also of course, to earn a living. Professional translators translate for money.
And most professional translators feel that they do not make enough money, and
would like to make more. There are at least three ways to do this, two of them
short-term strategies, the third long-term: translate faster, and create your own
agency and translation jobs out to other freelancers, and (the long-term strategy)
work to educate clients and the general public about the importance of translation,

11
so that money managers will be more willing to pay premium fees for translation.

There are four main factors that can increase the income of a transla-
tor.

 Speed
 Translator Memory Software
 Project Management
 Raising the Status of the Profession

Speed

Being a professional translator it is one of the most important

factors to increase your income. Speed means to do more activi-
ties in a short period of time to find more customers through this
way you will be able to have a great income. For this we use a
number of techniques by which we can increase our speed.

1. Typing Speed
2. The Level of text Difficulty
3. Familiarity with the Source of Text
4. Translation Memory Software
5. Personal Preference or General Mental state

Translation Memory Software

In the modern period of translation, today there are variety softwares

such as Babylon, IBM etc that help us to do a fast translation. When we
finish out translation fast without any doubt, we can get more incomte. In

12
the same way, we can say that nowadays translation memory softwares
that are helping a lot to a translator they are doing the whole translating
process in a few minutes. And after the translation process the translator
need to check its arrangement of sentences and if necessary edit that.

Project Management

One another effective way to increase your income is to make your own
translation agency, and reserve more works for translation. Later on share
them with other freelancers (translators who work with different organiza-
tion as a translator) etc.

Raising the status of the profession

It is another highest recommended way to increase your income. Raising

the status of the profession means you should make arguments with the
users and others because translation is not something simple, but it is one
of the complicated processes that need skills and critical thinking. Or in
other words we can express that people are still thinking that translating is
an easy task. We should raise its status by attending seminars and making
meetings till the people feel it as a profession, then respect and incomes in
it. By this way your users will become acceptable to give you a great
amount of the income instead of your translation work.

Enjoyment
If you are not enjoying something then you can not go longer with
that. For translators it is important to enjoy their job for going ahead. Or
enjoyment is something by which people are going to be supported in
their profession. Being a professional translator if you are not interested
with your profession definitely you will decrease your income, so it is the
highest recommendation of the professional translators to be interested
with their profession.

13
 Chapter Four

Translator as a learner

To become a professional translator it is indispensible to have

intelligence. Before to discuss about the translator's intelligence
first it is important to know about the definition of intelligence.
Longman American Dictionary defines intelligence as the abil-
ity to learn, understand and think about things. On the other
hand professor Paget used to say intelligence is what you use
when you don't know what to do. For the better clarification of
this topic it is really important to answer some of the questions.
Who is smart or intelligent?

If you are good at finding one right answer in life multiple

choice questions, you are intelligent. Or in a dilemma when you
choose one option once again you are intelligent.

Where is the location of intelligence?

Intelligence in located in memories of human beings. As we

mentioned earlier that translation is an intelligent activity, but it
is important to know that what type of intelligence does a trans-
lator require? In the past there was a concept that only linguistic
intelligence in needy, but when the IQ was examined by prof.
Haward Grander(1985-1993) the director of project zero at the
University of Haward brought multiple intelligences as required
intelligences for translation. They are as follow;

 Musical Intelligence
 Spatial Intelligence
 Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence

14
  Personal Emotional Intelligence
 Logical and Mathematical Intelligence
 Linguistic Intelligence
Musical Intelligence
The holders of musical intelligence are very creative in making
musical notes. As a result they can easily perform all musical
performances. People from this type of intelligence are music
composers, dabbers and interpreters.

Spatial injtelligence
The holders of this type of intelligence are very good in fine
Arts(drawing, painting). People from this type of intelligence are
painters, artists and hand writers.
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence
The word kinesthetic means moving and doing. It means those
who have this type of intelligence do activities by moving and
doing. A great example is mimes.

Personal-Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence by which you describe yourself and in same time
others is called personal intelligence. s/he can better understands
his/her or someone else emotion. People from this temperament
of intelligence are teachers, parents and all those who work with
people.

Logical and Mathematical Intelligence

People from such type of intelligence are very talented at math-
ematics and logical thinking. People who have this type of intel-
ligence are engineers, lawyers, detectors, mathematicians
Linguistic Intelligence
People from such type of intelligence have highest ability to
learn a language, do translation, do interpretation and write dif-

15
ferent written tasks.

