Dr.

Muhammed Gamal

Equations
ACID AND BASE
1. Acid + metal salt + hydrogen
More reactive than hydrogen
2. Acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide
3. Acid + base salt + water
4. Alkali + ammonium salt salt + water + ammonia gas

EXTRACTON
1. C + O2 CO2
2. CO2 + C 2CO
3. 2 Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2
4. Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
5. Limestone lime + carbon dioxide
 CaCO3 CaO + CO2
6. Lime + silica calcium silicate
 CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
7. Limestone + silica slag + carbon dioxide
 CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2
8. 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
9. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
10. ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O
11. 2ZnO + C 2Zn + CO2

Thermal Decomposition:
1. Most Metal Carbonate Metal oxide + carbon dioxide

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

2. Most Metal Sulphate Metal Oxide + Sulphur trioxide

CaSO4 CaO + SO3

3. Hydroxides:

A. most Metal hydroxide Metal Oxide + water

Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O

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 Dr. Muhammed Gamal

B. EXCEPT:

NaOH No Effect

KOH No Effect

4. Nitrates:

A. most Metal Nitrate Metal Oxide + Nitrogen dioxide +Oxygen

2 Ca(NO3)2 2 CaO + 4NO2 +O2

B. EXCEPT:

2KNO3 2KNO2+O2

2NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2

AIR AND WATER

1. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Condition: catalyst (Mno2)
2. 2NO2 N2 + O2
3. 2CO + O2 2CO2

NON-METALS
1. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
2. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
3. Mg H2O MgO + H2
4. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O
5. Haber process
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Conditions: 1. 450C
2. 200 atm pressure
3. Catalyst iron
6. S + O2 SO2
7. Contact process
a. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Conditions: 1. 450C
2. 2 atm
3. Catalyst vanadium(v) oxide (V2O5)

b. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

c. H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

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 Dr. Muhammed Gamal

Organic
1. Complete combustion produces Carbon dioxide + water
2. In complete combustion produces Carbon monoxide + water
3. Substitution reaction
Condition: sunlight
4. Cracking of alkanes
Conditions: 1. Heat 600-700C
2. Catalyst Al2O3
5. Addition reactions:
A. alkene + hydrogen alkane
Conditions: 1.150-300C
2. Catalyst nickel
B. alkene + water alcohol
Conditions: 1. 300C
2. 60 atm
3. Catalyst phosphoric acid
C. Addition of bromine
No catalyst needed
D. Addition polymerization
Conditions 1.catlasyt
2.High pressure
3.High temperature
6. Alcohol + metal salt + hydrogen
7. Dehydration
Alcohol alkene
Conditions: Concentrated H2SO4

8. Fermentation
Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH +2CO2
Conditions: 1. 37C
2.yeast
3.zymase,enzyme
9. Oxidation
Alcohol carboxylic acid
10. Carboxylic acid + base salt + water
11. Carboxylic acid + metal salt + hydrogen
12. Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate salt + carbon dioxide + water
13. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ester
Condition: concentrated H2SO4

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 Dr. Muhammed Gamal

Hydrolysis:
1. Protein Hydrolysis produces amino acid
Condition: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2. Carbohydrate hydrolysis produces glucose
Condition: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)