STUDENT NO.

07

ANIMAL FEED PROCESSING MACHINE

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the findings of recent studies and related

literature to complement the content and finding of this study.

Halloran et al. (2014) investigated food waste reduction efforts in

Denmark and concluded that multi-stakeholder collaborations are

crucial for arriving at sustainable solutions for reducing food waste.

According to DOST, rice husk or rice hull is one of the most abundant

agricultural wastes generated in the Philippines. With the 1.8 million

metric tons produced annually only 5 percent is utilized productively

mainly as energy source for cooking or as soil additive. The rest is

burned or left to rot.

Truong et al. (2019) conducted an extensive literature review

focusing on the conversion of food waste into animal feed in the US food

supply chain; according to their survey, utilizing food waste as animal

feed in California could help reduce food waste in landfills while

providing nutrition to animals and subsequently humans. Considering

these studies, it is desirable to further promote the use of food waste as

animal feed in various countries because it has excellent environmental

and economic benefits; although, safety is an issue.

 According to zu Ermgassen et al. (2016), recycled animal feed is

attractive to the European Union because of its low cost and low

environmental impact; however, additional efforts are needed to address

consumer and farmer concerns about food safety and disease control

before it is widely adopted. Salemdeeb et al. (2017) investigated the

potential benefits of diverting food waste toward pig feed in the UK; they

employed the LCA approach to compare the environmental and health

impacts of four technologies for food waste processing (wet pig feed and

dry pig feed in South Korea; and anaerobic digestion and composting in

UK).

Shrinivasa et al., S M Mathur et al. and Abhijit Khadatkar et al.

(2021), concluded that the feed pellets available in the market are

unaffordable for the small and medium dairy farmers, thus reduces

productivity of dairy animals in the Philippines. The feed pellets

produced traditionally/domestically will be superior to the feed pellets

available in the market in terms of both price and quality as are

produced by locally available feed ingredients. But producing feed pellets

traditionally at low cost is a challenging task unless a simple low cost

pelleting machine is available for the same (as feed pelleting machines

available commercially are expensive and unaffordable by individual

dairy farmers).
 The possibility and inherent potential in the production of feed

blocks and pellets for animal feed have not been fully realized, and one of

the major challenges is the low-cost machine/equipment necessary for

local manufacturer of the same. If small- to medium-sized livestock

farmers have access to a feed block-making machine and pellet mill

technology that is low cost yet dependable, then it reduces dependency

on the high cost of commercial feeds available in the market and makes

livestock farming more profitable by taking advantage of availability of

different feedstuff at a cheap price at various times of the year, especially

during harvest when the high-quality ingredients are available at a low

price. Feed blocks should involve cheap ingredients and simple

manufacturing equipment. Depending upon the rate of production,

different types of mixers and pressing tools could be used. If few blocks

are requested, hand mixing may be emphasized and concrete mixer

should be used in the case of a large number of blocks. Domestically

pelleted feed pellets are safer, because there will be zero adulteration in

feed ingredients. (Anon et al., 2015)

Pellet quality will affect the level of growth performance

improvement. Poor quality pellets are associated with more fines which

can lead to more feed sorting and feed wastage and decreased

performance (Myers et al., 2013). It is estimated that a 1% change in feed

efficiency will be observed with every 10% change in pellet fines (Stark,

1993; Amornthewaphat et al., 2000; Nemechek et al., 2015).

 A high-quality grinding machine (grinder) can achieve a more

level grain distribution in the grinder, resulting in uniform feed

production (Dabbour, 2015; Sidhu and Chavan, 2018).

In addition, animal welfare, environmental pollution minimisation,

use of novel ingredients, and the use of ingredients unsuitable for

human consumption in relation to efficiency of production, are major

challenges facing the feed industry (Babinszky et al., 2019).

The above cited-studies led the researcher to realize the need to

prove their claim and conduct the study of Animal Feed Processing

Machine.