The Translator's Memory

Memories differ from one another, memory is a part of brain
where we put information for processing, and this processing is
used to store this information generally there are two types of
memory, which are short-term memory and long term- memory,
but for more details the following are kinds of human beings
memories.
 Representational and Procedural Memory
 Intellectual and Emotional Memory
 Context, Relevance and Multiple Memory

Representational and Procedural Memory

Representational Memory: this memory records specific events. For

example, what you had for breakfast this morning is going to be recorded
in the representational memory.

Procedural Memory:

This memory represents our skills such as driving, cooking rising early in
the morning, speaking, writing. It represents the habits, skills like using
computer.

Intellectual Memory :

Intellectual memory reminds us past actions and events. In another words

this type of memory records facts and this is a type of memory that re-
minds you the past events or facts to your brain. For example, you did
fight with someone and after a long time when you see fighting some-
where else in the mean time it is intellectual memory that reminds you

16
the past event(fighting) by this you will be able to make patron of the
past event's organization.

Emotional Memory

Emotional memory is based on our feeling,who has emotional memory

can remember things easily because of they are caring a lot. Emotional
memory shows yours emotions before events. For example, you had a
good friendship with one of your friends, and you were very honest and
loyal before him, by the time he did fight you and severely deceived you.
Finally, you have disconnected the wireless of your friendship with him.
After sometime when you see him on the road you hate him, so this is
emotional memory that fans the fire of your emotion.

Context:
context means setting, environment or a place where people live. Ac-
cording to Prof. Eric Johnson context means where doses a learner learn.
For instance, people who have context memory can memorize things best
When they are brought to the context (setting). For example, if you
describe Nangarhar University to someone who has recently passed to
department of English and still lives in Shirzad district by theoretical
process that Nagarhar University is located in Daronta, Jalalabad, AFG,
he will learn something about the mentioned university, but if you bring
him to Nangarhar University (context), he will learn more and more from
the context of Nangarhar University.

Relevance:
The word relevance means that how things are relevant to one other.
The holders of this type memory relate things without any problems. For
example, suppose you have a brother by the name of Waheed. Once you
met with someone whose name is Waheed as well. In this case you
will learn his name very easily and won’t be forgettable because his name is
relevant to your brother’s name.

17
 Lecture Not on Becoming a translator

Multiple Encoding:
Multiple encoding is the memorizing of something by using of more than
one sense. like learn something by watching and hearing. Or to use more than
one sense in learning or memorizing is called multiple encoding. For example,
if teacher is in the process of teaching, first, you are listening to him, so this is
the sign of auditory sense. second, you see the whiteboard, so you see the visu-
al signs, and it depends on visual sense. Finally, you write something from the
whiteboard, which depends on kinesthetic sense. In short, you use three senses
in the same time at your learning process. They are called Auditory (listening),
Visual(seeing), and Kinesthetic ( moving and doing).

Learning style
Prof. Eric Johnson says that we use intelligences and learning styles
to recognize ourselves first and later on make an arrangement for that. It means
people can learn best in different environments. For example, some of the peo-
ple learn best in a calm setting while others learn in both calm and noisy set-
ting. A research about the learning styles was done for Afghanistan to analyze
all those problems, which are obstacles against the learning process of Afghani-
stan’s students. The research reveals that there are not environmental comforts.
It means when it is need able for a student to learn alone, but there is a huge
crowed. Of ten to twelve students in his hostile, and it is a series problem that
he cannot learn properly that’s-why he becomes fail in the exam.
There are four areas internationally where all learners are different from one
another, and they are :
 Context or Setting
 Input
 Processing
 Responding

context:
once again Prof. Eric Johnson defines it as the aria where a learner learns is
called context. The bellow sub-titles are running under the shadow of the con-
text.
 Field Dependent/ Field Independent

18
  Flexible / Structural Environment
 Independence /Dependence / Interdependence
 Relationship / Content Driven

Field Dependent:
These types of learners are based on practical environment. They can’t learn
well without setting.
e.g: it is a driving class in one of the driving centers. Twenty students are being
participated in the classer. there are verity sign boards, and other visual charts.
the teacher is giving oral or theoretical lecture to the students, but one of the
students can’t learn until he is brought to the road to learn practical.
Field Independent : these people learn best from the artificial environment.
They do not need practical setting. Or the one who learn best from the practical
context not by thinking and imaginations.
e.g: in the same above mentioned example, one another student in the driving
school doesn’t need practical environment instead he can learn just in the theo-
retical environment.

Independent: the one who learn from teacher without seeing that practically.

