7.

ALGORITHM-BASED X-RAYS
7.1. In algorithm-based X-ray systems (also known as Explosives Detection Systems – EDS), dual-
energy, dual-axis and X-ray backscatter technologies are used in varying degrees to allow
the determination of a material’s mass absorption coefficient and effective Z number
through the interaction of X-ray energy with the material. Explosives have unique X-ray
interaction characteristics compared to everyday materials, and the measurement of these
characteristics can be used to identify material that has a high probability of being
explosive. Recently, the addition of multiple views and enhanced levels of automation have
raised the level of performance, though there is an associated increase in cost.
7.2. X-ray transmissions can be deployed as part of an automated algorithm-based X-ray system
to screen cabin or hold baggage. Smart technology, utilizing algorithms to measure X-ray
interaction with the contents of baggage, provides an effective system for identifying
material that has a high risk of being an explosive.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEMS

Technology
7.3. Computed tomography (CT), used by the medical profession in brain scans, has been
introduced as an aviation security technology in order to overcome the limitations of
imaging-based systems that view baggage as flat objects. CT images are acquired by one or
more linear arrays of X-ray detectors on a rotating gantry illuminated by one X-ray source
(typically about 160 kV) that is also on the gantry that rotates around the baggage to be
screened. The images generated by the detectors are collected and compiled, and from the
reconstructed section of the baggage, the shape and density of each object in the beam
may be estimated. The computer algorithm determines whether there are objects in the
baggage of sufficient size and appropriate density to be a threat. Some CT systems are
designed to provide single sections, whose position is determined by a prescreen of the
baggage. Other CT systems continuously acquire multiple sections as the gantry rotates and
the baggage moves continuously through the gantry.
7.4. A limited number of CT systems currently employ dual energy to allow an estimation of the
Z (atomic number) of each object in the beam, in addition to the density. Along with the
three-dimensional image produced by the two-dimensional images, the effective Z number
is calculated and materials with the same Z number as explosives may be identified. A
conventional X-ray system view is provided, with the threat areas indicated.
Operational utilization
7.5. A disadvantage to computed tomography systems is that false alarm rates are high, often
around 30 per cent. CT systems are used in both primary and secondary screening
applications. Specifically, CT systems are currently being used on a Level 1 standalone basis,
in-line as part of an integrated system, or to resolve alarms generated by another Level 1
system. The system is reliable, and any problems in integrated systems have been with the
baggage handling system; strict accounting for each item of baggage in the system should
be maintained.
7.6. As the technology continues to improve, CT systems are being evaluated for other
applications, such as screening cabin items, including cabin baggage and LAGs.
7.7. Because of the enhanced discrimination capabilities of CT systems, they may be well-suited
for screening air cargo, depending on the cost and individual operator requirements for
throughput and types of cargo.