Flexible Environment: the learners learn best in any style, both dependent
and independent . Or in other words flexible learners learn best in every de-
partment of their lives. They don’t care about things, and it is a very good style
of learning in Afghanistan because of the lackness of twenty first century’s fa-
cilities.
Structural Environment: Are those learners who can learn in an exact, struc-
tural environment if it change than they cannot learn. Or these learners need
specific environment for themselves. For example, some of the students are
structured in a way they put book, notebook, laptop and other items before
him/her. If in the process of study s/he goes to a bathroom to take a shower, and
you enters to his or her room, and items, which have already been collected, is
a great interruption.

Independence: these learners like to learn something individually or these

learners learn best when they are alone, so they have intrapersonal type of intel-
ligence.
Dependence: these learners like to learn something in a group or these learn-
ers learn best with partners, so they have highest concept of interpersonal intel-
ligence.
Interdependence: These learners can learn either they are alone or with part-
ners. It means they can learn in both cases (individual, partner).

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Relationship Driven: these learners learn well if he has friendship or good
relationship with the teacher. Or relationship driven learners learn best in way
to make the relationship first. After making the relationship they can learn best
For example, some of the students are not very good in learning with a strict
teacher or with a teacher to whom they are not happy. As a solution, they have
to have teacher to whom they are happy with for the better result.
Content Driven or Personal intelligence: these learners like to get some-
thing from board or map exactly with strong logic, he doesn’t need the teacher
to teach that to him kindly and they have no worry in being among strangers
they will learn exactly the way it is. Or simply we can say that these learners
are against the relationship driven learners. They don’t want to establish the re-
lationship instead they are based on the content. They don’t care whether the
teacher is having good impression or not, but they are just working with the
content.
Input:
It is the second biggest aria where all the learners are different from one an-
other input means whatever comes to our memory. According to Prof. Eric
Johnson there are three ways that we get the input.
 Auditory(hearing, listening)
 Visual(seeing)
 Kinesthetic(moving and doing)
Auditory: learners with the auditory style of learning learn best with listening
skill. Auditory is further divided by two groups which are auditory external and
auditory internal.
1. Auditory External: these learners learn something by seeing and look-
ing. Or these learners need someone else to describe the point. Later on
they put it in the memory.
2. Auditory Internal: these learners are making and image from his own
mind. Or these learners also learn best with listening, but they do this
process by themselves. They don’t need someone else for further expla-
nation.
Visual: learners with this techniques of memorizing learn best by seeing, or
they learn best when they see something. Visual is further distributed into two
kinds.
1. Visual External: these learners learn best in a process in which they
see the whole thing from the external point of view. For example, when
you teach someone the BARACUDA which is a large type of fish in the
ocean that doesn’t have any threat for the humans who go into the depth
of the ocean for the investigation will be okay, but he will learn best
when you give him a visual picture of BARACUDA.

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 2. Visual Internal: Visual internal learners learn best, first they see the
document. After that they make the image of that document and put it in
the memory.
Kinesthetic: Kinesthetic learners learn best by moving and doing. In details,
kinesthetic is divided into two types which are kinesthetic internal and kines-
thetic tactile.
1. Kinesthetic Internal: these learners learn best by moving and doing,
but first of all, they filter the information before putting it into their
memories. It means if their filters pass the information to meet their ex-
pectation, they will defiantly put it in the memory otherwise not .
2. Kinesthetic Tactile: these learners learn best by touching things. If
they don’t touch can’t learn it. Or these learners really want the whole
thing. They will never earn something until they touch it. For example,
being kinesthetic tactile learner if someone goes to a historical museum,
he won’t learn best about the historical items until they touch them,
however, it is banned to touch those historical sculptures, etc, which are
locked in the glass window of the museum.
Processing:
The word process is defined as a series of actions that someone does to
achieve a particular result. EX.. the peace process, but here in translation pro-
cessing is a method in which information is prepared for memorizing. Thus dif-
ferent people process the information differently. Prof. Jenison brought four
types of processing which are as follow:
 Contextual Global
 Sequential Detailed or Linear
 Conceptual or Abstract
 Concrete or Object and Feeling

Contextual Global:

These learners need to have a general source of information before the pro-
cessing they usually skip from one idea to another like a parachutist. Or they
are picking the information from a general look.

Sequential Detailed or Linear

These learners are learning with all details step by step. Or these learners pro-
cess the information with the complete details, so they are against the contextu-

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al global. They do things step by step in a gradual process. Such types of trans-
lators want to know the head of their translation.

Conceptual Or Abstract
These learners process the information in the highest concept or level of
generality. they preferred to think about the topic rather than doing. It means
they are talking. These types of translators are in name (so called) translators.
In short, they are base on theoretical environment rather than practical envi-
ronment.

Concrete or Object & Feeling

They don’t like theoretical learning, but they like to do practically. They
say that doing is great than talking. These learners process the information by
practical doing rather than theoretical. They are against the conceptual learners
who are just based on theories.

Response
The reaction we show about the information is called response. The last
aria where are learners are different from one another is responding. It means
the reaction that you show to the information is called responding or to answer
the question is responding. We show this reaction in the below stated ways:
 Externally / Internally Referenced
 Matching/ Mismatching
 Impulsive Experimental / Analytical Reflective

Externally Referenced learners: is the reaction of that kind in which a per-

son thinks what others do or say. If they agree then he will do the same and if
others don’t agree than he will also don’t do so. Or their responses to the ques-
tions are based on the attitude of other people. It means whatever others do,
they will do the same. For example, if you ask from externally referenced
learners about the pronunciation of the word “ACADIMIC” , in this case they
will pronounce the same like the usable pronunciation, however, they know
that the exact pronunciation of this is /ˌækəˈdɛmɪk◂ / from the view point of
phonology.

Internally Referenced Learners: personal views, are not going with other
people, but they use their logic it was good they will do that, it was not suitable
than they will avoid that. Or respond to the question based on their own
knowledge about the topic. For example, if we repeat the above example one

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again, we will see that theses type of learners will pronounce the word “
ACADMIC” correct and fix from the phonology. They know that the usable
pronunciation is something else, however.

Matcher learners: Matching is responding on the similarity and consistencies

bases they like to go with groups or like belongingness. Or respond to the in-
formation through similarities, relevancy, etc. for example, if you ask about the
word “ HOUSE” from matchers, their answer will be the same about the word
“home, construction, shelter etc”

Mismatcher learners: Mismatching are those people who are out of limits.
It is responding on dissimilarity and inconsistencies. They like to disagree with
the groups and response individually. Or mismatching learners are opposite of
matcher learners , so they are not working with similarities, instead, they really
value the critical thinking.
Impulsive Experimental learners: are those who response to new infor-
mation through their past trial and error. Or the impulsive experimental learners
wish to answer the questions by impaling from their mistakes, they are shame-
less people, so they always attempt to answer whether they know about the an-
swer or not.
Analytical Reflective: analytical-reflective are responding more slowly and
cautiously. Their motto is (look before you leap) Learners are opposite of
impulsive experimental learners, instead they answer the questions through
cautious thing. In short, they always examine others and learn from them. Later
on, they answer the questions.

Chapter Five

The process of Translation

Def: the shuttle between experience and habit is called the process of transla
tion.
Translators see just two things. First, experience means “ the new thing or
engagement with the new thing”. Second, Habit means “ the promptitude of ac-
tion”. In the habit you will find another habit. There for, it is something in the
changeable process.
Being novice translators, we have to practice on the experience part mul-
tiple times to become our habit. It means when you do practice several times,
you will be surprised that your mind is not translating; instead, you fingers are
translating.

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 Professor Charles Sander Perce’s Thried

Thried: means a three-step process.(Instinct, experience and habit)

CSP(Pro. Of symbol studies of semiotic) he says that it is not only the shuttle
of two but tired of three things. Instinct, experience and habit. The fusion of in-
stinct and experience becomes habit. (E+I=H)
1. Instinct: it is unfocused readiness to word something. Sometime we are
blessed of something, which we don’t know about.
2. Experience: the things that we try for the first time are experiences. In
translation also translator try each step of work for the first time.
3. Habit: when we experience things repeatedly than that is changing to
habit. And translating is the habit of translator if he has lots of experi-
ence in it.
His tried adds on more thing in the above shuttle (Experience and Habit)
and that is (instinct). Instinct is a raw material for the above shuttle (Expe-
rience and Habit). It will become:

Instinct:
General
Unfocused
readiness Experience
Habit: the 1+2
hands with Hands
to make a habit

To clarify the above tried more fully, he has brought another tried

 Abduction, induction and Deduction. They are the names of elements

in triad of translation learning:
1. Abduction: means guess, thinking and work. It means before to start or
to go the experience, you have to thing for the experience.
2. Induction: it means experiences and involvement or pattern building. Or
after the guessing, when you enter to the part of experience , this is
called induction.
3. Deduction: it means making of rules and theories. Or for such experi-
ence (learning translation), you have to find specific structure to bring
the process in implementation.

Note : Prof. Charles Sander Perce was the first semiotic “ the knowledge of
symbols from which words are driven such as the alphabet of English is de-

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rived from (𝛼= alpha and 𝛽=beta), so he was a personality who has coined
words(to introduce a new word is called coin. In addition, the above three
words the above three words (abduction, Induction and Deduction) are
Philosopher words.

End

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